Correction: Xie et al. To What Extent Can the Green Belts Prevent Urban Sprawl?—A Comparative Study of Frankfurt am Main, London and Seoul. Sustainability 2020, 12, 679

Xie, Xiaoping; Kang, Hanna; Behnisch, Martin; Baildon, Martin; Krüger, Tobias

doi:10.3390/su17188474

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Xie et al. To What Extent Can the Green Belts Prevent Urban Sprawl?—A Comparative Study of Frankfurt am Main, London and Seoul. Sustainability 2020, 12, 679

by

Xiaoping Xie

^1,*

,

Hanna Kang

²,

Martin Behnisch

¹

,

Martin Baildon

³ and

Tobias Krüger

^1,*

¹

Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, 01217 Dresden, Germany

²

Dresden Leibniz Graduate School, Technical University of Dresden, 01217 Dresden, Germany

³

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8474; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188474

Submission received: 31 July 2025 / Accepted: 4 September 2025 / Published: 22 September 2025

Download Versions Notes

The authors would like to make the following corrections about the published paper [1]. The changes are as follows:

Authors would like to change twelve parts of the table content, so we need to replace the original Table 1:

Table 1. Built-up areas, population numbers and urban sprawl metrics for the study areas calculated separately for the inner-city areas and outer areas for the time frames 1975 and 2014/2015.

City	Zones	Built-up Area [km²]		Population [Millions]		PBA%		LUPp [m²/Person]		DIS [UPU/m²]		WUPp [UPU/m²]
City	Zones	1975	2014	1975	2015	1975	2014	1975	2015	1975	2014	1975	2015
Frankfurt am Main	Inner-city	52.9	55.3	0.232	0.297	8.8	14.4	227.5	186.4	48.785	48.851	41.430	37.662
	Inner-city			+27.4%		+4.4%		−18.1%		+0.1%		−9.1%
	Outer area	740.0	1189.5	3.285	3.806	8.8	14.4	225.3	312.6	44.780	46.235	3.947	7.996
	Outer area			+15.9%		+60.7%		+38.7%		+3.2%		+102.6%
London	Inner-city	1336.2	1484.7	7.601	10.264	70.3	78.1	175.8	144.6	48.378	48.531	28.893	23.498
	Inner-city			+35.0%		+11.1%		−17.7%		+0.3%		−18.7%
	Outer area	893.0	1459.4	4.878	5.864	6.5	10.6	183.1	248.9	45.275	46.493	2.225	4.905
	Outer area			+20.2%		+63.4%		+36.0%		+2.7%		+120.4%
Seoul	Inner-city	337.7	423.9	8.1	9.6	8.8	14.4	41.7	44.3	48.426	48.676	0.001	0.003
	Inner-city			+18.3%		+25.5%		+6.1%		+0.5%		+196.7%
	Outer area	232.0	940.8	3.7	11.1	8.8	14.4	63.2	84.4	44.961	47.381	0.004	0.230
	Outer area			+203.7%		+305.5%		+33.5%		+5.4%		+5272.6%

Inner-city areas of London and Seoul include partial areas of neighboring municipalities. All parameters were derived from the GHSL dataset and therefore can vary from official statistical data. (PBA: percentage of built-up area, LUPp: land uptake per inhabitant, DIS: spatial dispersion of settlement patches, WUPp: Weighted Urban Proliferation based population without workplaces). (Data source: own calculation based on GHSL).

with

Table 1. Built-up areas, population numbers and urban sprawl metrics for the study areas calculated separately for the inner-city areas and outer areas for the time frames 1975 and 2014/2015.

City	Zones	Built-Up Area [km²]		Population [Millions]		PBA%		LUPp [m²/Person]		DIS [UPU/m²]		WUPp [UPU/m²]
City	Zones	1975	2014	1975	2015	1975	2014	1975	2015	1975	2014	1975	2015
Frankfurt am Main	Inner-city	52.9	55.3	0.232	0.297	80.2	83.7	227.5	186.4	48.785	48.851	41.430	37.662
	Inner-city			+27.4%		+4.4%		−18.1%		+0.1%		−9.1%
	Outer area	740.0	1189.5	3.285	3.806	10.3	16.6	225.3	312.6	44.780	46.235	3.947	7.996
	Outer area			+15.9%		+60.7%		+38.7%		+3.2%		+102.6%
London	Inner-city	1336.2	1484.7	7.601	10.264	70.3	78.1	175.8	144.6	48.378	48.531	28.893	23.498
	Inner-city			+35.0%		+11.1%		−17.7%		+0.3%		−18.7%
	Outer area	893.0	1459.4	4.878	5.864	6.5	10.6	183.1	248.9	45.275	46.493	2.225	4.905
	Outer area			+20.2%		+63.4%		+36.0%		+2.7%		+120.4%
Seoul	Inner-city	337.7	423.9	8.090	9.570	56.2	70.5	41.7	44.3	48.426	48.676	0.001	0.003
	Inner-city			+18.3%		+25.5%		+6.1%		+0.5%		+196.7%
	Outer area	232.0	940.8	3.669	11.144	2.3	9.2	63.2	84.4	44.961	47.381	0.004	0.230
	Outer area			+203.7%		+305.5%		+33.5%		+5.4%		+5272.6%

Inner-city areas of London and Seoul include partial areas of neighboring municipalities. All parameters were derived from the GHSL dataset and therefore can vary from official statistical data. (PBA: percentage of built-up area, LUPp: land uptake per inhabitant, DIS: spatial dispersion of settlement patches, WUPp: Weighted Urban Proliferation based population without workplaces). (Data source: own calculation based on GHSL).

The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.

Reference

Xie, X.; Kang, H.; Behnisch, M.; Baildon, M.; Krüger, T. To What Extent Can the Green Belts Prevent Urban Sprawl?—A Comparative Study of Frankfurt am Main, London and Seoul. Sustainability 2020, 12, 679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Xie, X.; Kang, H.; Behnisch, M.; Baildon, M.; Krüger, T. Correction: Xie et al. To What Extent Can the Green Belts Prevent Urban Sprawl?—A Comparative Study of Frankfurt am Main, London and Seoul. Sustainability 2020, 12, 679. Sustainability 2025, 17, 8474. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188474

AMA Style

Xie X, Kang H, Behnisch M, Baildon M, Krüger T. Correction: Xie et al. To What Extent Can the Green Belts Prevent Urban Sprawl?—A Comparative Study of Frankfurt am Main, London and Seoul. Sustainability 2020, 12, 679. Sustainability. 2025; 17(18):8474. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188474

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xie, Xiaoping, Hanna Kang, Martin Behnisch, Martin Baildon, and Tobias Krüger. 2025. "Correction: Xie et al. To What Extent Can the Green Belts Prevent Urban Sprawl?—A Comparative Study of Frankfurt am Main, London and Seoul. Sustainability 2020, 12, 679" Sustainability 17, no. 18: 8474. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188474

APA Style

Xie, X., Kang, H., Behnisch, M., Baildon, M., & Krüger, T. (2025). Correction: Xie et al. To What Extent Can the Green Belts Prevent Urban Sprawl?—A Comparative Study of Frankfurt am Main, London and Seoul. Sustainability 2020, 12, 679. Sustainability, 17(18), 8474. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188474

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Correction: Xie et al. To What Extent Can the Green Belts Prevent Urban Sprawl?—A Comparative Study of Frankfurt am Main, London and Seoul. Sustainability 2020, 12, 679

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