The Crucial Role of Green Soft Skills and Leadership for Sustainability: A Case Study of an Italian Small and Medium Enterprise Operating in the Food Sector

: Increasing concerns about the human impact on the environment are leading to new challenges for companies and their employees. Speci ﬁ cally, the food industry is facing the need to provide sustainable services, requiring a specialized and skilled workforce. This article presents a case study of an Italian sustainable Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) operating in the food sector in order to determine the drivers of working for this company, the key skills needed, and the Green Human Resource Management practices adopted. A total of 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees and thematically analyzed. The ﬁ ndings showed that soft skills were perceived as more relevant than hard skills, although the food sector is characterized by high technical complexity and subjected to several national and international regulations. Moreover, the crucial role of organizational culture in determining the relevance of soft skills within the company and in fostering the implementation of the holacracy organizational management method emerged. Finally, by detecting the relevance recognized to values and soft skills during the recruitment and selection process, our ﬁ ndings provided some evidence of Green Human Resource Management in sustainable SMEs.


Introduction
In the present global scenario, the increase in environmental concerns is putting more and more pressure on societies, companies, and individuals [1,2], forcing them to change their way of thinking and acting in the short and long term.
Specifically, companies are increasingly expressing the need to move from a strategy usually focused on productivity, efficiency, and carelessness regarding the waste of resources to one able to consider the equitable distribution of resources in terms of internal and external sustainability [3,4].
The concept of sustainability refers to a type of sustainable development [4] that implies, according to the World Commission on Environment and Development, that the future needs of the new generation are not hindered or threatened by the needs of the present ones.The increasing destruction of natural ecosystems has pushed governments around the globe to establish laws and policies geared to promote sustainability and re-Although most sustainability-related issues depend on decisions taken at a global legislative level, in order to achieve sustainable development, every society needs corporate contribution with an approach that is characterized by the realization of a compromise between the satisfaction of the needs of the organization's stakeholders and the ability of the organization itself to satisfy their future demands [7].
In order to reach this compromise, companies should implement a strategy that can build synergies between economic wealth, social issues, and the maintenance of environmental health [8,9].To this aim, it is relevant for organizations to adopt Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to go "beyond pure profit-seeking that includes economic, social, and environmental concerns" [10] (p. 3) and to be able to define new competitive advantages [11,12].Considering the different industry sectors, the food sector is particularly connected with CSR [13].Moreover, taking into account the number of the current population, which is around 7.83 billion, as well as that of the future population, which is expected to increase, the importance of considering the food sector and its wastage, known as Food Loss and Waste (FLW), which can manifest differently concerning consequences such as high socioeconomic costs and environmental degradation, is clear [14][15][16].This issue will be analyzed in the case study, as it is one of the main concerns of the company considered.
In order to be fully effective and perform strategically in their field, green firms can adopt the principles of Green Management (i.e., Environmental Management, EM [17]), namely a new management model that not only considers the needs of stakeholders but also takes into account social and environmental demands from a strategic point of view [12] by incorporating the environmental needs and strategies to the broader organizational ones [18].
The choice to adopt Green Management can lead to numerous benefits [19], such as cost saving, marketing opportunities, good corporate image, improved competitive position and performance, employee motivation, and the possibility to influence legislation toward environmental change, generating a continuous process of assessment and improvement [12,[20][21][22].
The transition from a common organization to a green firm (i.e., firms that base their goals and values on sustainability issues, such as conservation, environmental welfare, ecological concerns, fair trade, equality, clean water, preservation of animal welfare, etc. [23]) requires some steps that can be summarized in three different stages of Green Management evolution [24,25]: 1. Reactive: It is the first stage of Green Management, during which organizations start to face environmental legislation and regulation.In this phase, environmental awareness and authority begin to grow inside the company; 2. Preventive: In this second stage, the organization starts to understand how to better manage resources in terms of sustainability and efficiency.During this phase, Green Management is integrated into the organization's structure; 3. Proactive: It is the third stage, during which CSR is fully integrated into the business strategy to create competitive advantages.
The classification just presented is the result of a series of previous studies [26][27][28][29], with concepts that were then re-adapted in subsequent and updated studies such as those considered in this article.
The extant literature shows that firms do not implement Green Management in the same way and with the same timing because they may present different peculiarities regarding their internal structure and the context in which they operate.Therefore, there may be companies whose characteristics do not fully fit into a single evolutionary stage and consequently stand between the two of them.
In order to be applied, Green Management needs the commitment of all members of the organization to perceive the organization itself as a community and to achieve long-term success while sustaining employees' enthusiasm and problem-solving orientation [12].
Since managing an organization means, first of all, taking into account the human capital, it is important for a green firm to adopt Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) [30] together with a focus on green skills [31] and Green Leadership [32].These aspects turn out to be fundamental in order to enhance employees' commitment, develop skills through environmental training [33], and strengthen the culture and the organizational behaviors crucial for the company's success in implementing environmental management initiatives [24,34].
Although the relevance of green skills has been recognized, it represents an underexplored topic, and, to the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of empirical studies analyzing the relevance of green skills for firms operating in different sectors and specifically for sustainable SMEs.Accordingly, this study contributes to filling this gap by answering a call for more research focused on green skills in specific sectors (e.g., waste management [31]).Furthermore, the literature analyzed green skills mainly from the technical side (i.e., green hard skills [35]), with few studies investigating Green Soft Skills [36][37][38].For this reason, the present research will explore this aspect.
Additionally, there are few empirical studies that specifically analyzed the GHRM practices adopted in sustainable SMEs using a qualitative method [39].Therefore, this paper provides a contribution to fill this gap by investigating these underexplored topics by adopting the case study methodology (that is useful for exploring poorly developed areas of research [40]) with a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews with employees of Italian green SMEs.More specifically, this case study has been conducted in order to answer the research question, namely, to what extent Green Soft Skills and Green Leadership are relevant for green firm performance.Accordingly, this article aims to identify the drivers of working for a sustainable SME, to understand the key skills useful to work in a sustainable SME, and to detect the main GHRM practices adopted in a sustainable SME.
The current article is structured as follows: Section 2 will present the theoretical framework, which reports what emerges from the international literature on the topic of GHRM, Green Leadership, and the relationship between soft skills and CSR development and efficacy.Then, Section 3 will provide the methodology adopted for the empirical part, while Section 4 will report the results of the thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with workers of Alimentiamoci s.r.l., an innovative Italian startup founded on 22 November 2019, which offers sustainable products and services in the food sector.Section 5 will present the discussion of the results, and Section 6 will describe limitations and suggestions for future research.In conclusion, Section 7 will propose the findings and concrete applications of the results.

Theoretical Framework
Within the current global context, the increase in environmental issues has led to the assessment of new environmentally friendly disciplines inside organizations like Green Management, Green Marketing, Green Retailing, Green Accounting, etc. [17,41].Hence, companies can contribute to facing environmental requirements through the implementation of strategies supported by Human Resource practices aimed at managing and guiding employees toward green awareness, behaviors, and objectives in order to reach a high level of sustainability and CSR [42,43].

Green Human Resource Management
In the extant literature, the contribution of Human Resources (HR) to Green Management objectives and strategies is known as Green Human Resource Management (GHRM).This discipline represents the compromise between traditional HR practices and environmental corporate objectives [44] and focuses on the importance of managing human behaviors to pursue a company's environmental performance and goals [30].Some of the most common practices of GHRM, also known as "factors" or "dimensions" [45,46], are the following [47]: -Recruiting and Selection: In this initial phase, companies try to attract and select new employees who are aligned with their vision and missions and can contribute to achieving their goals once they enter the company [48].In particular, green firms have to select and hire employees who share and support the corporate interests in the environment in order to create a green and performing workplace [30]; -Education, Training, and Development: The process of training is defined as a planned organizational action that helps employees acquire and develop hard and soft skills with the aim to implement their growth and their future performance, helping them to be innovative [49,50]; -Performance Evaluation: During this phase, the company analyzes employees' contributions, performance, behaviors, work results, and possibly additional compensation [51,52]; -Rewards: This process of Green Pay and Rewards (GPR) regards all the financial and non-financial payments used to compensate employees (e.g., pay, praise, promotion, accomplishment, etc.) [5,53]; -Benefits: This practice includes all the compensation that is not part of the defined salary that can be an incentive and can impact employees' commitment and job satisfaction [49,54]; Based on the size and type of organizations, other practices can be developed in addition to those proposed, such as empowerment of employees, manager involvement, employee life cycle, etc. [55].
In order to succeed in implementing Green Management through GHRM, it is important that employees understand the sustainability-oriented practices, policies, and strategies proposed by the organization by growing their awareness through participation in environmental training initiatives.These can develop employees' skills and produce enduring motivation, knowledge, and commitment, namely an increase in their willingness to contribute to their behaviors and performance toward corporate goals [34,56].
The recruitment and selection practices of HRM and GHRM are closely related to the expectations, values, and goals of both workers and the company and linked to the concept of the psychological contract, which can be defined as a set of unwritten, implicit, and reciprocal expectations between future candidates or employees and the organization that specifies the reciprocal exchange agreement and the obligations implied in the working relationship [57][58][59].Hence, the psychological contract represents an alignment between the employee and the corporate vision and mission, and this can be extremely useful in order to create commitment and a strongly shared organizational culture, namely a pattern of shared basic assumptions that create a cohesive system of meaning and symbols in terms of which interactions, adaptation, and integration take place [60,61].For a company, creating and sustaining a strong organizational culture shared by aware and committed employees can represent a great support and a competitive advantage in order to improve performance and achieve corporate goals [62].
Additionally, although the importance of training is widely recognized [33], the concrete relevance of environmental training is now increasingly emerging.The environmental training practice is considered one of the most important tools of GHRM in order to achieve corporate sustainability, providing employees with the essential knowledge and awareness to manifest Green Behaviors and deal with the present environmental problems and opportunities, developing their skills and increasing the meaningfulness of their work [24,42,63].
Regarding employees' behaviors that are sustainability-oriented, two types can be defined: Task-Related Green Behaviors (TRGB) and Voluntary Green Behaviors (VGB) [64].While TRGB include behaviors that fall within the work duties required of employees, VGB are spontaneous Green Behaviors that go beyond organizational expectations [65], and both types can be affected by leadership support and are useful to achieve corporate objectives [42].
What has been expressed so far allows us to understand how every individual's behavior and skills constitute an essential resource for the organization to concretize business strategies, achieve business objectives, and improve business performance.
In order to manage all the factors involved, it is necessary to implement Green Leadership, which can manage sustainable strategies by guiding employees toward greater environmental awareness and the achievement of the company's goals [11].

Green Leadership
The importance of human capital and HRM to reach high corporate performance has been extensively analyzed in the literature [66] and emphasizes the need to develop leadership strategies able to orient employees toward the development of their competencies and capabilities, the attainment of corporate objectives, and the creation of a competitive advantage [67].
In particular, the environmental scenario requires the integrated application of Green Management, GHRM, and Green Leadership approaches to guide individuals toward green innovation, generating superior green job behaviors, and green employee performance, as well as corporate ones [68][69][70].
In general, the role of a leader is to select, equip, train, and influence individuals with different abilities and skills, with the aim to inspire and direct their enthusiasm, emotions, and energy toward common objectives [71].From an organizational point of view, the term leadership includes (i) giving a new direction to the organization; (ii) putting in place problem-solving ability, creativity, and innovative thinking; (iii) building corporate structures; and (iv) improving quality [72].These aspects of leadership must be incorporated into the environmental business scenario to create Green Leadership, a concept that encompasses different facets, such as Sustainability Leadership, Globally Responsible Leadership, Eco-Sensitive Leadership, etc. [73].Indeed, in the recent literature, it is possible to see how different traditionally recognized leadership styles have been applied to the green context.For example, Green Transformational Leadership (GTFL) is defined as a behavior that inspires and supports employees in their development by providing them with a clear vision of the environmental goals that the company wants to achieve and by motivating them to acquire new knowledge and be involved in the sustainable process of innovation [68].This definition is based on the concept of Transformational Leadership [69,74,75].
Another type of leadership is Green Inclusive Leadership (GIL), which refers to an extremely open, available, and helpful leader who motivates and encourages employees by working closely with them in order to build trust and integrity and achieve environmental objectives [76][77][78].
Moreover, Green Servant Leadership (GSL) can be identified as a type of leadership that focuses on employees' interests and needs and acts to provide a role model of empathy, altruistic love, and compassion [79][80][81] with the aim of empowering and pushing people to be green employees, improve their green performance, and attain green corporate goals [82,83].
Other strategic leadership styles for business sustainability have been identified: Stakeholder, Ethical, and Sustainable [73].Stakeholder-based Leadership focuses on managing stakeholders' relationships (e.g., with owners, board members, managers, employees, suppliers, consumers, competitors, etc.) and gaining reputational effectiveness from multiple constituencies [84,85].Ethical Leadership identifies behaviors that are particularly influenced by a leader's personal features (e.g., authenticity, integrity, self-discipline, intentions, etc.) and moral obligations (e.g., justice, duty, greater good, etc.) and interests that are more oriented to the maintenance of care and respect by aiming to retain ethical business standards [86,87].Sustainable leadership promotes long-term business sustainability by trying to balance people, profits, and planet needs by applying Humanistic Management [88] and pledging to foster continuous change and systemic innovation [89].Particularly, this Green Leadership style incorporates several characteristics that are usually attributed to other styles of leadership (not exclusively green-oriented), such as prioritizing corporate needs rather than personal ones (Servant Leadership); being attentive to social issues (Responsible Leadership); promoting ethical behaviors (Ethical Leadership); inspiring, motivating and intellectually stimulating employees (Transformational Leadership); sharing authority through employees' participation and empowerment (Shared Leadership); and pursuing spiritual values (e.g., humility, integrity, honesty, etc.) with the aim of becoming trustable (Spiritual Leadership) [90].

Skills and Sustainability
Following the considerations in the previous sections, it is possible to understand how the current environmental scenario is continuously putting companies in challenging conditions, which can be partially solved by hiring individuals called "Green Employees", namely individuals who care about environmental issues.Specifically, they are characterized by an intrinsic motivation to safeguard the environment through work and possess environmental values and beliefs [91].Regarding skills, a distinction between two macrocategories is generally made by scholars: hard and soft.Hard skills are defined as those technical skills related to knowledge, education, and work experience (e.g., the ability to write, type, and read; the ability to manage equipment, data, software, etc.) that allow the performance of specific tasks; soft skills are defined as character traits, attitudes, and behaviors not directly linked to acquired knowledge.Soft skills can also be identified as personal transversal competencies (e.g., emotional intelligence, stress management, teamwork, creativity, etc.) and considered strategic to enhance individuals' performance and career prospects [92,93].In addition, soft skills can be further categorized as intrapersonal and interpersonal skills, which, respectively, represent the ability to manage oneself with personal cognitive skills (i.e., knowledge skills, thinking skills) and the ability to handle interactions with others using social skills (e.g., communication, listening, networking, problem solving, decision making, etc.) [94,95].
Focusing on sustainability, the extant literature provides the definition of "Green Skills", which refers to all the knowledge, skills, competencies, and attributes required of workers employed in green jobs [96].Under this umbrella term, a variety of specific skills (both hard and soft) is included, and they can be divided into three dimensions [31]: (a) cognitive, which refers to the knowledge concerning environmental protection; (b) psychomotor, which refers to the ability to, for instance, minimize energy consumption or to conserve water resources; and (c) affective aspect, which refers to the motivation of individuals to conserve natural resources and efficiently manage waste.Indeed, researchers demonstrated that skills related to, for instance, environmental awareness, leadership, and management skills, as well as efficient energy usage, water resource conservation, and zero waste management, are relevant to guiding the green transition of firms and SMEs [96,97].Considering the present complex scenario and current challenges, companies require employees that can bring soft skills such as problem solving, critical thinking, and creativity, as well as decision making, compassion, empathy, cooperation, leadership, etc. [98][99][100].Accordingly, senior managers interviewed by Strachan and colleagues [101] identified the need for more 'soft' transferrable skills rather than 'hard' technical skills to deliver the transition to a sustainable green economy.Besides soft skills, Chen and colleagues [102] identified the key role of green mindfulness and green self-efficacy in sustaining employees' green performance.The concept of green mindfulness can be defined as "a state of conscious awareness in which individuals are implicitly aware of the context and content of environmental information and knowledge" [103].By sustaining the ability to focus on the present [104], mindfulness enhances employees' abilities to detect information useful to solve potential problems and leads them to adopt adaptive coping strategies that act directly on the source of the problem.Differently, green self-efficacy is defined as "the belief in individuals' capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to achieve environmental goals" [103].Indeed, self-efficacy refers to people's beliefs of being able to gain specific levels of performance and to reach specific purposes [105].Employees with higher levels of self-efficacy will be more likely to engage in behavior and activate sufficient effort to obtain outstanding outcomes.Furthermore, green mindfulness and green self-efficacy have been found to be positively related to green creativity [103], defined as the ability to develop new ideas about products, services, processes, or practices useful to reach environmental goals [69].Green creativity is crucial for the green product development performance of companies and allows them to efficiently respond to green requirements, achieving a competitive advantage [106].
In the extant literature, there are several studies, such as those mentioned above, that point out the importance of green skills for green firms and their performance.Through an analysis of the literature on the topic, it emerged that no specific classification is available concerning the relevance of the different green skills, whether soft or hard, as it depends on internal, external, and contextual factors that characterize each organization operating in the green field.
For example, Sern and colleagues [31] identified the ten most common green skills demanded by various industrial sectors investigated in their research (e.g., leadership skills, management skills, energy skills, city planning skills, landscaping skills, communication skills, waste management skills, etc.), while other authors such as Cabral and Dhar [35] highlighted the importance of other green skills (e.g., recycling skills, environmental protection skills, energy conservation skills, green awareness skills, etc.).Additionally, Farooq and colleagues [107] defined other green skills as more relevant to support ecological behaviors in the workplace (e.g., environmental consciousness, green mindfulness, and green awareness).
Moreover, although scholars recognized the need to have a skilled workforce to support the transition to a green and sustainable economy, little is known about what skills are required in the Italian context and in the different industry sectors.Investigating this topic is relevant because it represents the basis upon which education and skill-formation systems should be planned and organized [96].By analyzing the case study of an Italian sustainable SME operating in the food sector, this study contributes to shedding light on these aspects.

Research Method
In order to explore the research questions, the current research adopts a qualitative research methodology following an inductive approach (https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/BFJ-04-2020-0306/full/htmlbased,accessed on 26 September 2023) on a case study.The qualitative design allows for the investigation of the topic of interest in a deeper and more detailed way than allowed by the quantitative approach [108] by offering the possibility of understanding the personal opinions and meanings shared by the participants during semi-structured interviews.Additionally, a case study has been adopted as it represents an appropriate methodology to investigate contemporary phenomena in real-life situations [109], and it has been demonstrated to be an effective research method in the context of organizational behaviors [110].Indeed, several authors adopted a qualitative methodology based on case studies to explore topics related to SMEs [111,112].However, little is known about Italian SMEs that offer sustainable services and products in the food sector.Finally, we used both primary and secondary research data.The source of primary data is represented by semi-structured interviews, while secondary data are derived from the company website and sustainability reports, which were both used to provide the description of the company included in the following section.

Description of the Company
The research analyzes Alimentiamoci s.r.l., an innovative SME located in Northern Italy, as a case study.This company, which has a total of 57 workers, develops, produces, and markets innovative products and services with high technological value that benefit the environment, health, and the local economy, with a focus on the food sector according to its vision "Make the world a little bit better than how we found it".Specifically, in line with goal 12 of the United Nations Agenda 2030 [113], the main purpose is limiting food waste through the creation of Planeat, a food expenditure planning platform that enables food waste reduction, in order to realize a sustainable, innovative ecosystem that maximizes the common good.Saving food and water results in the reduction of CO2 and H2O used in the production of both food and the materials used for compostable packaging, thereby addressing goal 13 of the United Nations Agenda 2030 [113].Tables 1 and 2 report some objective data provided by the company.How does the company achieve these goals?Planeat targets both families and businesses by providing a platform through which customers can: 1. Plan the menu and weekly food shopping (for families); 2. Purchase ready-to-cook meal kits (for families and businesses); 3. Order pre-made meals (for families and businesses).
The focus on the food sector is derived from the fact that food production is responsible for 26% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and 24% of these emissions depend on food that is thrown away and not consumed [114].Furthermore, Planeat wants to achieve sustainable goals not only in terms of environmental impact but also in terms of social impact.Indeed, consistent with goal 8 of the United Nations Agenda 2030 [113], it also supports sustainable employability, including part of the population that might remain marginalized.To do this, the company forges partnerships with nonprofit organizations from which they recruit candidates with the greatest need to find jobs (e.g., asylum seekers, immigrants, unaccompanied minors, unemployed people in distress, current or former detainees).Similarly, in order to promote the re-education and social reintegration of people, according to Article 21 (L.354/75), in 2022, the company welcomed a detainee to its workforce.Besides this goal, Planeat also strives to foster gender equality.
Finally, they also adopted holacracy, an innovative and sustainable organizational management method based on decentralized management that implies a shift from a conservative management chain of command to an innovative allocation of authority that horizontally distributes power, authority, and decision making through self-managing teams [115][116][117].The teams can be named "circles" or "holons" and identify an environment in which every individual can cover multiple roles and leadership functions and manifests high levels of adaptability, constant contact, tolerance, systematical approach, and involvement in all aspects of corporate business [118,119].
This practice promotes a more effective and egalitarian organization of work, where processes are fluid, rules are transparent and clear, and in which everyone is involved in the pursuit of a common purpose by being responsible for themselves with the support of their colleagues.Sharing of progress and results takes place weekly through a meeting called "tactical", which involves the exchange of views between the various job roles.This allows the entire organization to stay updated on the progress of open projects by effectively participating in the life of the company and empowering everyone to raise possible concerns to be settled and resolved, as long as they are geared to the company vision: generate value for the system surrounding the company and consequently for the company itself.

Data Collection
Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews.A preliminary meeting between the research team and the CEO of the company has been made in order to explain the main purpose of the research and the methodology used, in addition to asking him for permission to use the name of the company and to involve some employees in semi-structured interviews.In addition, the criteria for participation in the study have also been defined: participants must be (1) native Italian speakers, (2) at least 18 years of age, and (3) employed by the company for at least 1 year.After having obtained the permission of the CEO, according to the criteria defined, the HR managers of the company provided the research team with a list of e-mail contacts of the 57 employees who were then contacted by e-mail.The research team arranged the interviews to cover all the departments of the company, with at least one participant for each.Before starting the interviews, participants filled out an informed consent form, which included details about participation procedure, study contents, data collection purposes, future data dissemination modalities, participants' rights, and reference contacts.Additionally, they were invited to provide some socio-demographical data (i.e., gender, age, work experience, job tenure, education level, job role).Furthermore, in order to put them at ease, they were informed that they were expected to answer honestly, based on their experiences, and that there were no right or wrong answers.Participation was voluntary, and participants were free to withdraw at any time.
The main objective of qualitative research is to obtain a deep understanding of a specific area of interest.Therefore, the validity of a qualitative study is more related to the richness and depth of the answers provided by participants rather than to the sample size itself [120].Accordingly, the concept of saturation (i.e., the point at which no new themes emerged from data and the new information analyzed creates little or no changes in code definitions [121]) represents the guiding principle for qualitative inquiries [122].The current research obtains a sufficient sample size with data saturation achieved after thirteen interviews.This is consistent with previous research suggesting that data saturation is usually achieved with a number from 6 to 16 interviews [123] and, more specifically, with approximately twelve interviews [121,124].
A total of 13 workers participated in semi-structured interviews conducted during June and July 2023 by three researchers.Characteristics of the sample are reported in Table 3.Having obtained consent from participants, all interviews were audio-recorded.The interviews-lasting between 40 and 60 min approximately-took up different thematic areas reflecting the interests of scholars and practitioners.Given the semi-structured nature of the interviews, open-ended questions were elaborated in order to leave space for participants to express their personal observations and experiences.Based on the analysis of the extant literature, the semi-structured interview protocol was prepared by including questions used in previous studies [34,100,125,126].As already conducted by previous studies [127], the interview protocol was subjected to a preliminary test by asking the opinion of three employees to identify potential ambiguities in the questions.The questions were then reformulated to incorporate their suggestions and, according to other studies [128,129], the interview protocol was authenticated by a panel of four experts (two academics and two experts of qualitative research) that analyzed the questions and made some amendments that were incorporated in the final version of the interview protocol including 50 questions.Examples of some questions (12 out of 50) used during the interviews are reported in Table 4. Conclusion Our interview has come to an end.Are there other aspects related to the topics of our interviews that you would like to discuss?

Data Analysis
Recorded data were transcribed verbatim by removing all personal information.NVivo 12.0 software was used to facilitate the thematic analysis, as done by previous researchers who carried out qualitative studies in the field of organizational behavior (e.g., [39,130].Following the methodology proposed by Braun and Clarke [131], the authors read through the transcriptions of the interviews several times to familiarize themselves with the content.Initial codes for data were identified and then analyzed to understand how they can be combined into potential themes.A thematic map was created to reflect on the codes and themes identified.At this point, each theme was reviewed to check if it was coherent with the coded data extracted and in relation to the whole dataset.Once this was achieved, names were given to the themes, and meaningful extracts that best represented each code and theme were chosen.

Results
The results will be described in the following four sections, corresponding to the four main themes that emerged through the thematic analysis of interviews: organizational culture, skills relevant to work at Planeat (soft and hard), GHRM practices, and company organizational management method (see Figure 1).Categories and codes for each theme will also be reported.

Organizational Culture
Three dimensions of the organizational culture underlying participants' choice to work at Planeat were identified.First, participants identified the leadership of the CEO as the main reason that explains their willingness to work at the company.They described the leader as a person capable of inspiring others, recognizing the autonomy of each employee in decision making, and conveying company values.Additionally, the leader demonstrated the ability to listen to people's opinions, involve them, and build consensus.The second dimension of organizational culture refers to company values (defined and shared by the leader, the CEO and founder of the company), which are the crucial building blocks that link culture, vision, mission, leadership, psychological contract, engagement, and performance.Consistent with the leader's behaviors and with the previous literature on caring HRM practices [132], the core value refers to caring for people, followed by caring for the environment and social inclusion.Finally, the company vision is reported as the third main reason for working at Planeat, as it represents the desire to make the world a better place (see Table 5).Caring for the environment "Previously, I had had work experience in quite different fields, and I had gained the awareness that I wanted to work in a place where my goal was to go home at night and have the confidence that I had done something good not only for me (…) but also for those around me and for the environment, which is something that I care a lot about."(L., Sales and customer care); "I really like the project, the founder's idea of leaving the world in a better condition than it currently is." (M., Software developer) 10

Social inclusion
"We have indeed one person-a cook-who is in prison.Article 21 is working with us.Other people are doing internships from the youth care association.It's nice to already know that your company is giving these people a chance to be able to create themselves, to be rehabilitated and create a future for themselves."(L., HR manager)

Company vision
Make the world a better place "We set this up not to make money nor to give people jobs.But to make a meaningful and positive contribution to the world around us, trying to make available our talents, skills and abilities.If we fail in that endeavor, it is there that, for us, we have failed, even if economically we could find alternative solutions, because that is our real goal."(N., CEO) 5

Relevant Skills to Work at Planeat (Soft and Hard)
When participants were asked about the key skills needed to work at Planeat, several soft skills emerged.According to previous studies [94,101,133], we categorized them into three groups: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and green skills.Among the intrapersonal skills, the ability to set and manage priorities was recognized as one of the most relevant skills, probably because of the autonomy that the CEO gives to each employee.Moreover, as the company is trying to sell a new type of service that requires a change in customer habits, participants said they need to be flexible and able to adapt when a specific path taken (e.g., a marketing strategy) does not lead to the desired results.Among the interpersonal skills, three main skills emerged.Firstly, almost all participants indicated the ability to work in a team as a core competency, intended as the ability to collaborate, to recognize the needs of colleagues, and to help each other.Also, almost all respondents recognized the ability to promote change outside the company as necessary because their core service (i.e., selling groceries online) requires a change in people's habits.In addition, the third key interpersonal skill is related to the ability to communicate and to adapt the communication styles to suit people's personalities.Finally, participants also mentioned the need for green skills, which was related to the sensitivity to the environment and the awareness that if we all take little actions to protect the environment, we will be able to achieve relevant results.Regarding this point, almost all participants believe that their sensitivity to the environment has increased since they started working at Planeat.Additionally, they also recognized creativity as one of the key skills needed because of the novelty of their service, which requires them to continuously find new strategies and innovate by identifying new products to improve their environmental standards (see Table 6).Because then what's left, we have to throw it away," so these are little tricks that come from the work I do, before I wasn't so aware".(R., "I think that ultimately creativity is the most important thing right now because we've seen that the classic levers (e.g., sending out flyers) haven't worked very well.We have to do a lot of storytelling related to values to try to push and make people understand that with this change in personal habits you can do a much much bigger thing.(…) We always tried to think a little bit out of the box, simply because we saw that traditional things don't work".(A., Legal/Marketing specialist) 8 Participants acknowledged little importance regarding technical skills because they are convinced that these skills can be learned easily if an employee meets the values and the soft skills needed.Some of them are mentioned as hard skills: the knowledge of legislation skills in software programming and accounting (see Table 7).

Categories Coding
Examples of Quotations from Interviews N

Knowledge of legislation
"Study and preparation on certain topics at the accounting, tax level is important".(L., Sales and customer care specialist) 3

Knowledge of programming and software
"You need to know the tools that you use, therefore, the programming language or framework we use to develop the product.(…) Understanding how to write that code, how to translate it into a language that the computer is able to execute".(M., Software developer) Accounting skills "On the administrative side, I always try to be quite careful about expenses.So, I also try to have a focus on what to buy and what to do, as if it was my own business".(L., HR managers) 1

Green Human Resource Management Practices
The principal GHRM practices adopted in the company and mentioned by participants can be grouped into three different categories: Recruitment and Selection, Training and Development, and Rewards.Consistent with the findings reported in the previous sections, most participants reported that personal values represent the most relevant aspect considered during the selection phase, to the point that they do not hire people who do not share the company values even if they have excellent technical skills.Moreover, some participants said that soft skills (e.g., the ability to work in a team and collaborate to foster change outside the organization) were more relevant than hard skills.As regards training and development, the majority of participants attended volunteer activities suggested by the company (e.g., garbage collection along the river and delivering free meals to the homeless), reporting that these were informal learning opportunities that fostered their awareness of environmental and social issues.It is relevant to consider that these activities were organized during their free time (i.e., weekends), showing that employees of Planeat take care of the environment and adopt sustainable behaviors not only during working hours or when they are physically in the workplace-with the aim to follow organizational rules (i.e., Task-Related Green Behaviors)-but also during their leisure time (i.e., Voluntary Green Behaviors).Half of the interviewees also took part in formal training courses provided, for instance, by universities and technology training courses organized within the company.Importantly, the company encourages employees to seek out and participate in training activities.Finally, regarding rewards and evaluation, participants said that their sustainable behaviors are usually followed by appreciation from other colleagues, but the company does not provide financial rewards (see Table 8).

Categories
Coding Examples of Quotations from Interviews N

Recruitment and selection
Values consideration "In our selection process, when new people are sought, this aspect of values, namely the human aspect, is very much taken into account.The skills, the more technical ones, always take second place to the human aspect and the values, which can be perceived from a very quick interview."(G., Software developer); "If we see that the person is not in line with our values, (…) even if they are good, we prefer not to take them".(C., HR manager) 8

Soft skills consideration
"We try to see if they are people who have worked already or if they are inclined to work in teams because, anyway, collaboration and respect for people is something we care about.(…) One may be great at it, but then if they don't know how to interact with others, they are not collaborative… to us, soft skills are more important than hard skills".(L., HR manager) Training and development

Informal training and awareness activities
"For soft skills, we have more indirect trainings, perhaps due to some activities we have done, which have certainly trained us a lot, but did not originate as training initiatives."(N., CEO); "One Saturday morning we went along the Ticino riverbank to pick up trash.We were a group of three or four from Planeat and there were a couple of colleagues who came along thinking 'let's see' and they came back very happy because they realized that there was a lot of dirt to pick up.It is an eye-opening experience afterwards."(L., Sales and customer care specialist)

Non-financial rewards
"There is an appreciation from other colleagues, however, there are no benefits nor incentives.(E., Marketing specialist); "There are some employees who got a water purifier to avoid buying plastic bottles (…).
When they tell us and share these experiences, no doubt, we take them into account; however, it is not as if rewards follow".(C., HR manager) 8

Organizational Management Method
This company uses holacracy as an organizational management method.During interviews, employees described how this practice is applied in their company, explaining that each employee is responsible for his/her role and actions.Each staff member works as a team with other staff members who have a role in the same area.Therefore, the system is composed of several teams collaborating to reach shared goals.Once a week, there is a meeting (called "tactical") used to share the status of one's work with others.During these meetings, it is possible to ask for help from more experienced colleagues to solve specific issues or ask the opinion of the CEO when an important decision needs to be made (Table 9).The adoption of this method allows for an understanding of why participants recognize the particular importance of the ability to work in a team and communicate with others.

Categories
Coding Examples of Quotations from Interviews N

Organizational management method
Holacracy "We use a tool called holacracy, a very lean tool for which each role within the company provides for the total responsibility over all its activities.Once a week we meet and share all the activities carried out in a very fast way, so all the issues are tackled, and any difficulties are also addressed.And the principle of holacracy provides for the intervention of someone with more experience (if requested), but only for certain issues."(L., Sales and customer care specialist); "The main point of holacracy, which is the organizational system we use, is that each person is his/her own entrepreneur".(A., Legal/Marketing specialist).8

Discussion
Today, global warming and environmental issues are increasing workplace complexity and competitiveness [134].In other words, the impellent need to reduce the impact of societies on the environment is putting new and additional challenges on organizations, their leaders, and employees.For instance, the pressure to deliver sustainable services and products is growing, and customers are paying more attention to these aspects, especially in the food sector [135].Companies cannot fail to take into account the new needs of consumers and the need to adapt their production standards to the logic of greater sustainability.To deal with this need, companies must rely on workers with specific skills and behaviors [90].Since people represent a critical asset for organizational success [136], there is a growing need to hire workers able to operate in a context characterized by uncertainty and changes in job roles and activities [137].The extant literature highlights that more research is needed to better understand which factors are relevant for sustainable SMEs.Accordingly, this article performed a qualitative study with a threefold purpose: to identify the main drivers of working for a sustainable SME, to understand the key skills relevant to working in a sustainable SME, and to detect the main HRM practices adopted in a sustainable SME.
In response to the question regarding the main reasons behind the choice to work at Planeat, participants indicated some aspects related to the organizational culture.Firstly, they indicated their willingness to work with the CEO of the company because of his strong ability to inspire others, recognize autonomy in decision-making, convey values, and listen to and engage people by building consensus within the company.The second reason mentioned is related to sharing the company values regarding caring for people and the environment, as well as social inclusion.
It is clear that the values underlying organizational culture are defined by the leader or the governance of the organization.
Accordingly, our findings revealed the importance of leadership for the employees interviewed and, at the same time, the crucial importance of culture and values.
Considering these aspects, employees chose to work at Planeat because they share the vision of the company to "make the world a better place" and are driven by the concern for their children and for future generations.Consequently, it seems that this company is characterized by sustainable leadership (which is based on the assumptions of Responsible Leadership, Transformational Leadership, Servant Leadership, Spiritual Leadership, Ethical Leadership, and Shared leadership [90]), which recognizes the significance of people, through the application of Humanistic Management, and promotes longterm sustainability as well as systemic innovation.Indeed, the previous literature suggested that sustainable leaders share the company vision with collaborators, support their development, and are committed to building an ethical workplace characterized by trust, participation, empowerment, teamwork, and knowledge sharing [89].They value every person as a whole and are careful in considering the environment without losing sight of economic issues [90].Both aspects reflect the three main values mentioned by participants (i.e., care for people, care for the environment, and social inclusion) and, thus, demonstrate that the CEO particularly cares for each person, society, and the environment.The particular attention dedicated to each collaborator emphasizes the fact that they are considered more than just workers; this creates a sense of community that fosters employees' enthusiasm and engagement [12] and goes beyond Planeat as a mere workplace.Taken together, these aspects suggest that they adopt Humanistic Management [138], even if the leader and the employees are not aware of it.By identifying how this leadership style can be adopted in a sustainable SME, this study contributes to the current limited literature on sustainable leadership [139].
According to the Food 2030 Strategy of the European Commission, skills play a key role in helping companies overcome the main challenges regarding the increasing competition for natural resources, climate change, and resource scarcity [140] by highlighting the need to detect the most relevant skills necessary to work in sustainable SMEs.In this regard, it is relevant to note that, when asked to indicate the main skills necessary to work at Planeat, almost all participants reported different soft skills, while only three employees indicated some hard skills (i.e., the need to know the rules, to possess skills in software programming, and to pay attention to the company expenses).This finding is coherent with the results that emerged in previous studies [100,101] and indicates that soft skills seem to be more relevant than hard skills.This is linked to the leader, the values, and the organizational culture.In this regard, our findings showed that people working at Planeat must be able to set and handle priorities and be flexible.This is coherent with the leadership style adopted, which recognizes responsibility and autonomy to each collaborator, as well as with the adoption of holacracy [141].Moving on to interpersonal skills, according to the results of Sujová and colleagues [98], the ability to work in a team is the most mentioned by participants.Most likely, this ability is fostered by the adoption of holacracy, a method of organizational management based on the work of self-managing teams [115].However, it is relevant to note that, when speaking about the ability to work in teams, participants refer both to the ability to collaborate in order to reach a common goal and to be aware of the state of wellbeing of others in order to provide help and support when needed.Working as a team in this way sustains the creation of a healthy work environment in which, according to Humanistic Management [88], a central value is recognized by people [36].
Finally, participants reported green skills as key to working for a sustainable company.Among this group, they mentioned the ability to be sensitive to the environment and to be aware that sustainable and respectful actions are useful to protect the environment, suggesting that participants possess a certain level of green self-efficacy.This is particularly relevant as previous studies demonstrated that people who believe that their actions can have a positive impact on the environment are more likely to adopt these kinds of actions [105].Moreover, almost all participants reported having always been environmentally conscious (e.g., values handed down by the family), but they also said that this had been further developed and stimulated when they started working at Planeat.Furthermore, green creativity is reported by different participants as a key ability because of the novelty of the services that Planeat is selling.Indeed, participants said that they encounter difficulties in selling their services as it requires a change in the consumers' habits.Therefore, they often need to creatively rethink the strategy used to find new consumers and to spread the services by requiring them to implement lateral thinking and problemsolving skills.This finding is in accordance with the previous literature recognizing a key role in creative thinking [98,99] and, specifically, in green creativity in the food sector [142].Therefore, by identifying soft skills as more relevant than hard skills, this research contributes to the literature about soft skills in the green sector and Italian SMEs.Additionally, this study adds to the scientific literature on holacracy, which is still in its infancy [143], by showing how some soft skills are relevant to working in a company that adopts this organizational management method and how this can foster the sustainable development of organizations.
Accordingly, when talking with participants about GHRM practices, they reported that personal values and soft skills represent the key aspects on which the outcome of the selection process depends.This reflects the main values on which the organizational culture is based.Focusing the recruitment and selection process on personal values and soft skills, HR managers of Planeat are able to evaluate the person-organization fit [42] and, hence, the psychological contract that has been demonstrated to be positively related to job performance [144].This leads to the creation of a strong psychological contract and sense of belonging among employees.Therefore, green recruitment and selection help the company to have a workforce aligned with an organizational culture that shares green ideologies and sustains the reaching of sustainable goals.Additionally, regarding green training and development, participants reported that the company encourages HR to participate in training activities.Most of the participants-including the CEO-participated in activities that can be considered informal training.For instance, these activities included collecting plastics along the river or delivering free meals to the homeless.According to Gim and colleagues [145], participants reported that these kinds of activities were useful in boosting sensitivity and awareness of the environment, including social issues, and being more conscious about the effects of their actions on the environment [42].Green training has been found to be the GHRM practice more able to foster Italian employees' pro-environmental behaviors [146].Moreover, in addition to the commitment of its employees to participating in the social-related activities just mentioned, it emerged that in the recruiting and selection phase, the company showed concern for underprivileged groups of people by hiring, for instance, a Human Resources person from the prison in order to support its social reintegration as planned by Italian law.Along with the importance of recognizing human values and hearing employees' needs and opinions through the holacracy system, this showed how the company pays attention to the social aspects of sustainability both outside (by encouraging employees to participate in social activities) and inside (by recognizing values to each Human Resource) the company.This has shown that Planeat seeks to operate in a sustainable way not only from an environmental but also from a social point of view.
Although previous studies demonstrated that green rewards and compensation are relevant to engaging employees in environmental activities and eco-friendly behaviors [39], the analysis of the interviews allowed us to detect that no financial rewards are given by the company.Participants said that they are all voluntarily committed to adopting sustainable behavior because they share the company values; therefore, it is not necessary to receive incentives from the company.However, they also recognize that eco-friendly behaviors are often followed by appreciation from other colleagues reporting that some kind of non-financial and intangible rewards exist in the company.Although GHRM practices are receiving growing interest from scholars, to date, little is known about this topic among Italian employees.Therefore, this study provides a contribution to the management literature by exploring what kind of GHRM practices are adopted in a sustainable Italian SME in the food sector.

Limitations and Future Research Directions
Although this research offers several contributions to the literature, it is important to underline some limitations.Our findings derived from semi-structured interviews conducted with a small sample of people employed in a sustainable Italian SME operating in the food industry, thus limiting its generalizability.Additionally, in this specific case study, the data collected demonstrated an alignment of the points of view of the interviewees.Future studies should be developed in larger companies to detect potential differences in opinions between workers employed in different departments (for instance, HR specialists may have opinions different from those of workers employed in other departments).Moreover, the research takes into account the awareness of the risk of respondents' response bias.Therefore, it would be useful to conduct similar studies in other countries or adopt a cross-cultural perspective in order to verify the generalization of our findings.Moreover, as this study is useful to explore some key themes (e.g., skills, HRM practices) in sustainable SMEs, to ensure the integrity of the findings, we suggest implementing a mixed-method design (by integrating qualitative with quantitative data [147]) and triangulate the different source of information (e.g., interviews, observation and field notes [148], that was not possible to implement in the current study due to timing constraints and agreements defined by the company Additionally, as Planeat is a recent project, it would be useful to re-collect the data in the coming years to verify if the themes are still the same.Finally, although in this study, the attention has been mainly dedicated to the environmental part of sustainability and secondly to the social level, it would be useful to delve into social and sustainable HRM and explore the financial aspects [149,150].

Conclusions
In these turbulent times, in which being environmentally sustainable is a concern of an increasing number of people and companies, reducing food waste represents one of the major challenges of circular economies.Therefore, it became relevant to analyze and discover how companies can contribute to these challenges.Accordingly, by analyzing the content of semi-structured interviews carried out with employees of an innovative Italian SME, some key themes related to the organizational culture, skills relevant to work at Planeat (soft and hard), GHRM practices, and the organizational management method were identified.It emerged that this company adopted holacracy and recognized a central value to humans along with the environment.The sustainable leadership characterizing this company recognizes the great importance of the soft skills of collaborators, and green recruitment and selection are used to attract people who share the same values in addition to fostering their willingness to take part in green training.Based on such findings, it seems crucial that sustainable SMEs adopt GHRM practices that can support the attraction of people who share the company values in order to create a cohesive workforce and establish a strong psychological contract.The findings of this research suggest that HR managers should be trained on how to match their collaborators' and organization's values [90] as well as on how to implement eco-friendly recruitment processes [151].In addition, it is relevant that these companies have sustainable leaders able to effectively share the company's sustainability-related vision and, at the same time, able to support their collaborators [90].To conclude, given the key role that soft skills play in this research, it is necessary that universities incorporate specific training in different degree programs.Companies should also promote the participation of employees in specific programs aimed at improving soft skills.

Table 4 .
Example of questions of the semi-structured interviews.Reasons behind the choice to work at Planeat (1) What are the main reasons that led you to work for this company?(2) In choosing to work for this company, did you consider the proposed company values?Do you think they are aligned with your personal values?(3) Do you think you are particularly sensitive to issues related to sustainability and/or climate change?-(If yes) Do you think this may have influenced your choice to work for an eco-friendly company?Skills useful to work at Planeat (1) Thinking about your role in the organization, what do you think might be the most important skills to do your job? (2) What soft skills are essential to work for a green company, in your opinion?-And for your company?(3) I will now list a series of competencies that have been identified by researchers, and ask you to tell me whether you consider them relevant within the company you work for: Ability to foster change within and outside the organization; Consensus-building skills; Ability to innovate/rethink; Ability to work in a team and collaborate; Ability to inspire and motivate others (colleagues); Ability to build relationships with colleagues (Networking); Problem-solving skills; Ability to establish and manage priorities; Flexibility and adaptation; Communication with internal stakeholders (listening, writing, speaking); Communication with external speakers (listening, writing, speaking); Facilitating group work.Green Human Resource Management practices (1) Does your company implement Green HRM practices?(2) At the selection stage, what are the most relevant characteristics?(3)Do you consider values and skills related to environmental sustainability when selecting?-(If yes) which ones? (4) In the company you work for, are any specific human resource management strategies adopted to incentivize sustainable behavior by workers?(5) Does the company you work for incentivize internal/external training activities to raise awareness of sustainability among its employees?

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Summary of thematic analysis results.

Table 1 .
Objective data provided by the company about food saved and the related savings of CO2 and H2O.

Table 2 .
Objective data provided by the company about plastic saved and the related saving of CO2.
"Our leader leaves us a lot of autonomy; he makes sure that each of us is responsible for the activity he/she carries out.In addition to autonomy, he leaves us a lot of decision-making power."(M., Marketing specialist) 5Convey values"The leader conveys the values of the company and makes them well known to his employees."(S.,Salesspecialist) 2Listen to people "The leader is the one who comes to the conclusion after listening to everyone, after considering everyone's opinion, and after considering what is good for everyone and for a company.So, very often, the leaders I like are the ones who are more on the quiet side that come out precisely because at the end they ask, "What about you?What do you think?"" (L."One of the company's core values is to put people first, all people; first and foremost, those you are close to, the people who work with you." (N., CEO); "Attention to others is something we always try to consider.And, in fact, often there's maybe a look, something that strikes us; we try to be careful enough to look at people's faces, look into their eyes to see if there's something."(L., HR manager) 11

Table 6 .
Soft skills.If we did not have problem solving skills, we would not be able to take those steps that take us a little forward on this path, thus problem solving and creativity are essential because they are the engine to take those steps towards that direction".(N., CEO) The ability to work as a team, to take care of the people around, to understand when there is a problem and deal with it together, hence, to lend a hand without needing someone to raise their hand because they are in trouble."(A., Legal/Marketing specialist); "For us, it is important to have a team of people who have the ability to interpret each other, to know and understand, to work within the group".(N., CEO) about my role, also to the customers you have to acquire.Surely, if you believe in it, you transmit it in a different way, otherwise it becomes an automatism".(S., Sales specialist) This year there have been a lot of changes, maybe even just at the level of strategies, that is, at first, we started out for private citizens, then we turned to companies.Then now towards physical food outlets, so let's say there are a lot of changes, and they are incentivized.When you realize that it can be a good path, you change".(S., Sales specialist) pandemic made us realize that."(M., Purchase department); "Right now you need to have your eyes open all the time about everything.Sometimes, even a small brochure brings you the name of an institution, of something useful because there is no encyclopedia, no manual that contains everything, so right now you need just this: having your eyes open, attention always alive".(L., Sales and customer care specialist) "We try to encourage change in all the activities we do because at the basis of our service there are values that lead you to implement a change in your daily life.So, changing the method of food shopping allows you to reduce food waste and reduce packaging waste."(M., Marketing specialist); "Using reusable containers is a powerful change.(…) This is really a change of habits, a change of the way of life".(L., Sales and customer care specialist) 10 Communication skills "Within the company there are extremely different personalities, so to one you know you can say a certain thing, while to the other you have to say it in another way because although it is the same information, everyone takes it differently".(L., Sales and customer care specialist) 8 Relational skills "Each of us has to pay attention to see that the people you're working with are not struggling, because this is critical or maybe I don't know, a project didn't work out and a person gets depressed.The attempt is always to say: 'guys, this one went wrong, let's try another one'" (A."It's necessary to share the values because, it's true that you can still work in a green company and not share them, but if you share the values and what the company does you surely also transmit it to the outside and eventually, thinking
HR had sent websites where we could participate in courses, but even if independently someone finds something they can propose it.And then, of course, if it has a cost it is considered.Anyway, there is a lot of openness, in fact the company gives incentives to attend them."(S., Sales specialist); "The company always tries to involve us in these activities, even outside of work, which are in line with its values".(G., Software developer)