Strategy for Implementation of Seaworthiness of Large Pelagic Purse Seine at Nizam Zachman Ocean Fishing Port

: As an ocean ﬁshing port in practice, the management of Nizam Zachman has taken action to regulate ﬁshing vessels and large pelagic purse seine ﬁshing gear (a form of control on the application of ﬁshing vessel seaworthiness) in an effort to ensure compliance with provisions on safety practices and the seaworthiness of ﬁshing activities and to realize sustainable capture ﬁshery management. This study aimed to examine and determine the priority strategy of PPS Nizam Zachman in implementing the seaworthiness of large pelagic purse seine vessels. The analytical method used is descriptive statistics using SWOT and AHP analysis. The results showed that the SWOT analysis based on the internal and external factors in the IFAS and EFAS matrices obtained factor values of 0.36 and − 0.1, which were located in quadrant IV or the S-T strategy. By strengthening the role of PPS Nizam Zachman in complying with the rules for large pelagic purse seine ﬁshing owners, with good supervision, the sustainability of ﬁshery resources can be supported. The results of the AHP analysis of prioritizing the four implementation aspects of the ﬁshing vessel seaworthiness policy are as follows: communication (0.346) by holding regular outreach; disposition (0.242) by systematically assessing the seaworthiness and need for evaluation; resource (0.234) by increasing the number and capacity of ﬁshing vessel seaworthiness inspectors; and bureaucracy (0.177) by applying the rules of supervision with prevention via assistance to large pelagic purse seine owners.


Introduction
Effective fisheries management allows for the sustainable utilization of marine ecosystems while providing an important source of food and income [1].The ability to control fishing pressure, the quality of compliance programs, and other factors are among the crucial components of effective fisheries resource management [2].The challenge of increasing fishery production is the productivity of the fishing fleet, which is still not optimal, and the structure of the fishing fleet is still dominated by small and traditional scales.However, the stock might be more vulnerable to depletion if fishing pressure were to increase.Given the connection between successful management and sustainability, a more important metric of performance would take into account management's capacity to reduce fishing pressure successfully [3].
The utilization of economic resources is very high, including large pelagic fish such as skipjack, bigeye tuna, yellowfin tuna, albacore, cob krei, and cob lisong [4].The world's greatest ecosystems are dominated by tunas and related species, which also support some of the most profitable fisheries.Divergent opinions on the scope and depth of fisheries' effects on pelagic ecosystems have been raised as a result of the intense debate surrounding the effects of fishing on these species during the past decade [5].According to the Decree of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Number 87 of 2021 concerning the Productivity of Fishing Vessels, the fishing gear for large pelagic fish that has the highest productivity is the large pelagic purse seine, which is 1.72, with the percentage compositions of the catches being skipjack (60%), tuna (17%), yellowfin tuna (15%), bigeye tuna (5%), and other types of fish (3%).Therefore, with these resources, practices that make catching fish more feasible must be supported via control by fulfilling good fishing vessel seaworthiness standards.
The inspection of fishing vessel seaworthiness is conducted at fishing ports as they are safe places to carry out preparatory activities for re-fishing at sea [6].Fishing ports, apart from supporting traditional fishermen in fishery development, also have critical functions in regional development [7].According to [8], as the largest ocean-type fishing port in Indonesia, Nizam Zachman Ocean Fishing Port (PPS Nizam Zachman) is expected to have an impact that can be felt by all port users, both from the facilities provided, competent resources, services provided, and others.According to the integration report, data 2022 of PPS Nizam Zachman, large-pelagic-purse-seine-type fishing vessels have the largest population, amounting to 567 vessels (41%) of the total 1365 existing fishing vessels.Fishing vessel seaworthiness services at PPS Nizam Zachman must be supported with strategic plans and policy optimization to become well-coordinated.
The Indonesian government, through the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, uses a fishery management approach policy to maintain long-term sustainability and ecosystem services provided to communities, such as food security, livelihoods, economic resilience, protection of the coastal environment, and human welfare [9].In implementing this policy, the government has established regulations regarding the seaworthiness of fishing vessels regulated in the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 33 of 2021 concerning Fishing Log Books, Monitoring onboard Fishing Vessels and Fish Transporting Vessels, Inspection, Testing, and Marking of Fishing Vessels, as well as the Management of Manned Fishing Vessels.According to [10], the task of implementation is to create a bond that makes it easier for policy objectives to be realized as a result of government activities so that "a policy delivery system" is formed, namely certain means designed to achieve the desired goals.According to [11], policy implementation conditions can occur when policies fail because they do not achieve the goals and competencies that have become established and no longer receive support from policy objectives.The implementation of policies by the government requires policy evaluations; as stated by [12], policy evaluation is an activity that assesses the performance level of a policy so that it has a related meaning, which refers to the application of several value scales to the results of policies and programs.
Ref. [13] stated that there are five types of approaches to policy: policy problems, policy alternatives, policy actions, policy outcomes, and policy benefits.Capture fishery activities are always associated with risks, so the risk identification used by the government must be precise to produce good policies [14].Therefore, fisheries management requires a good understanding of fishing gear policies that have various productivity and efficiency levels [15].This study aims to examine and determine the priority strategy of PPS Nizam Zachman in implementing the feasibility of large pelagic purse seiners for capture fishery management.

Study Sites
The location of this research is PPS Nizam Zachman, with the scope of implementing the seaworthiness of large pelagic purse seiners based at PPS Nizam Zachman.In addition, the role of PPS Nizam Zachman is also explained via an analysis of the strategies used in implementing the policy for the seaworthiness of fishing vessel.

Assessment of Seaworthiness
Despite decades of governmental initiatives aimed at making commercial fishing safer, it remains a hazardous profession.Such fisheries are competitive, which encourages unsafe behavior such as fishing in bad weather, filling up fishing vessels with gear, and skipping maintenance.Catch shares remove many of the financial incentives to fish as quickly as possible, even if they are not necessarily designed to address safety and IUU (illegal, unregulated, and unreported) fishing concerns [16].Prevention of illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing activities requires efforts to ensure that fishing vessels comply with fisheries management provisions, which include controlling the fulfilments of seaworthiness, catch ability, and feasibility aspects.To ensure that the exploitation strategy is as effective as possible, control of fishing vessels must be achieved by management of fishing activities that do not exceed the carrying capacity of fishery resources.The discussion of the strategy analysis is urgently needed to achieve our goals.In this case, an assessment of the efforts that can be used as alternative solutions in the management and development of the strategies for fishing vessel seaworthiness at PPS Nizam Zachman [17].Ref. [18] explains that the performance of organizational strategy development can be determined from a combination of internal and external factors.Therefore, in addressing the opportunities and challenges, the strengths and weaknesses of this analysis strategy need to be identified as a basis for making alternative strategic decisions for PPS Nizam Zachman.

Data Analysis
The strategic analysis is based on internal factors, which include the strengths, weaknesses, and external factors in the form of opportunities and threats related to the policy of seaworthiness for large pelagic purse seiners at PPS Nizam Zachman.The number of respondents in this study using SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats) analysis was 63 people, consisting of ship owners, fishing vessel seaworthiness officers, PPS Nizam Zachman employees, the Directorate of Fishing Vessels and Fishing Gears, and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.
Priority in implementing the seaworthiness for large pelagic purse seiners is determined using the results of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, which is carried out based on a pairwise comparison matrix.The implementation aspects of the resulting policies are then compared and then given a score based on the preferences and knowledge sourced from 15 selected respondents.The results of the answers given are then processed via the SuperDecisions v3.2 application to obtain a ranking of the aspects of the policy implementation, i.e., communication, resources, dispositions, and bureaucracy [19].In addition, a comparison of the strategy formulation obtained in the SWOT analysis (S-0, W-O, S-T, and W-T) was obtained for each of the four aspects of policy implementation.
As a result of the alternative strategies that have been recommended, it is possible to decompose complex multi-factor or multi-criteria problems into a hierarchy, which can then be broken down into groups that are then arranged into a more structured and systematic form [20].The assessment analysis is conducted to determine the order of SWOT strategy alternative hierarchies to strengthen the four aspects of the policy implementation.On the first hierarchy is the implementation of fishing vessel worthiness policies, while on the second hierarchy are four aspects of policy implementation: communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucracy [21].

The Role of PPS Nizam Zachman
PPS Nizam Zachman is the largest ocean fishing port in Indonesia, located in Jakarta Bay, with an area of 110 Ha, consisting of 40 Ha (harbour pool) and 70 Ha (reclaimed land).The location of this large port enables it to become a port that can accommodate large fishing vessels, including large pelagic purse seines.In addition, the function of fishing ports can also make it a place for collecting statistical data from fish landings to assess the feasibility of fish stocks, which can continue to be developed [22].Furthermore, with PPS Nizam Zachman's membership in the Port State Measure Agreement (PSMA), the role of reporting and data collection activities for flagged vessels must be reported to the state [23].The number of purse seines based at PPS Nizam Zachman from 2017 to 2021 always dominated, as shown in Table 1.In the report on the number of vessels in Table 1, the number of purse seiners in 2017 to 2021 is the largest, with a percentage of 26.6% of the total fishing vessels based at PPS Nizam Zachman.Moreover, the data on the frequency of fish landing on fishing vessels in the same period show that purse seines are the second largest after bouke ami, with a percentage of 21.9%, shown in Table 2.The area of PPS Nizam Zachman's pier and pool from 2017 to 2021 can accommodate an average of 3299 ships per year.According to [8], PPS Nizam Zachman, as the largest ocean-type fishing port, is expected to have an impact that can be felt by all port users, both from the facilities provided, competent resources, services provided, and others.

Catchability Aspects of Fishing Vessels
Understanding fishing capacity is essential to managing fisheries, as improper management compromises all the benefits these essential resources provide.Although the value of understanding fish resources cannot be disputed; it cannot be separated from the actual fishing methods [24].The implementation of the rules for examining the seaworthiness of fishing vessels by implementing fishing vessel seaworthiness is listed in the Regulation of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 33 of 2021 concerning Fishing Log Books, Monitoring onboard Fishing Vessels and Fish Transporting Vessels, the Inspection, Testing, and Marking of Fishing Vessels, and the Management of Manning of Fishing Vessels, which states that each fishing vessel must meet the eligibility requirements of the fishing vessels such as seaworthiness, capture worthiness, and storage worthiness.
Ref. [25] stated that the allocation for fishing using purse seines is influenced by the fishing season and fishing ground and the number of fishing gear operating during the fishing season and certain fishing grounds.The use of FADs as fishing aids has been regulated by the Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (RFMO) to reduce environmental impacts because they can pollute the sea and cause damage to the seabed and coastal habitats [26], while lights are used to detect, attract, or to increase the selectivity of fishing gear [27].The catchability specifications of large pelagic purse seines in terms of selectivity, the placement of fishing gear, and fishing aids are listed in Table 3.  PPS Nizam Zachman has reported that the number of fishing vessels that have been issued certificates of fishing vessel seaworthiness in 2022 was 830 fishing vessels.A graph of the issuance of fishing vessel seaworthiness certificates by the type of fishing gear in 2022 is shown in Figure 1.
A certificate for the seaworthiness of fishing vessels is a document that must be fulfilled stating that the fishing vessel has met the requirements of the fishing vessel's seaworthiness certificate.Based on the Decree of the Director General of Capture Fisheries Number 15 of 2022 concerning the Procedures for Issuing Certificates of Seaworthiness of Fishing Vessels and the Inspection of Seaworthiness of Fishing Vessels, stages of procedures for examining the issuance of certificates of fishing vessel seaworthiness are mandated by Government Regulation Number 27 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of the Marine and Fisheries Sector, which mandates that every operating fishing vessel must meet the eligibility requirements.

Threats
Understanding the behavior of fishermen is necessary for effective fisheries management, which is required to restore overfished stocks and avoid future overfishing [28].Threats to the sustainability of capture fisheries, aside from the problems of overfishing and overcapacity, include pressures on climate change, pollution, resource degradation, fluctuations in commodity prices, and conflicts over national boundaries, which increase the vulnerability of fishermen and decrease the sustainability of capture fisheries [29].This can be seen from the seaworthiness of large pelagic purse seiners where the ship owner is not concerned with the use of non-selective fishing gear, the use of fishing areas that are not in accordance with fishing routes, and the incompatibility of fishing gear with the catch.Most purse seiners operating in the Indian Ocean use FADs as fishing aids to make fishing more effective and efficient, which can actually damage aquatic ecosystems [30].Apart from that, inappropriate vessel sizes, conflicts over fishing ground routes, and capture fishery permits that are not yet understood by the community also have an impact on the decreasing fish stock populations.This is corroborated by the statement of [31] that although purse seine fishermen only represent a small portion of the fishing fleet in Indonesia, their impact on fisheries is more significant, large catch volumes, more incidents of bycatch, and a more significant potential for degradation, especially from fishing that causes damage.Ref. [32] stated that capture fishery management, which tends to be borderless and oriented towards economic interests (economic-based fishery resource management), harms the utilization of fish resources, resulting in the scarcity or depletion of fish resources and the emergence of utilisation conflicts.

Opportunity
Ref. [33] stated that purse seines are productive fishing gear for catching tuna and other large pelagic fish, as they can provide greater profits compared to other fishing gear both in MSY (maximum sustainable yield) and MEY (maximum economic yield) conditions.Therefore, as a preventive measure against illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing practices, efforts are needed to ensure that the large purse seiner used complies with the elements of catchability that aim to limit the catch capacity and selectivity of the fishing gear used.Ref. [34] stated that 78% of purse seine fishing gear in Australia and Indonesia were lost due to snagging and drifting nets as a barrier.In addition, other than bad weather factors, 19% of the causes of the loss of fishing gear were due to fishing gear conflicts with fishermen.For a number of reasons, including washing laden fishing gear overboard and losing or abandoning fishing gear during fishing operations, fishing gear is lost from vessels.The fishing gear that is lost at sea, such as traps, nets, and lines, might linger there for decades due to its durable, nonbiodegradable construction.The aforementioned macroand microplastics might simultaneously cause a range of damage when fishing equipment is lost [35].Furthermore, implementing the safety measures of fishing activities can reduce the risk of ship accidents and damage to the marine environment.This opportunity can be used at PPS Nizam Zachman to manage fishing activities, which are also supported by the port's operational work area and human resource capabilities.Capacity building at all levels of society and government is needed to develop competence, especially for fisheries and the sustainability of fishermen's livelihoods [36].

Strengths
The status of capture fishery development is very important to know as a measure of the achievement of the development itself, the effectiveness of the programs that have been carried out, and a basis for further planning [37].The most effective conservation measures are fishery management regulations that limit adult and juvenile mortality by banning fish aggregation devices from purse seine fisheries and restricting longline fishing in spawning grounds [38].The policy for regulating the seaworthiness of fishing vessels is an act of managing the regulation of vessels and fishing gear as a form of input control.Furthermore, ref. [37] added that it is necessary to control the access of stakeholders in capture fisheries activities because if the production rate is high enough, it will put pressure on resources.With the seaworthiness of these fishing vessels, it is expected to have sustainable management impacts.Nizam Zachman has provided services and oversight of the fishing seaworthiness of large pelagic purse seiners supported by a procedural mechanism as one of the fishing ports that implement this policy, and an evaluation has been carried out.

Weaknesses
According to [39], the low performance of capture fisheries in Indonesia is because, in general, they do not apply the latest technology and are not friendly to the marine environment as an object.Then, in terms of infrastructure conditions, it is still insufficient and lacking, causing low economic connectivity.Moreover, there are still illegal activities, low-quality human resources, and a lack of synergistic cooperation between stakeholders.Numerous studies have been conducted to comprehend and categorize fishers' behavior based on sociodemographic and psychological traits, to explain why fishermen make different decisions in similar situations, and predict how they will react to disturbances and management interventions [40].According to [41], practices carried out by purse seine fishermen include poor monitoring, making it difficult to manage and evaluate the sustainability of fish stocks.In addition, purse seine catches that are not the target catch still occur, so the characteristics of fishing gear, fishing practices, and ecosystems must be considered [42].In practice, the implementation of seaworthiness for large pelagic purse seiners at PPS Nizam Zachman is still not optimal because the understanding of ship owners is still low, the number of seaworthiness inspectors is still lacking, and the process is still not integrated.

SWOT Strategy on Implementation
The internal strategic factors obtained from the assessment of the strength and weakness factors include the quality, ratings, and scores, as shown in Table 4. External strategic factors are shown in Table 5.
Table 4 shows that the highest score is on strength (S) with the strategic factor of the existence of an evaluation mechanism for the application of fishing vessel seaworthiness certificates at PPS Nizam Zachman with a score of 0.24.
Table 5 shows that the highest score is on the threat aspect (T) with the strategic factor of conflict in the fishing lane area between fishing vessels with a score of 0.24.

Strategy Formulation
The SWOT strategy obtained includes determining the S-O strategy, W-O strategy, S-T strategy, and W-T strategy.This determination is based on the results of the matrix of the internal strategic factors and external strategic factors on the strategy for implementing the seaworthiness policy of the large pelagic purse seiner, as follows: S-O includes the implementation of activities to evaluate aspects of seaworthiness in a systematic and structured manner as well as periodic evaluations to improve the performance of fishing vessel seaworthiness implementation (A1); W-O includes organizing further and periodic socialisation of fishing vessel worthiness activities by expanding the two-way communication to fishing vessel owners in support of the implementation of fishing vessel seaworthiness at PPS Nizam Zachman (A2); S-T includes strengthening the role of PPS Nizam Zachman in regulatory compliance with fishing vessel owners to implement fishing vessel seaworthiness (A3); W-T includes adding the number of human resources for the seaworthiness of fishing vessels to meet the workload of PPS Nizam Zachman on the implementation of fishing vessel seaworthiness (A4).The formulation of this strategy can be determined by examining the results of the matrix of strategic internal factors and strategic external factors to determine the best strategy in implementing the policy of seaworthiness of large pelagic purse seiners.The results obtained from the IFAS (internal strategic factors analysis summary) matrix determine the location of the X-axis.In contrast, the results of the EFAS (external strategic factors analysis summary) matrix determine the location of the Y-axis.From the results of the analysis obtained, a strength factor score (S) is 1.67, and a weakness factor (W) is −1.31.The opportunity factor (O) is 1.57, while the threat factor (T) is −1.67.

Priority on Implementation
A flow chart used in the structure of solving a problem consists of three levels as follows: the decision results obtained are placed at the first level, various multi-criteria supporting alternative solutions are placed at the second level, and several alternatives that might be the solution are placed at the third level [19].In the first hierarchy is the implementation of fishing vessel seaworthiness policies, while the second hierarchy is four aspects: communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucracy.The third hierarchy concerns the use of the SWOT strategy.The implementation of fishing vessel seaworthiness can be seen in Figure 2. Based on the results of the analysis obtained, the main priorities for the aspects of policy implementation are presented in Table 6.Table 6 shows that the aspect with the highest priority value is communication, with an average value of 0.346.Strategic priorities in strengthening the four aspects of implementing the worthiness policy for large pelagic purse seines are presented in Table 7.
Table 7 shows that the W-O strategy includes organizing ongoing and recurring socialization of fishing vessel worthiness activities by increasing the two-way communication to fishing vessel owners in support of the implementation of fishing vessel seaworthiness at PPS Nizam Zachman (A2).The W-T approach is then used for the resource part of the strategy and includes increasing the amount of human resources for the seaworthiness of fishing vessels in order to keep up with PPS Nizam Zachman's workload regarding the implementation of fishing vessel seaworthiness (A4).The alternative approach for the dispositional aspect is identical to that for the communication aspect, and the alternative strategy for bureaucratic aspects is an alternative strategy S-O includes the implementation of activities to evaluate aspects of seaworthiness in a systematic and structured manner as well as periodic evaluations to improve the performance of fishing vessel seaworthiness implementation (A1).The implementation of the application of fishing vessel seaworthiness at PPS Nizam Zachman requires a strategy that supports its implementation because it is mandatory.The government has a strategic role in determining the main determinants of policy changes and resource sustainability, such that its capacity is needed to protect the environment [43].The seaworthiness of fishing vessels is considered to have an influence on the control and management of fishing gear on the sustainability of fish resources.Evaluations of the implementation and strategy will provide better and more transparent services [44].The control of fishing gear is part of managing fishery resources in an effort to optimally utilize them in a sustainable manner [45].An understanding of the large pelagic purse seiners in PPS Nizam Zachman and the policy will impact the implementation strategy on the use of environmentally friendly fishing gear and the use of effective fishing gear in capture fisheries activities.As a preventive measure against illegal, unregulated, and unreported practices, efforts have been made to ensure that large pelagic purse seines comply with the factors of eligibility such as the use of fishing vessel sizes, appropriate fishing gear, and correct fishing areas and routes.The conditions that occur at PPS Nizam Zachman show that the understanding and awareness of ship owners are still lacking.Then, the implementation is not yet optimal in the seaworthiness service of large pelagic purse seine vessels, so evaluation must be carried out for implementation to be effective, efficient, appropriate, carried out responsibly, and can provide benefits to all parties [46].

Figure 1 .Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Data on the issuance of certificates for the seaworthiness of fishing vessels based on the type of fishing gear at Nizam Zachman in 2022 The total internal factors (S and W) obtain a result of 0.36, and the total external factors (O and T) obtain a result of −0.1.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Hierarchical scheme for the implementation of the policy of seaworthiness for fishing vessels.

Table 1 .
Number of fishing vessels based at PPS Nizam Zachman.

Table 2 .
Frequency of fish landing on fishing vessels at PPS Nizam Zachman.

Table 4 .
results of internal strategic factors implementing the policy of seaworthiness for large pelagic purse seiners at PPS Nizam Zachman.

Table 5 .
Results of external strategic factors implementing the policy of seaworthiness for large pelagic purse seiners at PPS Nizam Zachman.

Table 6 .
Priority four aspects of the implementation of the policy of seaworthiness of large pelagic purse seiners.

Table 7 .
Results of external strategic factors implementing the policy of seaworthiness for large pelagic purse seiners at PPS Nizam Zachman.