Effect of Irrigation Schedule and Organic Fertilizer on Wheat Yield, Nutrient Uptake, and Soil Moisture in Northwest India

: Indiscriminate and injudicious application of inorganic fertilizers and irrigation, respectively, cause declines in crop productivity as well as environmental pollution. Therefore, judicious use of organic manures and proper scheduling of irrigation are required for sustainable production of wheat crops. A two-year (2014–2015 and 2015–2016) study was conducted to determine the wheat nutrient uptake, soil moisture, and grain yield as a result of organic manures and irrigation schedule. The experiment was set up with four treatments of organic manure in four subplots with repellents and ﬁve irrigation planning treatments in the main plot. The results showed that an irrigation/water ratio of 0.9 irrigation water depth/cumulative pan evaporation (I 2 ) increased grain yield, soil moisture content, and nutrient uptake of wheat (I 3 ) compared to 0.6 IW/CPE during the vegetative period and 0.8 IW/CPE during the reproductive period. According to statistics, it was found that the vegetative period is maintained at 0.8 IW/CPE, and the reproductive period is maintained at 1.0 IW/CPE (I 5 ). Applying 7.5 Mg ha − 1 of farmyard manure (FYM) plus 3 Mg ha − 1 of vermicompost while employing organic manure increases grain output, soil moisture content, and nutrient content and absorption compared to the control treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that irrigation either at I 2 or I 5 + FYM at 7.5 Mg ha − 1 + vermicompost at 3 Mg ha − 1 could be recommended for enhancing grain of wheat cultivation, particularly in the semiarid regions of northwestern India.


Introduction
The main food crop in the world is wheat [1]. It is grown in a wide range of climate and soil conditions. It is India's second-largest produced food crop after rice. It is a very healthy diet consisting of approximately 78% carbohydrates, 12% protein, 2% fat, minerals, and many vitamins [2]. India holds the noteworthy distinction of being the second-largest contributor to global wheat acreage and production. Due to limited available space, the country faces a challenging predicament when it comes to expanding its wheat cultivation area. As a result of this constraint on acreage growth and stagnant or declining production levels, wheat farming in India is facing serious challenges. Suboptimal crop management practices, imbalanced fertilization techniques, inadequate nutrition extraction methods, and water limitations directly affect wheat production [3]. Likewise, natural rainfall cannot meet crop water needs and irrigation is needed to support crop yields [4]. Therefore, judicious use of irrigation and plant nutrients could prove to be crucial inputs for improving wheat productivity [5].
To ensure crop yield, irrigation is a priceless and scarce input that is essential to ensure turgidity, nutrient absorption, and plant metabolism. Therefore, irrigation planning is a crucial part of water management, ensuring the right amount and timing of water application [6]. Many approaches have been developed for irrigation scheduling under different crops. These approaches are based on soil water regime, plant indices, and climatological parameters. Many researchers have reported that IW/CPE ratio (climatological approach) was found to be better in terms of enhancing crop productivity and saving water [7][8][9]. In general, irrigation is being scheduled on the basis of the climatological approach (IW/CPE ratio) during the entire period of crop, irrespective of the stage of growth, but proper scheduling of irrigation is necessary in both vegetative and reproductive phases to maintain the optimum moisture regime for better growth and development of crop in the changing climatic scenario where abrupt variation in temperature takes place. The irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation (IW/CPE) approach synchronizes supply and demand for water, which ultimately leads to excellent crop growth and increased grain output [10].
Nutrient management also plays an integral role in agriculture production. India has incorporated the unbalanced and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers into its agricultural practices to satisfy the varied food demands of a growing population and to realize a desire to extract larger returns from agricultural land. Yet, overuse of chemical fertilizers has reduced crop yields, reduced soil fertility, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and decreased groundwater pollution. Additionally, an excessive reliance on chemical fertilizer-based nutrient management led to nutrient depletion, nutrient mining, and low nutrient use efficiency, especially nitrogen (30-40%) and phosphorus (10-20%), which has become a limiting factor in raising food productivity and sustainability [11]. Hence, applying nutrients from organic sources has a greater potential to increase agricultural output, improve soil health, and reduce environmental pollution. By adding nutrients from organic sources such as farmyard manure (FYM) and vermicompost, grain yield, soil physical, chemical, and biological qualities have reportedly increased [12].
Irrigation planning and nutrient management in wheat production have been extensively researched, but few studies have examined the combined effects of organic nutrition management and IW/CPE irrigation scheduling. The specific outcomes of integrating organic nutrition management with IW/CPE irrigation scheduling remain relatively unexplored despite positive results when implemented separately. Further research is needed to better understand the potential synergies and benefits that may result from combining these practices in wheat farming. Studying this area comprehensively will provide valuable insight into enhancing sustainable agricultural practices and optimizing wheat production. This study suggests that improving wheat yield and nutrient uptake requires careful timing of irrigation planning and organic manures. The goal of the study is to determine how wheat is impacted by organic products and irrigation schedules.

Description of Study
The two-year experiment was carried out in the Instructional Unit, SKN Agricultural University, Jobner, during the rabi seasons of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. At 26.05 • N latitude and 75.28 • E longitude, 45 km west of Jaipur, and 427 m above mean sea level is where the experiment was conducted. This area is located in the Rajasthan agroclimatic zone III-A. According to the information given, the area has a semiarid climate, which indicates that it is typically dry and receives 350 to 450 mm of total annual precipitation. The rainiest months are July through September. Temperatures in the region can vary widely, reaching high temperatures in summer and dipping below freezing in winter. The soil in this region is loamy sand in texture, which means it has a mixture of sand, silt, and clay. The soil is also alkaline in reaction, which means it has a pH above 7.0. It has a medium quantity of potassium but is poor in organic carbon and has little accessible nitrogen and phosphorus according to critical limit of soil.

Treatments and Design of Experiment
The irrigation scheduling variable had five treatments, while the organic manure variable had four levels. A random number table, a device used to produce a random sequence of numbers, was used to randomly allocate these treatments to various plots [13]. The experiment had a total of 20 treatment combinations, which were replicated four times. This means that there was a total of 80 plots used in the experiment. Table 1 lists the therapies along with the accompanying symbols. Generally, irrigation is applied at a 0.9 IW/CPE ratio throughout the crop period irrespective of growth stage. This treatment may be considered a control base treatment to compare against other treatments (schedules of irrigation), whereas irrigation was applied at different ratio and growth stages to estimate savings of irrigation. Common doses of fertilizers were applied as per recommended, but for control treatment (M 0 ), no manure was applied. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) was used to apply the necessary dosages of nitrogen, 90 kg/ha, and phosphorus, 30 kg/ha, respectively. When planting, we applied a sufficient amount of phosphorus and half the amount of nitrogen as base fertilizer and covered twice the amount of remaining nitrogen. Farmyard manure (FYM) and vermicompost were provided by the College's farm and vermicomposting units, respectively. Vermicompost was added before sowing, and FYM was placed on the appropriate beds in accordance with the treatment two weeks prior to planting. The FYM was thoroughly absorbed into the soil. The N content of each manure source was used to determine the dosages of organic sources. Following routine irrigation to a depth of 45 mm, irrigation treatments were implemented. Details of the total number of irrigations performed during the first and second years of the experiment, the amount of water used, and the date of each irrigation performed for the different treatments were allotted. Daily pan evaporation values from a USWB Class A open pan evaporimeter were used to calculate cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) using standard procedure prescribed for the instrument. Near the experiment plot, the evaporimeter was installed in a meteorological observatory. Using a Parshall flume with a 7.5 cm wide throat, the amount of irrigation water used for irrigation was calculated. A fixed water depth of 45 mm was used for each irrigation treatment, based on the IW/CPE ratio. The ratios used were 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0, and the corresponding CPE values were 75 mm, 56.25 mm, 50 mm, and 45 mm, respectively. This means that when the CPE values approached these levels, the irrigation treatments were given with the corresponding amounts of water based on the IW/CPE ratios.

Crop Management
Raj-4037, a wheat variety with early maturation and resistance to stem rust disease, was chosen for the experiment. Seeds were seeded on November 2015 for both years at 100 kg/ha, at a depth of 5 cm and with 22.5 cm between rows. The crop was shielded from disease and insect pests through the application of plant protection techniques. Seeds were treated with Bavistin at dosages of 2.5 g/kg seed seeds before sowing to protect them from soil and seed-borne diseases. In order to defend against termite infestations, the crop was also treated with Chlorpyriphos at a rate of l/ha. Plants from the boundary rows were taken out of the field during harvest and the net plots were collected separately. The harvested crop was wrapped and weighed to calculate the grain and straw yields, which were indicated in Mg ha −1 after being sun-dried for 4-5 days. Crop threshing was accomplished with the AL-MACO Pullman Thresher. The yield was measured in Mg ha −1 after the grains had been washed and weighed. By deducting the seed weight from seeds plus straw, straw weight was estimated and expressed in Mg ha −1 .

Soil Moisture Sampling and Studies
Soil moisture studies were conducted throughout the entire duration of the wheat crop, from sowing to maturity. For all treatments, the soil moisture was measured twice: right before irrigation and 24 h later. When soil moisture was at field capacity (1/3 bar) using pressure plate apparatus, four distinct soil depths were used for the measurements: 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, and 45-60 cm, respectively. For the purpose of studying soil moisture, soil samples were taken. In each treatment's net plot area, soil samples were taken all around a fixed site that was chosen at random. In order to avoid moisture loss, the soil sample was then immediately moved to aluminum soil moisture boxes and covered. As soon as possible, the soil sample moisture boxes were taken to the lab for weighing and drying. Soil samples collected in boxes were quickly weighed and then placed in a heated, temperaturecontrolled oven. The samples were dried at 105 • C for 8-10 h while maintaining their weight and the moisture percentage was calculated using the following formula [14]: Moisture percentage (oven dry weight basis) = W 1 − W 2 W 2 × 100 where W 1 = Weight of moist sample (in grams); W 2 = Weight of dried sample (in grams).

Moisture Depletion
The area of soil where plant roots are actively growing and absorbing moisture is known as the root zone, which was divided into four levels according to depth, namely, 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, and 45-60 cm. The soil moisture depletion was assessed using these layers. The quantity of moisture that was removed from each layer for a short period of time (such as a day or a week) was calculated and the short-term depletion values for each layer were added up over the course of the full growing season until crop maturity.

Plant Sampling and Nutrient Uptake
Plant samples were taken at harvest and baked in an oven at 70 • C for 24 h. Airdried grain samples and dried plant samples were ground to pass through a 40-mesh sieve. Seed and straw samples of 0.5 g were taken from each treatment for nutritional analysis. Measurement of nitrogen in plant samples was carried out using the colorimetric technique (Nessler's reagent) [15]. By employing the Vanadomolybdophosphoric yellow color method, P in plant materials was measured using a method for determining the phosphorus content of a sample by measuring the absorbance of a yellow-colored complex formed by reacting phosphate ions with a mixture of vanadate and molybdate ions. The absorbance is proportional to the amount of phosphorus in the sample. This method is commonly used for soil and plant analyses [16]. A flame photometer is an analytical Sustainability 2023, 15, 10204 5 of 14 instrument used to determine the concentration of certain elements including potassium by measuring the intensity of light emitted by the element when it is vaporized in a flame. The concentration of the element in the sample immediately correlates with the intensity of the light that is emitted. In this case, the potassium content in the plant samples was measured directly using a flame photometer. To determine the total nutrient uptake, the nutrient concentrations in the plant samples were multiplied by the corresponding yield for each component (grain and straw). The nutrient uptake of each component was then summed to obtain the total nutrient uptake of the plant.

Statistical Investigation
Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the F-test. The F-test with a 5% probability level was used to compare significant differences between treatments [17]. Comparisons were made using SEm + and CD standard abbreviations in statistical analysis. Pooled analysis of the data was performed following the standard norms of the ANOVA. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were accomplished using R software (R version 3.5.1, Jaipur, India) to depict the correlations among the various parameters and their relationships with the different treatments.

Yield of Grains and Moisture Content
Due to different irrigation scheduling techniques, wheat grain production has greatly risen ( Table 2 and Figure 1). In comparison to other irrigation schedule treatments, wheat grain production was higher when irrigation was provided in treatment I 2 . Treatment I 2 enhanced grain yield by 17.7% in comparison to I 3 . The treatment of I 2 , remained unchanged statistically (I 5 ). The grain yield for treatment I 3 was noticeably lowest, with corresponding values of 3.78 Mg ha −1 . When FYM and vermicompost were added at 7.5 Mg ha −1 and 3 Mg ha −1 , respectively, when using organic manures, grain yield increased by 31% in comparison to the control.
Compared to treatments I 3 , I 4 , and I 1 , treatment I 2 reported significantly higher moisture content irrigation and 1/3 bar. Treatment M 3 outperformed M 0 , while they were still on par with M 1 in terms of the maximum preirrigation moisture content estimate and 1/3 bar (Table 2). Table 2. Influence of irrigation schedule and organic manures on grain production and moisture content both prior to irrigation and at 1/3 bar moisture content.

Treatments
Grain Due to different irrigation scheduling techniques, wheat grain production has greatly risen (Table 2 and Figure 1). In comparison to other irrigation schedule treatments, wheat grain production was higher when irrigation was provided in treatment I2. Treatment I2 enhanced grain yield by 17.7% in comparison to I3. The treatment of I2, remained unchanged statistically (I5). The grain yield for treatment I3 was noticeably lowest, with corresponding values of 3.78 Mg ha −1 . When FYM and vermicompost were added at 7.5 Mg ha −1 and 3 Mg ha −1 , respectively, when using organic manures, grain yield increased by 31% in comparison to the control.

Amount of NPK in Grain and Straw Yield
The irrigation system had no effect on the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in grain and straw. However, the I 2 treatment recorded the highest NPK content in grain (0.367 and 0.484%) and straw (0.497, 0.126, and 1.694%) except for N content in grain. The results showed that the treatment with the highest concentration of N, P, and K in grain and straw was M 3 . Nevertheless, M 3 was superior to M 0 in all respects except grain nitrogen content and straw potassium concentration (Table 3).

Intake of NPK in Grains and Straw
The consumption of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in both grain and straw is influenced by the combination of irrigation techniques and the application of organic fertilizers. In particular, treatment I 2 , which was equivalent to I 5 , exhibited significant improvements compared to treatments I 1 , I 3 , and I 4 in terms of N, P, and K absorption in both grain and straw. Furthermore, when compared to the control group, the application of organic fertilizers had a significant impact on the uptake of N, P, and K in both grain and straw. In terms of irrigation, the M 3 treatment resulted in significantly higher NPK absorption in both grain and straw compared to the M 0 and M 1 treatments, while the M 2 treatment showed similar results. Notably, treatment M 3 , which displayed the highest nitrogen uptake in grain, outperformed the other treatments in terms of overall performance (Table 4 and Figures 2 and 3).

Intake of NPK in Grains and Straw
The consumption of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in both grain and straw is influenced by the combination of irrigation techniques and the application of organic fertilizers. In particular, treatment I2, which was equivalent to I5, exhibited significant improvements compared to treatments I1, I3, and I4 in terms of N, P, and K absorption in both grain and straw. Furthermore, when compared to the control group, the application of organic fertilizers had a significant impact on the uptake of N, P, and K in both grain and straw. In terms of irrigation, the M3 treatment resulted in significantly higher NPK absorption in both grain and straw compared to the M0 and M1 treatments, while the M2 treatment showed similar results. Notably, treatment M3, which displayed the highest nitrogen uptake in grain, outperformed the other treatments in terms of overall performance (Table 4 and Figures 2 and 3).

Utilization of All NPK by Grain and Straw
Treatment I2 performed on par with I5 and much better than the other treatments, with equivalent values of 105.86, 24.34, and 129.11 kg/ha for total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake. Total uptake of N, P, and K was significantly lower in treatment I3 (89.90, 18.77, and 100.01 kg/ha, respectively). The experiment's organic manures had an impact on how much total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were absorbed, according to data analysis (

Utilization of All NPK by Grain and Straw
Treatment I 2 performed on par with I 5 and much better than the other treatments, with equivalent values of 105.86, 24.34, and 129.11 kg/ha for total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake. Total uptake of N, P, and K was significantly lower in treatment I 3 (89.90, 18.77, and 100.01 kg/ha, respectively). The experiment's organic manures had an impact on how much total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were absorbed, according to data analysis (Table 5 and Figure 4). Treatment M 3 , which outperformed all other treatments while remaining on par with M 2 (vermicompost at 6 Mg ha −1 , outperformed all other treatments while measuring at significantly higher levels (114.85, 25.15, and 137.03 kg/ha) of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake. The values with the obviously lowest total NPK uptake under M 0 were 70.88, 15.75, and 82.38 kg/ha.

Soil Moisture Depletion Pattern
Data analysis revealed that the 0-15 cm depth was where the majority of moisture was removed for all irrigation schedule treatments, followed by the 15-30 cm depth. As irrigation water increases, more water is extracted from the soil surface (0-15 cm), but less water is extracted from deeper soil layers (Table 6). According to the data analysis in the above

Yield of Grains and Moisture Content
Treatment I2 (4.45 Mg ha −1 ) considerably outperformed treatments I1, I3, and I4 in terms of wheat grain production and it was comparable to treatment I5, whereas treatment I3 had the significantly lowest grain yield (3.78 Mg ha −1 ). Treatments I2 and I5 demonstrated promising results in improving wheat development and yield. Tillage efficiency, increased grain yield, longer ears, and increased test weight are some of these traits. Grain yields are higher when these factors are combined. In addition, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are more readily available to plants when irrigation is applied more

Soil Moisture Depletion Pattern
Data analysis revealed that the 0-15 cm depth was where the majority of moisture was removed for all irrigation schedule treatments, followed by the 15-30 cm depth. As irrigation water increases, more water is extracted from the soil surface (0-15 cm), but less water is extracted from deeper soil layers (Table 6). According to the data analysis in the above

Yield of Grains and Moisture Content
Treatment I 2 (4.45 Mg ha −1 ) considerably outperformed treatments I 1 , I 3 , and I 4 in terms of wheat grain production and it was comparable to treatment I 5 , whereas treatment I 3 had the significantly lowest grain yield (3.78 Mg ha −1 ). Treatments I 2 and I 5 demonstrated promising results in improving wheat development and yield. Tillage efficiency, increased grain yield, longer ears, and increased test weight are some of these traits. Grain yields are higher when these factors are combined. In addition, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are more readily available to plants when irrigation is applied more frequently. Watering increases nutrient movement through the soil profile, which increases plant dry matter accumulation. A higher irrigation level has been found to positively impact wheat production in addition to nutrient availability. In order to increase root growth and nutrient absorption, adequate irrigation reduces the soil's mechanical strength. By providing the necessary water for metabolic activities, it also promotes increased respiration and enhances photosynthesis. Together, these findings emphasize the importance of optimizing irrigation practices and ensuring an adequate supply of nutrients, particularly N, P, and K. It is possible to improve crop development, yield traits, and grain yields through efficient irrigation and nutrient management [18]. Another factor that may have contributed to the increase in yield is irrigation scheduling, which extended the reproductive time and increased the photosynthetic surface and regenerative storage capacity to yield of grain with a higher proportion of net photosynthetics [19][20][21][22]. On the other hand, treatment I 3 recorded the noticeably lowest grain. Unsaturated soil moisture conditions may be to blame for the lowest grain yield; when the roots are under water stress, their turgor pressure causes a vapor gap to form around them. Dry matter production and nutrient absorption through the roots would be greatly reduced, if ever present, because of less contact between the roots and the water particles. The limited soil water levels create unfavorable conditions for cell division and growth, leading to reduced uptake of photosynthetically active radiation and a lower net photosynthetic rate. The lower yield attribute values observed in treatment I 3 may be attributed to this factor. The plant's internal water status, which is linked to various physiological processes, helps explain the significant reduction in grain output when water resources are limited. According to [23], water conditions and plant cycles are related to soil water supply and its absorption capacity, highlighting that plants reduce the yield or quality of harvested crops. Due to the detrimental effect on all development and yield parameters, the grain yield may have dropped as a result. The yield obtained under I 1 and I 4 was, likewise, not similar to that obtained under I 2 or I 5, it was further revealed, even if the same amount of water was used under I 5 and during crucial stage (I 1 ). However, there was a difference in yield between the treatments. This may be the case because water was applied in I 2 and I 5 at the correct IW/CPE ratio during both the plant and reproductive stages to meet atmospheric evaporation needs, regardless of crop stage. In order to counteract evapotranspiration losses under I 1 , the number of irrigations was provided at critical stages of cultivation without taking into account actual water needs. Because of this, despite using the same amount of water, there was a noticeable difference in the yield. The authors of [24][25][26][27] also reported similar outcomes. The largest moisture content was reported by treatment I 2 , which performed on par with I 5 and much better than the other treatments, at 1/3 bar and prior to irrigation. The significantly lowest moisture content was maintained by I 3 ( Table 1). The more frequent watering utilized throughout the crop's whole growth period contributed to the treatment I 2 maximum moisture content. The crop may have been under moisture stress due to longer intervals when the lowest moisture content was estimated under I 3 [16,28]. The complex interactions between physiological and biochemical processes that alter the architecture and morphology of growing plants result in crop production. Throughout the crop growth period, wise use of the available nutrients is a fundamental requirement for the efficient operation of all physiological processes. The significantly greater grain yield was produced by treatment M 3 , which outperformed the other treatments and was comparable to M 2 . It is well known that adding FYM and vermicompost to soil can boost the soil's ability to bind cations and anions, especially phosphates and nitrate, as well as the amount of micronutrients present. The crop then benefits from these nutrients as they are gradually released over the course of its full growth period. According to [29], humic acids in vermicompost increase the availability of natural and soil-added micronutrients, thereby improving production characteristics and yields [30][31][32]. The moisture content measured in M 3 (16.76%) at 1/3 bar and before irrigation (6.11%), as affected by organic manure, was substantially higher than that of M 0 and M 2 , according to the results for moisture content at 1/3 bar and before irrigation (Table 1). M 3 remained at parity with M 1 , however, and M 0 and M 2 were significantly lower than M 3 . It should not need stating that organic manures increase soil's ability to retain water and also serve as a barrier to lessen deep percolation and surface evaporation. Consequently, plots treated with organic manure may have had higher moisture contents than control plots [33,34].

Amount of NPK in Grain and Straw
The watering schedules had no discernible impact on the NPK content of grain or straw ( Table 3). The application of organic fertilizers significantly increased the total grain and straw supply and the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The N, P, and K contents of grain and straw increased significantly after the application of FYM and vermicompost. The increased nutrient environment in the root zone and plant system seems to be responsible for the good effect of organic fertilizers on N, P, and K [35,36].

Intake of NPK from Grain and Straw
When the IW/CPE ratio was 0.9, the uptake of N, P, and K in grain and straw from the I 2 treatment was much higher than that of the other treatments and equal to that of the I 5 treatment. The least amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was absorbed when I 3 was used. It is assumed that nutrient uptake is influenced by yield and the amount of grain and straw present [25,27]. The application of organic fertilizers significantly increased the content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in grain and straw. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in grain and straw increased significantly after the application of FYM and vermicompost. The increased uptake and accumulation of nutrients in the vegetative fraction is thought to result from higher yields, improved cellular metabolic processes, and the availability of these nutrients in the root zone. Due to possible increased metabolism, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium moved from crop's vegetative sections more quickly than before and into the reproductive organs [37].

Total Amount of NPK Uptake by Grain and Straw
While preserving parity with I 5, the wheat in treatment I 2 , which had a 0.9 IW/CPE ratio, absorbed much more total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than the other treatments. Treatment I 3 exhibited the lowest absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compared to other treatments. Increased intake of these nutrients in wheat crops is associated with higher grain and straw production and improved nutritional content. Studies have shown that the application of organic fertilizers, such as farmyard manure (FYM) and vermicompost, significantly increases the total concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in both grain and straw. Organic fertilizers positively affect the availability and uptake of these nutrients, leading to improved nutrition within the root zone and the entire plant system. Higher N, P, and K contents in plants and increased grain and straw yields indicated that different treatments increased N, P, and K uptake by crops, and the authors of [32,38,39] reported the same results.

Soil Moisture Depletion Pattern
According to the moisture extraction pattern, the soil moisture extraction steadily decreased with soil depth in all irrigation schedules (Table 6). More frequent (I 2 ) irrigation of wheat crops restored more soil moisture from the upper soil layer than less frequent irrigation. This is most likely a result of the soil profile having more moisture available, which increased potential and increased stomatal conductance. When water was scarce (I 3 ), it was harder for plants to obtain moisture from upper layers, so they had to obtain more from the deeper layers [40][41][42]. According to soil moisture patterns affected by organic manure, soil moisture increased in M 1 , M 2 , and M 3 compared to the control. The FYM or vermicompost alone, or even both of them, contributed to the plant's improved physical health and root development.

Conclusions
In a two-year experiment, when irrigation was timed at a rate of 0.9 IW/CPE throughout the growth period or 0.8 IW/CPE during the vegetative phase + 1.0 IW/CPE during the reproductive phase, wheat crop showed a significant increase in yield, moisture content, and nutrient uptake. To save irrigation water, the optimal irrigation ratio was 0.8 IW/CPE in the vegetative period and 1.0 IW/CPE in the reproductive period. This schedule also produced nearly identical yields, increased nutrient uptake, and reduced the need for one irrigation. Grain yield, moisture content, and nutrient uptake improved with 7.5 Mg ha −1 FYM + 3 Mg ha −1 vermicompost or 6 Mg ha −1 fertilization with vermicompost. However, the most productive treatments were treatments with equal amounts of FYM and vermicompost, for example, 7.5 Mg ha −1 FYM + 3 Mg ha −1 vermicompost or 15 Mg ha −1 complete FYM.