Work-Family Interface in the Context of Social Responsibility: A Systematic Literature Review

: The literature on internal social responsibility, in which the work-family interface can be included, already has a robust tradition in scientiﬁc research. It is, therefore, important to systematize the path that has been taken and what the future may hold. This article aims to systematize the literature that simultaneously focuses on the work-family relationship and on the context of social responsibility and sustainability, with the purpose of mapping the research that has been produced on these intersections. A systematic review of the literature was conducted between the period 1968 and 2021. The search was performed on the SCOPUS database, and the analysis was conducted using the VOSviewer software, with 333 articles having been identiﬁed and subjected to a bibliometric and content analysis. As a result, 88 articles were analyzed in depth, focusing on the Work and Life Space dimension and the work-family relationship. The results indicate that corporate social responsibility has a positive effect on the work-family relationship, where an efﬁcient balance between personal and professional life is often measured based on the adequacy of the adjustment of factors such as working hours and social and family commitments.


Introduction
There is a long tradition of investigating the work-family interface in different scientific areas.This interest comes from the fact that a significant part of our lives is divided between work and family and by the positive or negative synergies they assume.Special attention has been given to negative and conflictive relationships, since the impact of these on the performance of the individual and the organization itself is recognized.Organizations are increasingly sensitive to the dynamics between the two spheres, with the family extending into life, and, given its importance, they have been taking a more active role in supporting workers within the framework of their social responsibility policies and practices and with a view to sustainability.As a result of this problem, it is important to know: what has been researched and who has done research on the work-family interface and social responsibility with a view to the sustainability of quality of life at work?Thus, considering the role of social responsibility in the work-family relationship, this article aims to systematize the literature that simultaneously focuses on the work-family relationship and on the social responsibility and sustainability context, with the purpose of mapping the research that has been produced on these interceptions.

Literature Review
The work-life interface can be defined as the interaction between the work and nonwork/personal life (family, leisure, and health) domains.The organizational literature often refers to studies related to the work-life relationship, but little theoretical and empirical attention has been paid to the non-work domain, with the exception of the family [1].The vast majority of studies conducted in recent decades report on work-family relations [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], and not on work-life relations.Throughout this period, the approach to this type of relationship has changed.Initially, and until the end of the last century, this relationship was studied as a conflict relationship between the work-family domains [2,4,6].At the beginning of this century, with the advent of Positive Psychology, the approach to this relationship underwent a change and work-family enrichment also began to be studied [5].More recently, it has become common to talk about work-family balance [3,8].
Work-Family Conflict can be defined as a form of role conflict in which the role performances of the "work" and "family" domains are totally or partially incompatible [4].This incompatibility is related to the existence of three major types of work-family conflict [4]: the time-related conflict, the tension-related conflict and the behavior-related conflict.This concept has a double meaning, i.e., when work demands interfere with family demands, we are in a scenario of "work-family conflict"; when family demands interfere with work demands, we are in a "family-work conflict" scenario [2,4,9].
Work-Family Enrichment occurs when "the experiences lived in one role (family/work) tend to enhance the quality of life lived in the other role" [5] (p. 72).Some studies have shown that the achievement of multiple roles has positive consequences on the physical and psychological well-being of individuals [10,11].Similarly, to the work-family conflict, this construct has a dual meaning: work-family enrichment and family-work enrichment [5].
The Work-Family Balance was initially defined by the absence of work-family conflict [12].Subsequently, several authors have defined it not only by the absence or low levels of conflict, but also by the high levels of family-work enrichment at the same time [13].More recently, some authors have stated that work-family balance is a unique construct, both theoretically and psychometrically, distinct from both conflict and enrichment [3].From this perspective, work-family balance is defined as "[ . . .] the realization of rolerelated expectations that are negotiated and shared between an individual and his/her partners related to the roles played in the work and family domains [ . . .]" [3] (p. 463).
It should be noted that, despite this evolution, it is still common to find in recent studies an approach to the work-family relationship as a conflict relationship.Therefore, the high number of publications associated with this type of approach when compared to the others is not surprising.
The literature has shown that: (i) work-related stress and social support from colleagues and supervisors, in addition to the possibility of flexible schedules and workload (number of working hours), have a significant impact on work-family relationships [2,6].Employees with less support from colleagues or supervisors, or with less flexible working hours, had greater work-family conflict [2,6]; (ii) the adoption of working arrangements different from the traditional ones, namely flexible work, shift work, and teleworking, may have an impact on the work-family relationship [14,15]; and (iii) the commitment to the organization and productivity is higher among employees with lower levels of work-family conflict, and turnover intentions are, in turn, lower [16].From this perspective, it is worth mentioning the central role of organizations in the development and adoption of practices that allow workers to reconcile work and family tasks in a more harmonious way.
The balance between work-family interaction, with its repercussions at a broader level in work-life interaction and, consequently, in the quality of life at work (QWL) relationship, is particularly important not only for the employee but also for their family and the organization.The QWL is a concept that has been around for more than half a century; over this period its conceptualization and measurement have evolved.Recently QWL has been defined as "a personal reaction to the work environment and experience such as perceptions of control, satisfaction, involvement, commitment, work-life balance, and well-being in relation to someone's job and organization, with no one generally accepted definition of the term" [17] (p.651).Among the different measurement models of QWL proposed during this period, the most widely used in research because of its comprehensiveness is the model proposed by Walton in 1973.According to Walton [18], the criteria, which, from the organizational point of view, explain QWL were: (1) Adequate and fair compensation; (2) Safe and healthy working conditions; (3) Opportunity to use and develop human capacities; (4) Career opportunities; (5) Social Integration in work organization; (6) Constitutionalism in work organization; (7) Work and Total Life Space;and (8) Social Relevance of work life.Walton has the idea that quality of work-life (QWL) is represented in the humanization of work and social responsibility, involving the meeting of the needs and aspirations of the individual by restructuring the design of jobs and new ways to organize the work, coupled with the formation of work teams, with a power of autonomy and improvement of the organizational environment.
From the above, it is important to mention the role of corporate social responsibility in contributing to QWL and consequently to work-family balance.The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved over time and given rise to different definitions.Dashrud (2008) cited in [19] mentions 37 definitions for this construct, pointing out that the most widely cited definitions in the literature are those proposed by organizations such as the European Commission and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development.The European Commission [20,21] defines corporate social responsibility as a set of voluntary practices through which organizations integrate social and environmental concerns in their business choices and in their interaction with stakeholders, and which contribute to sustainable development.There is an almost unlimited number of socially responsible practices, activities, or actions that can be undertaken by organizations in their adherence to CSR practices [19].Thus, in order to clarify the understanding of the concept and its operationalization, CSR is broken down into two fundamental dimensions [20]: (i) the internal dimension is focused on an intra-organizational perspective (relationship with employees) and concerns human resource management practices, occupational health and safety, adaptation to change, environmental impact management, and natural resources.In terms of human resources management, it is worth mentioning, among others, the accountability of the worker, better information within the company, and a better balance between professional, family, and leisure life; and (ii) the external dimension is focused on the company's external agents, namely: the local community, partners, suppliers and consumers, human rights, and environmental and global concerns.
Due to the central role of social responsibility for the work-family relationship, this article aims to systematize the literature published with this focus between 1968 and 2021.

Materials and Methods
In this study, bibliometric and content analysis of the selected articles are used as methods.The SCOPUS database (data collection on 29 June 2021) was used due to its extension, reliability, and comprehensiveness [22].SCOPUS has a multidisciplinary character and great comprehensiveness, is peer-reviewed, holds daily updates, and has resources that assist the user in searches performed on the site and creation of lists for storage of documents during the search session in the database, with structured searches by author and theme.Main advantages of using this database: inclusion of titles available in Open Access; broad coverage in terms of science and technology journals; author identification tools; automatic generation of the h-index; inclusion of more European content than Web of Science (WoS); and integration of more languages besides English.This review was performed in accordance to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.
In accordance with the organizational literature, it was decided to select articles on the basis of the Work-Life interface rather than Work-Family interface, since the domain "Life" is broader than the domain "Family", even though the latter is the basic element of life.The keywords used in the search were "Social Responsibility; Life-work; Sustainability; Conflict", used in the frame "All" and added to the search "and", which resulted in 333 articles.There were no limitations as to the type of publication, study area, type of document, language, or others.
Bibliometric analysis aims to measure scientific progress by performing quantitative evaluation and analysis of comparisons of scientific activity and productivity [22].The VOSviewer software (version 1.6.10., Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands) was used to map and process the articles due to its reliability and suitability for bibliometric analyses.Based on the co-authorship of each study, the relationships between authors, institutions and locations of the coauthors were analyzed and interpreted.The relationships between keywords in all documents were analyzed based on their co-occurrence and pro-vides a graphical view of the interconnectedness of key terms in the documents [23].The coauthorship analysis reveals the occurrence of scientific collaboration and identifies re-search groups [24].
In the qualitative stage, the Abstract, the Introduction, and the Results of the articles were read with the intent of framing them in one of the dimensions of Walton's quality of work-life (QWL) [18].In this context, researchers, academics, managers, and others can benefit from the results arising from the evaluation in this research area.Initially, this study proceeds with the classification of the articles resulting from the search in the SCOPUS database, assessing them based on the bibliometric analysis, with the use of the VOSviewer software.The 333 documents found are then categorized according to Walton's model [18].In order to verify the work-family relationship within the social responsibility and sustainability context, this SLR focuses on the Work and Life Space dimension, with the content analysis of 80 articles.The other dimensions, with the numbers of articles and representative authors are available in Appendix A. Figure 1 presents the representation of the selection and inclusion of articles in the SCOPUS database.
life.The keywords used in the search were "Social Responsibility; Life-work; Sustainability; Conflict", used in the frame "All" and added to the search "and", which resulted in 333 articles.There were no limitations as to the type of publication, study area, type of document, language, or others.
Bibliometric analysis aims to measure scientific progress by performing quantitative evaluation and analysis of comparisons of scientific activity and productivity [22].The VOSviewer software (version 1.6.10., Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands) was used to map and process the articles due to its reliability and suitability for bibliometric analyses.Based on the co-authorship of each study, the relationships between authors, institutions and locations of the coauthors were analyzed and interpreted.The relationships between keywords in all documents were analyzed based on their co-occurrence and pro-vides a graphical view of the interconnectedness of key terms in the documents [23].The co-authorship analysis reveals the occurrence of scientific collaboration and identifies re-search groups [24].
In the qualitative stage, the Abstract, the Introduction, and the Results of the articles were read with the intent of framing them in one of the dimensions of Walton's quality of work-life (QWL) [18].In this context, researchers, academics, managers, and others can benefit from the results arising from the evaluation in this research area.Initially, this study proceeds with the classification of the articles resulting from the search in the SCO-PUS database, assessing them based on the bibliometric analysis, with the use of the VOSviewer software.The 333 documents found are then categorized according to Walton's model [18].In order to verify the work-family relationship within the social responsibility and sustainability context, this SLR focuses on the Work and Life Space dimension, with the content analysis of 80 articles.The other dimensions, with the numbers of articles and representative authors are available in Appendix A. Figure 1 presents the representation of the selection and inclusion of articles in the SCOPUS database.Among the ten countries that most published on the topic "Social Responsibility and QLW" (Figure 4), the United States leads the ranking with 80 publications (24.02%), followed by the United Kingdom with 44 publications (13.21%),Spain and India both with 25 publications (7.51%), Australia with 20 articles (6.01%), Canada with 13 studies (3.90%), Italy and Malaysia both with 12 publications (3.60%), and South Korea and the Netherlands with 9 studies each (2.70%).Among the ten countries that most published on the topic "Social Responsibility and QLW" (Figure 4), the United States leads the ranking with 80 publications (24.02%), followed by the United Kingdom with 44 publications (13.21%),Spain and India both with 25 publications (7.51%), Australia with 20 articles (6.01%), Canada with 13 studies (3.90%), Italy and Malaysia both with 12 publications (3.60%), and South Korea and the Netherlands with 9 studies each (2.70%).Among the ten countries that most published on the topic "Social Responsibility and QLW" (Figure 4), the United States leads the ranking with 80 publications (24.02%), followed by the United Kingdom with 44 publications (13.21%),Spain and India both with 25 publications (7.51%), Australia with 20 articles (6.01%), Canada with 13 studies (3.90%), Italy and Malaysia both with 12 publications (3.60%), and South Korea and the Netherlands with 9 studies each (2.70%).Among the ten countries that most published on the topic "Social Responsibility and QLW" (Figure 4), the United States leads the ranking with 80 publications (24.02%), followed by the United Kingdom with 44 publications (13.21%),Spain and India both with 25 publications (7.51%), Australia with 20 articles (6.01%), Canada with 13 studies (3.90%), Italy and Malaysia both with 12 publications (3.60%), and South Korea and the Netherlands with 9 studies each (2.70%).As for the general number of citations, it is worth noting that in 2006, two articles obtained 120 citations, while in 2007 nine publications added up to 394 citations (Figure 5).

Bibliometric Analysis
The distribution of articles by research area is presented in Figure 6.A concentration of articles in the areas of Social Sciences (27.07%), Business, Management, and Accounting (22.37%), and Medicine (11.84%) is observed.As for the general number of citations, it is worth noting that in 2006, two articles obtained 120 citations, while in 2007 nine publications added up to 394 citations (Figure 5).According to data extracted from the SCOPUS database, the most relevant articles in the area of Social Sciences address issues related to sustainable management of human resources in crisis contexts, employee engagement, time in life-work conflict, work-life balance and corporate social responsibility, occupational welfare regulation, social investment approach as a field of job creation, and others.Regarding the area of Business, Management, and Accounting, among the topics covered are the implementation of gender equality policies in the workplace, management principles and human resources (new business), gender differences in conflicts between functions, talent management and others.Finally, in the area of Medicine, the themes addressed by the most relevant articles include the interaction between corporate social responsibility at the employee level in obtained 120 citations, while in 2007 nine publications added up to 394 citations (Figure 5).The distribution of articles by research area is presented in Figure 6.A concentration of articles in the areas of Social Sciences (27.07%), Business, Management, and Accounting (22.37%), and Medicine (11.84%) is observed.According to data extracted from the SCOPUS database, the most relevant articles in the area of Social Sciences address issues related to sustainable management of human resources in crisis contexts, employee engagement, time in life-work conflict, work-life balance and corporate social responsibility, occupational welfare regulation, social investment approach as a field of job creation, and others.Regarding the area of Business, Management, and Accounting, among the topics covered are the implementation of gender equality policies in the workplace, management principles and human resources (new business), gender differences in conflicts between functions, talent management and others.Finally, in the area of Medicine, the themes addressed by the most relevant articles include the interaction between corporate social responsibility at the employee level in According to data extracted from the SCOPUS database, the most relevant articles in the area of Social Sciences address issues related to sustainable management of human resources in crisis contexts, employee engagement, time in life-work conflict, work-life balance and corporate social responsibility, occupational welfare regulation, social investment approach as a field of job creation, and others.Regarding the area of Business, Management, and Accounting, among the topics covered are the implementation of gender equality policies in the workplace, management principles and human resources (new business), gender differences in conflicts between functions, talent management and others.Finally, in the area of Medicine, the themes addressed by the most relevant articles include the interaction between corporate social responsibility at the employee level in health organizations, work-life integration in Burnout symptoms, and evaluation of the quality of life of physicians.
Table 1 presents the ten journals that most published on the subject and their impact factor.Table 2 shows that these main authors have published their articles over more than 35 years, which confirms the relevance of the subject studied.Among these authors, 50% are from the United States, followed by 20% from Australia, and 30% from the remaining countries.Two of these authors (Vuontisjärvi T. and Strand R.) had no affiliation at the time of their publications.Table 3 presents the institutions that have most recently contributed to scientific production on the theme presented.Among these, six are in the area of Medicine, evidencing the researchers' concern with the framework of employee well-being, work-life quality, professional performance, and corporate social responsibility.There is a predominance of Spanish authors in the cooperation networks.Table 3 presents the institutions that have most recently contributed to scientific production on the theme presented.Among these, six are in the area of Medicine, evidencing the researchers' concern with the framework of employee well-being, work-life quality, professional performance, and corporate social responsibility.
The collaboration network among the main institutions that publish on social responsibility, work-life, sustainability, and conflict, based on co-authorship, is presented in Figure 8.The metrics adopted (average degree of nodes, total nodes in the giant component, network density, network diameter, and average minimum path) are classic metrics, usually adopted by several works that analyze collaboration networks [25,26], so that one can observe how scientific collaboration evolves over the years.Interestingly, the analysis displays only one cluster, uniformly distributed with one article per institution, where all institutions are North American, whose publications date back to 2020.This fact suggests little networked collaboration between countries (evidenced immediately below, in Figure 8) and highlights the predominance of schools in the United States contributing to the evolution and timeliness of the topic of social responsibility, work-life, sustainability, and conflict.
The total sample of articles was written in 65 different countries.The top 10 countries that most published on the topic was analyzed above (see Figure 4), the collaboration network between this countries based on the co-authorship of their authors in the last 54 years is presented in Figure 9.The collaboration network among the main institutions that publish on social responsibility, work-life, sustainability, and conflict, based on co-authorship, is presented in Figure 8.The metrics adopted (average degree of nodes, total nodes in the giant component, network density, network diameter, and average minimum path) are classic metrics, usually adopted by several works that analyze collaboration networks [25,26], so that one can observe how scientific collaboration evolves over the years.Interestingly, the analysis displays only one cluster, uniformly distributed with one article per institution, where all institutions are North American, whose publications date back to 2020.This fact suggests little networked collaboration between countries (evidenced immediately below, in Figure 8) and highlights the predominance of schools in the United States contributing to the evolution and timeliness of the topic of social responsibility, work-life, sustainability, and conflict.The total sample of articles was written in 65 different countries.The top 10 countries that most published on the topic was analyzed above (see Figure 4), the collaboration network between this countries based on the co-authorship of their authors in the last 54 years is presented in Figure 9.The clusters are listed in Table 4, in which they were named, respectively, after the country with the largest number of publications.The clusters are listed in Table 4, in which they were named, respectively, after the country with the largest number of publications.

Keyword Analysis
Figure 10 shows the network of keywords on social responsibility, work-life, sustainability, and conflict, based on co-occurrence.The main keywords used in the articles were "policy", "burnout", "corporate social responsibility", "work-life balance", "family", "quality of work-life", "sustainability", and "work".Eight main groups of keywords were detected through the co-occurrence analysis of the articles published on the subject.

Keyword Analysis
Figure 10 shows the network of keywords on social responsibility, work-life, sustainability, and conflict, based on co-occurrence.The main keywords used in the articles were "policy", "burnout", "corporate social responsibility", "work-life balance", "family", "quality of work-life", "sustainability", and "work".Eight main groups of keywords were detected through the co-occurrence analysis of the articles published on the subject.
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 26 4, the keywords highlighted are: "COVID-19", "employment", "paternity leave", "women empowerment", and "work-life balance".In Cluster 5: "family", "gender equality", "responsibility", "women", and "work-life balance".In cluster 6, in light blue, (10.53% of the keywords), the main words are: "organizational commitment", "quality of work-life", "social support", and "work-life conflict".Cluster 7 (orange) (7.89% of the keywords) is represented by: "management", "sustainability", and "sustainable development".Finally, cluster 8 (brown) accounts for 7.89% of the keywords and is represented by: "social policy", "work", and "young workers".Table 5 presents the main keywords associated with the clusters, named by the keyword with more co-occurrences.Table 5 presents the main keywords associated with the clusters, named by the keyword with more co-occurrences.After reading the articles included in this SLR, they were classified according to the dimensions proposed by Walton (1973).Table 6 presents the number of articles according to their inclusion in the identified dimensions.Table 6.Quantitative analysis of the dimensions and sub-dimensions, according to Walton (1973), found in the studies.Table 7 presents the distribution of articles that address, in their contents, the workfamily relationship, arising from the work and living space dimension, structured by Walton (1973).Appendix A presents a synthesis containing all dimensions of Walton (1973), the number of studies contained in the SLR, and the identified authors.

Work and Living Space Dimension and the Work-Family Relationship
QWL is related to the healthy coexistence between people in the company and refers to respect for individuality.The positive evaluation of the social integration item in the company, constant in research on quality of life at work that meets a current perspective, which values the performance in teams, and in pleasant working environments, where open communications predominate [27].On the other hand, issues related to the intersection between work and family have become the center of attention of researchers, policy makers, and citizens, since at the heart of this critical junction is the allocation of time for each institution, and the strategies that families employ to fulfil their obligations at work and at home [28].In the last three decades, there has been a growth in the amount of research, whose goal lies in understanding the relationships between work life and personal life [29][30][31].This research helps to understand the essence of the relationship between the roles experienced at work and in the family.(Walton, 1973), focusing on the work-family relationship.

Dimension
Quant. of Articles Author (Year)

Work and living space
Individual experience at work can have positive or negative effects on personal life and family relationships.The passion and commitment of employees to their work can make it more difficult to find a balance between work life and the demands of private life [32], given that issues important for family balance are also seen as influencing factors on organizational sustainability in terms of employee retention and commitment to the organization [33].The study by Sorribes,Celma, analyzes the effects of the interaction between different labor practices of socially responsible human resource management on three variables of employee well-being: job satisfaction, job stress and trust in management.Results point to the effectiveness of the combination of applied practices related to aspects of personal quality of life, such as work-life balance, non-discrimination, or the environmental conditions of the workplace, as a determining factor for the general increase in employees' well-being in times of crisis.Więcek-Janka and Jaźwi ńska [35] present, on the basis of the analysis of sustainable development indicators, aspects of quality of life to be complemented with new indicators concerning the well-being of the human somatic sphere.
For Sellmaier and Buckingham [36], parents of a child with special health care needs attempt to reconcile work demands and the child's education by employing strategic decision-making when selecting jobs that provide flexibility and access to resources such as health insurance.In addition, formal and informal community support turns out to be essential but not always adequate or easily accessible.However, such inadequate resources are eventually compensated for by the family system [37].Improving the understanding of work-life integration issues in academic medicine was the subject of the study by Jones et al. [38], where participants describe aspects of a culture that harbors stigma against caregivers and prevents satisfactory integration into work life.For the authors Jones et al. [38], there is an urgent need for institutional leaders to implement programs that can promote awareness and normalization of caregiving challenges, in addition to providing funding and other tangible resources to reinforce a broader culture that affirms the presence of work-family relationship challenges.The study by Höltge et al. [39] addresses the economic and social well-being experiences of communities that depend on the boom-and-bust cycles of a single industry, such as oil and gas.The results point out that many families experienced a never-ending cycle of work-life balance and income instability throughout the economic cycle.Family life often lacked social cohesion as a result of demanding work schedules and economic pressures.Additional challenges were the perceived negative effects of rigid gender roles, substance abuse, family conflicts and domestic violence.Crucial empowering processes for family resilience were financial and living standard adaptations, such as economic volatility [39].When work problems emerge, negative consequences are observed in the work-family relationship; Tonelli and Alcadipani [40] found, for example, that the amount of work directly affects family life.
The academy, accelerated and competitive, is configured as an absorbing and demanding work space, while at the same time it seduces with promises of success and recognition.Research by Cisternas and Navia [41] seeks to understand how academics construct time and their relationship with work-family in a context of managerialization of Chilean universities.They observed that the construction of time and the subjective position in the work-family conflict are crossed by gender dimensions.This personal cost is related to the so-called work-life conflict and its dimensions such as: the double working day and the choice between a scientific career or starting a family, as well as social pressure and individual responsibility for reconciling the demands of academic and family life.Depending on the broader socio-economic context, local policies, and services can provide important resources for managing work-family relationships and work-life situations in general [42].These relationships and policies are embedded in specific geographic localities, shaping and being shaped by social action [43].Human resource development plays a significant role in supporting organizational agendas and sustainability.Relevant aspects are considered, such as diversity; equity and inclusion; community involvement; work-family balance; long-term employee growth and development; performance management; and business ethics and ethical culture [44,45].
Aiming to verify the relationship between employee perception of CSR and its effects on the internal results of companies with quality of work life standards and employee motivation, Asante et al. [46] found that employees' perception of CSR is positively related with their performance and corporate identification.Ghashghaeizadeh [47] reports that quality of work life includes opportunities to solve problems that are mutually beneficial to the employee and the organization and are based on management collaboration, which can be enhanced to gradually change the pattern of interaction between people in the organization.In examining the relative power of situational versus personal factors in predicting work-family relationship, and how they influence work-family conflict and family-work conflict, Baral [48] finds that personality factors accounted for more variance in family-work relationship than in work-family conflict, and situational factors accounted for more variance in work-family conflict than in family-work relationship.Thus, organizations should not view the resolution of work-family conflict as the sole responsibility of an individual due to the demonstrated influence of dispositional and contextual factors on the presence or absence of such conflict [48,49].
The article by Gálvez,Tirado,and Martínez [50] analyzes the use of telework as a political tool within organizations that boosts or hinders the development of social sustainability.The authors conclude that there are two social perceptions in question where work-family balance is directly linked to social sustainability [50].Employees' perceptions of their companies' CSR practices are seen in the intermediary context between QLW, job satisfaction, and at job levels.For Kim et al. [51], CSR has a positive effect on employees' basic and growth needs of QLW and are more evident among managerial level employees compared to lower levels.Programs encompassing work-family relationship are positively associated with perceived organizational performance, financial and corporate performance, sustainability and social responsibility [52,53].The length, organization, and predictability of working time raise questions about workers' health, well-being, and wider social life, and about firms' productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness [54,55].The risk of unemployment affects the productivity of organizations [56].Firms' policies and initiatives can mitigate the moral hazard problem created by increases in unemployment insurance benefits.Such benefits can decrease employees' incentives to work hard and assiduously.
For Darrough,Kim,and Zur [57], policies that fall under the scope of corporate social responsibility in conjunction with employee welfare policies are more effective in managing moral hazard problems than other policies.
Tomaselli [58] conducted research in small and medium-sized Italian companies where the implementation of programs, such as corporate family responsibility, has been successful.This project aims at the balance between work and personal and family life and encompasses employee welfare policies.For respondents, this type of tool increases levels of personal, family, and professional serenity and reduces stress factors, being considered positive factors in performance [58].Aiming to explore the improvement in knowledge acquisition across domains, Short et al. [59] observed the dimensions that influence the wellbeing of medical students in Australia, such as psychological first aid knowledge, student support services, connection with other students and staff, and the management of health and workload.The results indicate improvement in promoting student well-being with targeted guidance and involvement to improve the university-student connection [59,60].Kobayashi,Eweje,and Tappin [61] point to the nature of conflicts that arise in promoting employee well-being in Japanese companies as being: resources, family, stakeholders, and partners; meritocracy as opposed to gender equality; indirect discrimination due to unequal care responsibilities; and external pressures on working hours.Pressures from work and family responsibilities generate the conditions for perceived work-family conflict.In this context, organizational and family support have different effects, which should be carefully considered when defining organizational policies and interventions [62].Efficient work-life balance is often measured based on the adequacy of the fit between working hours and social and family commitments [63,64].García and Cosimi [65] discuss part-time employment as a way of improving the workfamily balance.Although this type of employment has appeared with a certain character of exceptionality, it has been progressively strengthened by the last labor reforms as a way to promote flexible employment, especially in groups with high unemployment levels (women and young people) [66,67].In order to investigate the impact of formal and informal organizational support on work life repercussions, Sar et al. [68] conclude that there are different perceptions of conflict in work life among different work life orientations, helping them to balance the work-family relationship, improve their well-being, higher productivity, lower absenteeism, low turnover rates and greater loyalty [69].Fernandes et al. [70] test the quality of work life assessment model proposed by Walton [18], whose results showed that adequate and fair compensation, working conditions, constitutionalism and space occupied by work in life dimensions are suitable for the presented analysis [71].Regarding CSR and sustainability, Medrado and Jackson's study [72], by disclosing non-financial information of hotel and tourism companies, refers that CSR/sustainability reports are still precocious, and that, in general, the most frequently disclosed information is related to performance in indicators associated with water use, energy conservation and waste generation.The least-reported dimensions were information pertaining to remuneration and work-family balance [73][74][75].
The concept of "quality of life at work" is related to an important aspect of the social responsibility of staff [76].This means that what happens in the work environment can be extended to non-work environments-most importantly, the home environment and influence the work-family relationship [77].The equity between the working day and living with the family, as well as availability of time for leisure, is the criterion of QWL that shows that work may be somehow influencing some quality of life domains [78], reflecting positively or negatively in other spheres of life, such as family and social [79].For some workers, self-employment may be a way to combine work and responsibilities in other domains of life [80][81][82].The balance between work life and and personal/family life and resilience are shaped by dynamic and reflective processes [83].The characteristics that consist of resilience include "positive thinking", "flexibility", "taking responsibility", and "separating work from life".This perception of resilience has the potential to facilitate a shift in focus from negative to positive experiences, from rigidity to flexibility, from task-centered to person-centered thinking, and from organization to life [84,85].In addition, participatory management reduces the interference of work with family life through its impact on other attributes of work: increasing the flexibility of working hours, increasing meaningful work, reducing workload, and reducing job uncertainty [86,87].
New social risks offer policymakers the opportunity to turn vice into virtue by replacing costly passive benefits with policies that mobilize the workforce, possibly increasing economic competitiveness and reducing poverty among vulnerable groups.However, the policy constituents to support these policies are weak, as risks affect people more at particular stages of life and among specific groups [88].For Dean [89], policy makers must shift the balance of the work-family equation away from the current concern with commercial interests in favour of broader concerns of social responsibility [90].
Studies such as Campos-Strobino and Teixeira [91] as well as Silva and Rossetto [92] suggest that the changes in the labor market at macro level, the redefinitions of roles in the family field, and the difficulty in conciliating time between the two environments are the main causes of work-family conflicts, which must be the focus of attention of the scholars of the theme in the search for alternative and innovative ways to implement people management policies and practices that aim to promote workers' health, while making the organization more flexible by bringing together the personal and professional interests of the individual.
Gálvez, Tirado & Martínez, 2020 Analyzes telecommuting as a policy tool within organizations that drives or hinders the development of social sustainability.Kobayashi et al., 2018;Ferri, Pedrini & Riva, 2018 Analyzes meritocracy versus gender equality as a CSR strategy.Still, 2008;Stewart, 2013;Annink et al., 2016 Self-employment as a way to combine work and responsibilities in other areas of personal life.McCrea et al., 2011;Jang et al., 2011 Checks the reflexes of participative management between employees and organizations.

Conclusions
There is a strong connection between corporate social responsibility practices and organizational performance [34].This connection should be developed within a broad framework that promotes cooperation among various stakeholders.Studies point out that CSR has a positive effect on the work-family relationship where an efficient worklife balance is often measured based on the appropriateness of adjusting factors such as working hours and social and family commitments.Compliance with moral business standards and practices helps in the development of employees' overall well-being.
The most analysed perspective in the literature on the work-family relationship has been the negative one, whose core concept is work-family conflict.In their study, Greenhaus and Beutell [4] highlight three types of conflict or relationship; transposing it to this research, they identified the following: (i) the first, temporal-based, arises from the time required to perform one role interfering with the time available to perform another, reducing said role [46,93,94]; (ii) the second refers to pressure conflicts and is based on the conception that the pressure caused in one domain will affect the other domain [35,41,44] and, (iii) the third refers to the type of behavioral conflict that concerns the incompatibility of behaviors expected in each of the roles [33,39,43].
The positive paradigm lies in the existence of synergies between the work-family relationship.Family and work should be seen as "supporters" as opposed to "adversaries" [95].
From the optimistic perspective of the work-family relationship, several concepts emerge, ranging from positive contagion [96], enhancement [97], and facilitation [98] to work-family enrichment.However, despite the high degree of emergence of concepts, their existence does not mean consistency, and may cause conceptual, theoretical, and operational difficulties [5,99].
This SRL focuses on what has been studied in the literature, in concrete terms, about the work-family relationship, starting with CSR and focusing on organizational and social sustainability.As suggestions for future research, it is necessary to take the broadest possible perspective when it comes to the work-family relationship of employees.Corporate social responsibility continues to receive increasing attention in today's business world and there is a need for studies that (i) address not only the weaknesses of the work-family relationship, but also focus on a positive perspective of establishing this relationship, such as resilience and strengths; (ii) that consider human resource practices regarding organizational engagement as a relevant analytical variable that can mitigate negative relationships in this area; (iii) studies that can determine the existence, or not, of different ways in which for-profit and non-profit firms address issues that are important for individual sustainability and that influence organizational sustainability in terms of retention and organizational commitment; (iv) research that explores how organizational culture influences internal corporate social responsibility actions and the effect of these actions on employees' level of happiness; (v) studies that examine the effects of the interaction between different human resource management work practices on employee well-being variables; (vi) identification of factors that may influence different occupations depending on their lifestyles and work practices; (vii) studies that examine the relative power of situational versus personal factors in predicting work-family conflict; and (viii) studies of a longitudinal nature that follow the employee's life cycle in the organization, as well as the needs inherent in each phase, and that monitor the actual effectiveness of CSR practices on employee quality of life.
Organizational sustainability and the components for a good social balance also involve the issue of some different factors between genders.Competitive management practices, such as individual incentive payment according to performance or other practices (those that foster a more cooperative working environment) may be the target of studies.In this context, it is important to develop studies that verify in which of these practices there is greater identification by women in order to support organizations in HRM models that provide greater gender egalitarianism, thus promoting a better balance in the work-family relationship.This SLR is composed of studies that show the relevance of the work-family relationship as an indicator of both organizational and individual well-being, highlighting the relevance of this topic.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Method for selecting the articles for analysis.Source: own elaboration.Figure 1. Method for selecting the articles for analysis.Source: own elaboration.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Method for selecting the articles for analysis.Source: own elaboration.Figure 1. Method for selecting the articles for analysis.Source: own elaboration.
Figure 2 shows the evolution of the trend of publications in the researched theme, during the period from 1968 to 2021 (54 years).Of the 333 articles identified, 52.25% (174 articles) were published in the last 5 years, 2017 to 2021.Evidencing the growing interest and relevance of the work-family relationship topic is the evolution, specifically, of the Work and Life Space dimension, shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2 shows the evolution of the trend of publications in the researched theme, during the period from 1968 to 2021 (54 years).Of the 333 articles identified, 52.25% (174 articles) were published in the last 5 years, 2017 to 2021.Evidencing the growing interest and relevance of the work-family relationship topic is the evolution, specifically, of the Work and Life Space dimension, shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Number of articles included in the study, over 54 years.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Number of articles coming from the Work-Life dimension, focusing on the work-family relationship.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Number of articles included in the study, over 54 years.
Figure 2 shows the evolution of the trend of publications in the researched theme, during the period from 1968 to 2021 (54 years).Of the 333 articles identified, 52.25% (174 articles) were published in the last 5 years, 2017 to 2021.Evidencing the growing interest and relevance of the work-family relationship topic is the evolution, specifically, of the Work and Life Space dimension, shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Number of articles included in the study, over 54 years.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Number of articles coming from the Work-Life dimension, focusing on the work-family relationship.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Number of articles coming from the Work-Life dimension, focusing on the workfamily relationship.

4. 1 . 1 .
Figure 2 shows the evolution of the trend of publications in the researched theme, during the period from 1968 to 2021 (54 years).Of the 333 articles identified, 52.25% (174 articles) were published in the last 5 years, 2017 to 2021.Evidencing the growing interest and relevance of the work-family relationship topic is the evolution, specifically, of the Work and Life Space dimension, shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Number of articles included in the study, over 54 years.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Number of articles coming from the Work-Life dimension, focusing on the work-family relationship.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Top 10 of 333 articles, countries with the highest number of publications.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Top 10 of 333 articles, countries with the highest number of publications.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Evolution of the number of citations of articles per year (all 333 articles included).The distribution of articles by research area is presented in Figure6.A concentration of articles in the areas of Social Sciences (27.07%), Business, Management, and Accounting (22.37%), and Medicine (11.84%) is observed.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Evolution of the number of citations of articles per year (all 333 articles included).

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Evolution of the number of citations of articles per year (all 333 articles included).

Figure 7
Figure7shows the network or map of cooperation between authors based on coauthorship.Each group of authors, in the production of articles, is represented by the color of each cluster.The size of the circle is perceived according to the number of contributions made by the author.Here, the authors are associated in sixteen clusters, and the five clusters with the largest contributions among the authors are highlighted below.Cluster 1 (red) highlights the collaboration between Boria-Reverter S., Romeo M., Torres L. and Yepesbaldó M. Cluster 2 (green) is formed by Hayat N., Permarupan P.Y., Samy N.K. and Saufir R.A.The third cluster (dark blue) is represented by Senasu K.,Singhapakdi A. and Sirgy  M.J. Cluster 4 (yellow)  shows the collaboration between Celma D. and Martinez-Garcia E. Cluster 5 (purple) shows the contribution between Kato T. and Kodama N.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Cooperation network based on co-authorship between authors.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Cooperation network based on co-authorship between authors.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Network of cooperation between institutions based on co-authorship (all 333 articles included).

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Network of cooperation between institutions based on co-authorship (all 333 articles included).

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Network of cooperation between countries based on co-authorship.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Network of cooperation between countries based on co-authorship.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Network of keywords based on co-occurrence (all 333 articles included).

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Network of keywords based on co-occurrence (all 333 articles included).

Table 1 .
Ten journals that published the most on the topic and their impact factor (all 333 articles included).

Table 2 .
Main authors and keywords.
Source: own elaboration.Legend: * = in this research topic.

Table 3 .
Main institutions and keywords.
USA Organizational role; Work-family conflict University of California USA Careers; Family life; Gender; Leadership; Oman; Success Family work conflict; Migrant academics;

Table 3 .
Main institutions and keywords.
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA Corporate social responsibility; Employees; Work-family conflict Yale School of Medicine USA Capabilities; corporate social responsibility; Expatriation; family; international assignment; stakeholder; well-being; work-life relationship Medical College of Wisconsin USA Crisis; Employment; Gender; Part time Source: own elaboration.Source: own elaboration.

Table 4 .
Clusters of countries.

Table 4 .
Clusters of countries.

Table 5 .
Clusters of keywords.

Table 5 .
Clusters of keywords.

Table 7 .
Authors belonging to the Work and living space dimension

Table 8 .
Relationship between CSR and work-life.