Students’ Perceptions of the Actual Use of Mobile Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic in Higher Education

: Mobile learning (M-learning) has become a signiﬁcant component of higher education technology. Moreover, M-learning allows students to study, collaborate, and exchange ideas while using the internet and technology. Furthermore, an acceptance of M-learning is necessary for students and educators when it comes to using M-learning systems. However, in Saudi Arabia, not enough studies have been conducted to address students’ perceptions of their actual use of mobile learning for the purpose of education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the current research aims to examine students’ satisfaction with their behavioral intention to use mobile learning, as well as their perceptions of their actual use of mobile learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education. The research is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The satisfaction and behavioral intentions of students to utilize mobile learning to make real use of mobile education was measured using four separate variables. A TAM survey was used to collect the majority of the data, with questionnaires being randomly distributed to 300 students from King Saud University. SPSS and Smart-PLS3.3.3 were used to analyze the data. The results in terms of the students’ satisfaction and behavior in using M-learning show that M-learning has a good and constructive inﬂuence on the actual usage of M-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education. As a result, we encourage students to use M-learning in their classrooms and to collaborate with their peers at higher education institutions. The study’s empirical ﬁndings aid in the integration of the TAM model in order to increase students’ M-learning performance.


Introduction
In times of change, the methods we use to teach and learn must adapt to the changing demands of society. Education is a transformational process which involves using active teaching methods and incorporating technology into the classroom [1]. In particular circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic, using online training and mobile telecommunications to conduct the teaching and learning processes is critical [2]. Mobile technologies such as smart phones, provide a variety of features that enhance mobile student learning, such as customized interfaces, timely access to information, context sensitivity, rapid communication, and feedback opportunities [3]. Mobile learning is defined as education via the Internet or networks using personal mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones to obtain learning materials through mobile apps and using personal interactive technology [4]. In the current period of technical advancements, it is evident that technological improvements have an impact on all sectors of society [5]. The use of technology during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education institutions has grown to encompass the creation of novel learning and instruction methods [5][6][7]. Students and instructors have been shown to benefit from M-learning, with improved face-to-face and remote student involvement [8]. Several studies have investigated the impact of M-learning on consumer usage [9,10], and many students and instructors have been the focus of the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education, has been developed to achieve these objectives. M-learning is the basis of the TAM model. However, no prior study in Saudi Arabian higher education has looked at students' opinions regarding M-learning and their aspirations to use it for digital learning. As a result, the goal of this study was to create a new model and conduct confirmatory factor analysis to understand more about how students in Saudi Arabia's higher education use M-learning.

Hypotheses and Model Development
The influence of M-learning on personal innovativeness, task technology fit, and student satisfaction was demonstrated in this study using the model illustrated in Figure 1. The relationships between personal innovativeness, student satisfaction, task technology fit, and behavior intention to use M-learning are as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 also illustrates the relationship between personal innovativeness and student satisfaction, task technology fit and intention to use M-learning, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use for M-learning in the context of student satisfaction. This study created 11 hypotheses based on previous studies related to the TAM model [43,44], as to how M-learning might affect student satisfaction and behavior intention to use M-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education. Furthermore, frameworks suggesting M-learning acceptance are based on a transient feature, and their influence on higher education issues has not been explored. The goal of this study is to determine the important properties of the TAM model for learning during the COVID-19 pandemic at King Saud University. The scenario is as depicted in Figure 1.

Personal Innovativeness (PI)
The influence of information system adoption on personal innovativeness on information system adoption is a key factor [45,46]. The more receptive to new technologies and inventive consumers are, the more sensitive they are. In summary, more inventive

Personal Innovativeness (PI)
The influence of information system adoption on personal innovativeness on information system adoption is a key factor [45,46]. The more receptive to new technologies and inventive consumers are, the more sensitive they are. In summary, more inventive users are more likely to embrace new technology [47,48]. Because many individuals are still unable to use many sorts of mobile services, PI plays a key part in their desire to use mobile learning [49,50]. As a result, PI is expected to have a favorable influence on the SS and BI in terms of mobile learning uptake.

Task-Technology-Fit (TTF)
According to Goodhue and Thompson [51], Task-Technology-Fit (TTF) functionality is only equipped with features for feasibility when people accept technology [51,52]. Although valuable technology can be observed, its performance cannot be improved if the task in hand [53]. M-learning technology is frequently created to help users complete various learning activities efficiently. Therefore, acceptance of M-learning by combining various technology-based fitness approaches is important in order to create tailored tasks. The degree of TTF can evaluate how well an operating system matches the satisfaction level of the individual [51,54]. TTF involves the association of task needs, individual skills, and functions of the mobile technology system [55]. TTF is also linked to personal performance criteria in the larger context of considering the impact of IT on individual performance [51,56].

Perceived Ease of Use (PEU)
Perceived ease of use is defined as "the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort" [43]. When students use an M-learning system on their mobile device for educational reasons, PEU is related to the extent to which they experience less challenging or complicated circumstances in the academic context. In the context of M-learning, [11] defined PEU as the ease with which a customer can utilize M-learning. When instructors utilize M-learning, even if they do not use the Mlearning platform, their workload increases [11]. According to [43], attitudes, perceptions of usefulness, and behavioral intentions in the early phases of system adoption might be influenced by the concept of a difficult-to-use information system [57,58].

Perceived Usefulness (PU)
Davis et al. [43] says that the PU is based on how much a person believes his work performance can be improved when using a given system [43]. Students defined their belief in mobile methods of learning when it comes to adapting their performance as PU. This study defined the concept of improving teacher performance in areas of technology as PU [43]. The PU of M-learning promotes good behavior intention to use M-learning and improves the use of M-learning on the part of students and trainers [43,59]. According to [43], the PU affected the initial information system TAM, and the perceived attitude and purpose, according to recent M-learning research [57,60], PU is a good predictor of both SS and BI [61].

Students' Satisfaction (SS)
Students' satisfaction (SS) with regard to information systems refers to student users' perceptions of how well the system has satisfied their expectations and met their demands [57,62]. The perception of an individual's wants, objectives, and desires, as well as that person's overall vision of the IS, is characterized as SS [63,64]. It is important to remember that user satisfaction relates to how happy users are with their information systems and the assistance they receive [65,66]. A lot of students found that people are happy with their plans to utilize e-learning services [67]. Improved user satisfaction helps increase user intention to use [20]. Satisfaction was also found to have a significant beneficial impact on successful utilization [17]. Hassanzadeh et al. [67] found that satisfaction had a favorable influence on actual usage of the e-learning system. As a result, both BI and the actual usage of M-learning were predicted to be favorable in this study.

Behavioral Intention to Use (BI)
Behavioral intention to use refers to an individual's desire to carry out a specific action [68]. BI has been linked to the adoption and usage of a certain technology [43,69]. According to TAM, behavioral intention to use is the most effective predictor of real system usage, and the theory of reasoned action (TRA) is the most effective predictor of actual system use [70]. For students to assess M-learning acceptability, the BI is likewise regarded as the most essential component of acceptance technology [71]. In addition, M-learning studies have demonstrated that the BI has a favorable influence on M-learning usage [17,72].

Actual Use of Mobile M-Learning (AUM)
M-learning was not often considered in TAM research before Davis et al. [43] and Sánchez-Prieto et al. [57], as the evaluation of a structure was unclear. In general, subjective, and objective metrics can be used [73]. The former must ensure that data from system logs, logins, and system commitments [74] is monitored. The latter is concerned with the self-reported use of students' technology, which can be affected by response distortions according to a recent study, the actual use of mobile M-learning devices in classrooms [75]. This study investigates the nature and scope of the link between long-term M-learning and academic achievement.

Study Design
Mobile learning (M-learning) is education (learning) through social media using personal mobile devices, such as tablets and smartphones to obtain learning materials through mobile apps, social interactions, and online educational hubs. It is flexible, allowing students/learners access to education anywhere, anytime [76,77]. Therefore, the current research aims to examine students' satisfaction with their behavioral intention to use mobile learning, as well as their perceptions of their actual use of mobile learning through social media during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education. To achieve this purpose, we distributed a survey to present findings on how students at King Saud University utilize social media for teaching and learning. To efficiently meet the research aims, the study's analyses were divided into two sections. The initial stage was to collect data from university students via a questionnaire. The study looked at how M-learning affects through social media in higher education, as well as attitudes about and actual use of M-learning through social media. Students in higher education were undergraduates and graduates from universities in this survey. Respondents were from diverse IT school fields, including information systems and management, engineering, and social science. Some of the people that are now utilizing the M-learning system through social media: participants in the study may be able to assist us in answering the survey's questions in this respect. A five-point Likert scale was utilized in the poll. This Likert scale [78] is said to be more accurate than the five-point Likert scale. Our investigation progressed to the next level. Structural Equation Modeling Smart-PLS3.3.3 and SPSS were used to analyze the data. The structural model proposed for this form [79] was used to examine construct validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Actual usage of M-learning through social media was one of the study's main endogenous constructs. Figure 1 depicts the suggested model which consists of seven components, namely PI, TTF, PEOU, PU, SS, BI, to use, and AUM. Eleven path lines were proposed for the seven constructs; two path lines were proposed for PI, TTF, PEOU, PU, SS, and one path line was proposed for BI, all hypothesized to significantly predict seven constructs ( Figure 1).

The Instrumentation
A survey instrument was adopted to achieve research aims through an in-depth analysis as shown in Table 1, there were seven constructs involving thirty-five indicators. Personal innovativeness (PI) was proposed with the establishment of five items as recommended by [80]. Task-technology fit (TTF) was proposed with the establishment of five items as recommended by [52]. The concept of perceived ease of use (PEU) was presented, along with the development of five elements as suggested by experts [2,81]. The concept of perceived usefulness (PU) was presented, along with the creation of five elements as suggested by [2,81]. The establishment of five elements in terms of student satisfaction (SS) was proposed [81]. The concept of behavioral intention to use (BI) was introduced, with five items as advocated by [2,67]. The establishment of five items suggested by the actual

Data Collection and Analysis
To carry out the study, 300 questionnaires were distributed to students at King Saud University. The TAM model was used to construct a conceptual model for the study in order to track the actual application of the M-learning model in educational institutions. This study examined the students' views of the use of M-learning to determine the extent of SS and to measure the behavioral intention to use mobile learning in a higher education context. This questionnaire was handed out by hand to university students, asking for anonymous comments on the use of M-learning in terms of SS and BI, as well as its impact on the actual usage of M-learning in terms of sustainable learning measures. IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 and Smart-PLS 3.3.3 were used to analyze the data using structural equation modeling. There was a total of 300 surveys returned, 262 (87.3%) of which were from males and 38 (12.7%) of which were from females. A total of 18 (6.0%) of the respondents were between the ages of 18 and 22, 235 (78.3%) were between 23 and 29, 32 (10.6%) were between the ages of 30 and 35, and 15 (5%) were between the ages of 36 and above (for details, see Table 1). For data analysis, partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) procedures were implemented. In this study, the Smart-PLS 3.3.3 software was utilized for assessing measurement and structural models. The data validity and reliability were measured during their computation in the measurement model. To examine the validity of the data, we reported convergent and discriminant validity. The convergent validity was reported using the AVE formula, with a value of 0.500, while the discriminant validity was addressed using the Fornell-Larcker criteria, and cross-loading. Meanwhile, an internal consistency reliability procedure was carried out to report the data's dependability. Both CA and CR are dependability methods; both values should be more than 0.700. For the assessment model, we reported the significance of the relationship through path coefficient, t-value, and p-value.

Model for Measuring
According to Hair et al. [79], four assessments of measurement models for PLS-SEM were encouraged in the form of assessing consistency reliability, discriminant validity, convergent validity, and indicator loadings.

Loadings of Reflective Indicators
The reflective indicator loadings achieved in SEM should be greater than 0.700 [79]. From the computation undertaken, all loadings were higher than 0.700. The highest loading referred to personal innovativeness PI4 (0.889), while the lowest loading was achieved by Personal innovativeness PI2 (0.737). Thirty-five indicators were included for the next data analysis process (Table 2).

Internal Consistency Reliability (ICR)
ICR was implemented to evaluate the consistency of the results across indicators. In the current approach, CA and CR were reported. The ICR values should be between 0 and 1. CA and CR should be greater than 0.700 [79,82]. Table 2 Table 2).

Validity of Convergence
Convergent validity is an issue linked to construct validity in which tests using the same or comparable constructs should be closely connected [79]. The computation of convergent validity is reported in this study (AVE). We applied SmartPLS 3.3.3 to calculate the AVE [79]. Through the algorithm, AVE values should be 0.500 or higher (Table 3). From the computation, all constructs obtained AVE values explaining more than 0.500 of the variances. Personal innovativeness' AVE value was 0.686, task-technology fit's AVE was 0.666, perceived ease of use's AVE was 0.648, perceived usefulness's AVE was 0.647, student satisfaction's AVE was 0.674, behavioral intention to use's AVE value was 0.728, and actual use of mobile learning's AVE was 0.669 (See Table 3).

Validity on a Discriminant Scale
The degree to which a construct is empirically different from other constructs is known as discriminant validity. Cross-loadings (see Tables 4 and 5), and the Fornell-Larcker criteria were employed in this work to investigate discriminant validity (See Table 3). According to the Fornell-Larcker criteria, the AVE of a concept should be larger than the shared variance of others [83]. Table 3 demonstrates that the construct values are larger than the shared variances of each construct. For example, perceived usefulness (0.805) outperforms all its shared variations; BI to use M-learning (0.732); and actual use of mobile learning (0.742). The Fornell-Larcker criteria was used to determine discriminant validity. Furthermore, if an indicator loading on a cross-loading is lower than its concept, discriminant validity develops [79].

Structural Model and Collinearity
The prediction skills of the structural model were tested as part of the evaluation. However, the collinearity value should be acknowledged before presenting the structural model by reporting the variance inflation factor (VIF) values. Notably, the collinearity of the sets of predictors was examined [79]; perceived ease of use as a predictor of behavioral intention to use; and students' satisfaction. Students' satisfaction is predicted in terms of perceived usefulness, personal innovation, task-technology fit, and perceived ease of use (Table 6) [79]; values greater than three are commonly regarded as having multicollinearity issues. All the VIFs are less than 3.

Discussion and Consequences
The goal of this study is to determine what factors impact M-learning adoption by King Saud University students. The result is a theoretical framework for M-learning based on TAM and two external variables, PI and TTF. A random selection approach for obtaining a sample of King Saud University students was used to test the suggested study framework. The findings are favorably and substantially connected to all the predictors as well as the actual application of M-learning. The regression analysis results and the structural

Discussion and Consequences
The goal of this study is to determine what factors impact M-learning adoption by King Saud University students. The result is a theoretical framework for M-learning based on TAM and two external variables, PI and TTF. A random selection approach for obtaining a sample of King Saud University students was used to test the suggested study framework. The findings are favorably and substantially connected to all the predictors as well as the actual application of M-learning. The regression analysis results and the structural model assessment results are all significant and influence all the factors under consideration. The results indicate that SS and BI are positively affected by PI. The results are compatible with those of Sidik and Syafar [22], Asghar et al. [28] and Issaramanoros et al. [84]. The TTF results show that the SS is significantly influenced and that the students are willing to use M-learning [59,85,86]. As a result, students feel that they are better able to see the TTF more quickly when using a mobile device and thus are willing to adopt M-learning. In the context of M-learning, many investigators have studied the importance of PU and PEU [87]. The results of this study support those of other researchers [60,88]. The finding of other researchers such as [25,41] also contain two key elements in the educational model of TAM [89]. Students use M-learning to enhance education, the PU, PEU, TTF, and PI. This can be because students use the M-learning version on their computers, so their perceptions about the use of the system are both precise and skewed. These factors are also increasingly convincing about the use of M-learning. Increasing PU and PEU make better use of M-learning because of the nature of the connection. Previous work was performed on the use of mobile phones and technological tools for learning during the COVID-19 pandemic [30,88,[90][91][92], and it has been established that the main structures and explicative variables for the implementation of M-learning systems are the PU, PEU, attitude, social influence, and facilitating conditions [93,94]. The outcomes of this study suggest that students have a good attitude about using mobile learning and social media applications for learning, which is consistent with findings from a study by [93][94][95]. Students appear to be adjusting their use of mobile devices for studying to meet their specific learning requirements and to improve their overall student learning experience. They use their cellphones' capabilities to execute a variety of mobile learning activities, such as mobile web surfing, reading e-mail, exchanging texts/notes and documents, accessing learning, and reading material, and participating in peer conversation, among others. As a result, instructors have a unique chance to provide their students greater control over how they obtain fast and effective feedback and feed-forward, thereby motivating and engaging them in their studies. As a result, there is a higher integration of the social element into the learning process, which may distract pupils [96]. Furthermore, some teachers provide a wealth of additional resources for their students to study on social media and conduct sessions on weekends and holidays [2,28]. As a result, mobile learning and social media may be regarded useful instructional tools that play important roles in today's educational environment [97]. Refers to a situation in which a person feels overwhelmed by the vast quantity of social demand entrusted to him or her in the context of mobile learning via social media [98]. Students participating in collaborative learning via mobile learning via social media would have an experience [99]. According to this study, six components (PI, TTF, PU, and PEU), SS, and BIM, are critical to M-learning adoption. PI, TTF, and TAM variables have the greatest influence on student university achievement when M-learning is used as an educational approach, according to the research model. In the application of mobile training, mobile-learning BI was the biggest predictor of SS. The modified TAM model partially mediated the influence of all exogenous factors on BI. Student conduct, which affected students' real mobile education usage for educational sustainability, was found to be utilized in this study; its impact on actual mobile learning use was entirely mediated by student behavior. Students supported and intended to utilize M-learning after they were aware of the efficiency and capabilities of mobile devices, the assistance offered to technicians and organizations, and the impact of others. Furthermore, the findings of this study clearly support the real-world use of the variable M-learning system, demonstrating favorable impacts on the successful use of M-learning for SS education as well as user's intention to utilize it. According to the findings of this study, subjective enjoyment has a considerable positive influence on perceived usefulness and ease of use. Personal innovativeness, task-technology fit, perceived utility, and perceived ease of use were all used in this study. With the ubiquity of the internet and M-learning for recreational purposes, university students believe their mobile devices to be beneficial and simple to use. As a result, students' enthusiasm for M-learning is expected to rise as the COVID-19 epidemic makes it a more common style of learning. M-learning is not only simple to use for kids; it also recognizes the importance of education. As a result, the results demonstrated a high task-technology match in terms of perceived utility and simplicity of use. The findings were confirmed, and both human inventiveness and task-technology fit had a large and direct impact on reported utility and perceived ease of use and online and remote learning as a necessity in times of lockdowns and social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic [100]. Therefore, students' satisfaction and behavioral intentions to use M-learning during the COVID-19 epidemic were also affected.

Limitations of the Research
Regardless of the contribution of this investigation, its weaknesses must be dealt with. The limitations of the work have led to limitations in terms of the results of the study. First of all, there is a need for more research in order to increase the number of participants to see whether students from other universities can demonstrate similar results. Second, in addition to the characteristics described in the study, future research should consider several other factors that may influence the desire to utilize mobile learning, such as enabling conditions and social influence.

Conclusions and Future Work
The goal of this study was to use the TAM model framework to evaluate students' views of M-learning. Despite the fact that M-learning has yet to be fully adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education, the results demonstrate that students believe in its worth, and are willing to accept this new and exciting approach. A thorough review of the literature was used to develop the new model for M-learning in Saudi Arabia's higher education. Seven constructs derived from the TAM model in the form of PI, TTF PU, PEU, SS, and BIM, were the primary contributors to present-day university students utilizing M-learning. Researchers studying M-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education have yet to investigate student satisfaction and the desire to use M-learning using the TAM approach. As a result, researchers are of the opinion that the TAM model makes a significant contribution, and strongly proposes that universities employ PU, PEU, and PI to encourage students to embrace M-learning for educational purposes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also shows that the results are based on the opinions of King Saud University students, which may or may not represent the current global situation. Future researchers should investigate the planning suggestions for PI and TTF, as well as appraising it in terms of its prospective use for education during the COVID-19 pandemic, in light of the widespread usage of M-learning. Future study in this area should consider the perspectives of instructors and other stakeholders during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education with regard to the usage of M-learning in the classroom. Finally, comparing perspectives from and with other nations can help extend the study's findings and provide us with a better understanding of how prospects of M-learning can be addressed during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education.