Equipping Property Graduates for the Digital Age

: Bridging the gaps between property graduates’ attributes and industry expectations has been touted to be the key driver of sustainable development for the next generation of the workforce. This study investigated property-related knowledge and skills from the perspective of property employers and graduates in Australia in the digital age by (1) identifying the most and least important knowledge and skillsets in the property sector; (2) examining the strategies used to develop the required knowledge and skillsets; and (3) ascertaining if there are differences in the knowledge and skillsets perceived to be necessary between employers and graduates. A questionnaire survey was undertaken across property employers afﬁliated with the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and graduates of an Australian university. The results showed that problem solving and time management are the most important knowledge and skills for property employers and graduates, respectively. Notably, there were statistically signiﬁcant differences in the perceived importance of course directors maintaining close communication with employers, real-life case study-based school assessment, the use of various course delivery methods, inviting guest speakers, and internship training while studying between employers and graduates. This ﬁnding implies that Australian property professionals are yet to fully embrace technology in the digital age.


Introduction
The property sector has long been known as a key driver for the economic growth and social development of any nation [1]. In Australia, the property sector is the biggest contributor to its gross domestic product (GDP) and employment market, creating more than 1.4 million jobs annually [2]. Over the years, a considerable amount of research has documented the key stakeholders of the property industry and their close associations, such as professional (regulatory) bodies, educational institutions, property professionals, government, and property firms [3]. For example, educational service providers will design relevant property-related curriculum to help in educating and nurturing students with the essential skillsets and getting them job-ready for the property sector, while property graduates apply these skillsets at work and, in turn, help maintain and improve the viability of property firms [4][5][6]. Thereafter, property firms need to assess the performance of their graduate employees and offer relevant training and development programs. It follows that as Van de Ven and Johnson [7] suggested, there is a constant call for stronger collaboration between academics and industry practitioners to reduce the expectation gaps and improve the job readiness of graduates.
Hypothetically, these expectation gaps could be widened in the prevailing era of digital and technological advancement in both academia and industry circles. Educational data 1.
Do the skills and knowledge of property graduates meet property industry employers' expectations in this digital age? 2.
What series of skills do property employers expect property graduates to possess in this digital age? 3.
What are the best strategies that can equip property graduates with the knowledge and skills required to excel in practice?
In addressing the gaps and questions above, this project aims to investigate the perception of graduates and employers regarding the essential knowledge and skillsets for the property industry in this digital age. With this aim, the specific objectives are to (1) identify the most and least important knowledge and skillsets, (2) examine the strategies used to develop relevant knowledge and skillsets, and (3) ascertain if there are significant differences in the perceived importance of those knowledge and skillsets between graduates and employers. These objectives are important because they will help to inform academics of the expectation gaps and in turn enable them to update their curricula and configure and implement more targeted training and development courses for students in order to improve their job readiness.

Essential Knowledge and Skills for the Property Industry
Unlike most industries, the property industry is a complex one that covers many different subjects and does not have a clearly defined body of knowledge [25]. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have documented the knowledge and skills required by industry practice [19,23,26,27] and the employability of property/real estate graduates [28][29][30][31]. Table 1 summarises a total of 45 pieces of knowledge and skills extracted from previous studies. Table 1. The studies on property industry knowledge and skills.

Item Code
Items Sources Table 1. Cont.

Gaps between Property Practice and Property Education
Despite the ongoing call for bridging the gap between students' attributes and competence expectations in the industry, little has been done to explore property employers' expectations of their graduate employees. For example, Gibler, Black [9] surveyed property professionals across the USA, the UK, Australia, and Hong Kong and found that strategic planning, negotiation, business, property portfolio management, and deal-making skills are the most vital competencies. Their findings, however, reveal that tax management, international finance/economics, and foreign languages are the least important skillsets. Interestingly, these findings tend to agree with those of Epley [10] in that the most significant areas are development, decision making, leasing, management, real estate finance, acquisitions, and sales, as well as that, at an executive level, general analysis, market interpretation, and people skills are seen as key concepts and skills. Around the same time, Galuppo and Worzala [11] surveyed property employers and graduates in the USA and found communication skills and financial skills to be the most important, with the least important skills being with technology and statistics. It was reported that property employers expect graduates to gain project-based experience, whilst graduates indicated a preference for experiencing diversified curricula in school. Based on their interviews of educators, administrators, and practitioners from the USA property market, Weinstein and Worzala [14] recommended that a successful curriculum for graduates should include knowledge and skills such as oral and written communication, negotiation, risk analysis, critical thinking, decision making, social and ethical responsibility, the use of technology, problem solving, and leadership. Their findings tend to add weight to the conclusion of Manning and Epley [13], who stated that the competencies and skills required by corporate property employers are deficient in US property courses.
Oladokun's [18] survey of real estate students and professionals in Nigeria showed that the most vital skills were investment in corporate strategy, productivity, customer and employee management, financial performance, and space efficiency management. In contrast, the least important skill was found to be portfolio efficiency. In the context of the New Zealand's property appraisal industry, Callanan and McCarthy [19] surveyed both property employers and graduates and found that property employers acknowledged the graduates' computer, communication, and analytical skills but criticised their practical knowledge and skills, such as building construction and property development. Their recommendation for property appraisal courses is to integrate the use of case studies, work experience, and on-site training. In China, Xiao and Chan [4] discovered that international banks and investors showed slight interest in giving opportunities to local property valuation firms due to capacity issues and language barriers. The circumstances showed that there is a significant gap between local property appraisal education and the professional competence required by local and international banks and investors. Thus, the authors recommended that local property appraisal education providers should raise the competences of property appraisal courses at an international level through a collaboration with cross-country property education programs.
In Australia, Poon [33] utilised 21 attributes, 20 skills, and 31 knowledge areas to explore the gap between the skills property graduates acquired in school and the competence Sustainability 2022, 14, 640 5 of 23 expectations of employers. It was found that the most important attributes, skills, and knowledge areas were practical experience, effective written communication, and rural valuation skills, while international property knowledge, creativity, and having a second language were less important areas. Warren and Heng [12] conducted a systematic review of academic curricula and professional development frameworks across the USA, the UK, and Australia and showed that there was a gap between the skills students acquired in school and the competence expectations in the industry. They thus urged for a stronger collaboration between academia and professional bodies in order to bridge the expectation gaps and improve the job readiness of students. Given the impacts of increasing globalisation and technological advancement on property education, Shi-Ming [8] posited that more interactive teaching and learning styles should be included in property courses in order to develop students' teamwork, interpersonal and communication skills, and analytical and critical thinking skills.
This challenge is not only peculiar to the property profession but also experienced in other built environment professions. For instance, regarding the Quantity Survey (QS) profession, Wong, Wong [53] stated that the QS education in Hong Kong could not meet the needs of modern development due to the ever-changing construction industry and outdated program curricula. In South Africa, Ndong de Souza [50] found that the employers had to train QS graduates on the job as they were not well equipped for the workplace; a plausible reason for this is that QS students are not introduced to new competencies that are emerging in the industry. Yogeshwaran, Perera [55] found that 20 out of 30 competencies of QS graduates are below the industry expectations. This tends to add weight to the conclusion of Odubiyi, Aghimien [51] in that some root causes of the expectation gaps between students' skills and industry expectations are the theory-driven design and nature of courses, inadequate curricula, and the slow adoption of innovations.
In summary, this section identifies a gap between the skills and knowledge students acquire in school and the industry competence expectations. Although this peculiar issue has been investigated by property and built environment studies across the USA, the UK, China, Hong Kong, South Africa, Nigeria, New Zealand, and Australia, stronger collaboration between academia and professionals and more interactive teaching and learning styles have been suggested to bridge expectation gaps between these two groups (graduates and employers) by international scholars. Importantly, little or no comparable studies have been conducted to investigate this issue in the digital age. Thus, this study investigates the perceptions of graduates and employers regarding the essential skills and knowledge needed in the property industry in this digital age.

Initiatives for Bridging the Expectation Gaps
Over the past two decades, attempts to address the gap between the knowledge and skills property students obtain from school and employers' expectations have been proposed (see Table 1 for a list of strategies). For example, Callanan and McCarthy [19] documented the practicum paper introduced by the Massey University, New Zealand, aimed at providing students with a creditable time for industrial practices and involving industry practitioners in delivering lectures to students. They believe the stronger collaboration with industry leaders regarding providing workshops and seminars would be very helpful to students' thought and career development. This tends to support the arguments of Odubiyi, Aghimien [51] and Wong, Wong [53], who stated that organising regular industry-related lectures, seminars, and workshops and including real-life case studies are the best practices for helping to bridge the gap between QS academics and practice and improving students' job readiness.
In support of the above, Avramenko [52] further proposed the use of real-life business simulation for helping students to be aware of the reality and learn from their mistakes, thereby helping them to become job ready while appreciating the relevant theories. Poon [33] seconded this and pointed out that close communication and collaboration between employers, professional bodies, and academics are the antecedents of effective course Sustainability 2022, 14, 640 6 of 23 design and learning. Poon [33] added that great emphasis should be placed on encouraging students or graduates to become members of relevant professional bodies and be involved in social events and Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programs. With regard to this, Scheurwater [54]; Hoxley, Poon [32]; and Succi and Canovi [27] shared that, like many other professions, property valuation practice has been considerably impacted by the rapid advance of technologies and methodologies and changes in societal expectations. Thus, through CPD and other self-development programs, property professionals could improve their commercial awareness and technology acumen, thus making them more viable in the changing business environment.

Materials and Methods
This research is exploratory and adopted a quantitative research approach using an online questionnaire survey. The online questionnaire survey was adopted because it removes the physical geographic barriers, increases the width of survey distribution, offers anonymity, and is more cost-effective to administer. More importantly, it could be best-suited to the targeted respondents, who are busy practitioners, allowing them to complete the questionnaire based on their availability and preference [56,57]. The survey was conducted using an online questionnaire survey designed based on the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Qualtrics survey platform. The online questionnaire approach has been adopted in previous studies, such as those of Callanan and McCarthy [19], Torres-Machí, Carrión [29], Poon [33], and Aliu and Aigbavboa [28] and has been proven to be effective in capturing the opinions of respondents.
In this research, two groups of respondents were targeted-i.e., property employers and graduates. For the former, a sample frame was generated based on the database of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), which is one of the leading professional bodies for cost management and property professionals. Following checking and filtering processes, a total of 745 property surveying corporate members were identified and their email addresses were extracted. However, some email messages bounced back, with automatic replies about individuals being on long leave and having changed roles being received. Additionally, replies about businesses being sold and companies not employing property graduates lately were also received. In the end, it was estimated that the invitation reached 654 respondents. In terms of property graduates, students who graduated from the Bachelor of Construction Management and Property and the postgraduate program of Master of Property and Development at UNSW between 2016 and 2020 (five years) were targeted. As a screening process for eligible respondents, a filtering question asking if participants were currently working or had worked in the property industry was included in the questionnaire. For this, two sets of comparable questionnaires were specifically developed.
The questionnaire for property employers contained four sections. The first section required employer respondents to provide background information, such as age, gender, years of industry of experience, education level area of specialisation, and number of graduates hired each year. Thereafter, the respondents were required to rate the importance of 45 knowledge and skill items on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 'not important' to 5 'extremely important' (see Table 1 for the list of 45 items). This was followed by assessing the knowledge and skills of their graduate employees on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 'very disappointing' to 4 'above expectation'. In the fourth section, they were required to rate their perception of the feasibility of nine statements concerning the strategies used for improving and developing the practical knowledge and skills of graduate employees during this digital age on a 5-point Likert Scale, ranging from 1 'strongly disagree' to 5 'strongly agree'. Lastly, two open-ended questions were included to allow respondents to share additional knowledge and skills, as well as developmental strategies that were not included in the questionnaire. This provided the researchers with richer qualitative data that could be used to inform the results.
Turning to the structured questionnaire used for graduate respondents to allow for comparative analysis, they were asked to answer similar questions apart from the first and third sections. For the former, the graduate respondents were required to provide personal information, such as their highest educational qualification, age, gender, years of industry experience, and current specialisation. In the third section, they were asked to rate the extent to which those 45 identified knowledge and skills had been developed and acquired during their university study on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 '<20%', 2 '20-39%', 3 '40-59%', 4 '60-79%', to 5 '>79%'. The two structure survey questionnaires were pilot tested and necessary amendments were made before the wider surveys were conducted.
For the surveys, the simple random sampling method was adopted, whereby initial email invitations were sent to the targeted respondents who were provided with the survey link, where the research aim was further explained, and the participants were assured of the questionnaire's anonymity and confidentiality. Generally, the invitations were sent to employer respondents via their email addresses, which had been extracted from the RICS database, while the graduate respondents were contacted via the UNSW's School administration office. To increase the response rate, a reminder email was sent two weeks after the initial invite. Overall, a total of 43 and 63 responses were obtained from employer and graduate respondents, respectively. Of these, 7 and 27 responses, respectively, were incomplete, thus providing the final sample of 36 each that were suitable for the analysis. Tables 2 and 3 summarise the demographics of the employer and graduate respondents, respectively.  The low response rates recorded in this study could be attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions in place in major cities in Australia (Sydney and Melbourne) during the data collection period. This resulted in many people working from home, with some having to provide home-schooling at the same time (and taking care of any toddlers). These factors put more pressure on many Australians and obviously could have made them disregard any survey invitation. Additionally, as posited by Akintoye and Fitzgerald [58], the low response rates recorded in this study are common in built environment research, and meaningful inferences can be drawn from the results based on the following: (1) for quantitative research, a sample size that is above 30 is graded as large [59]; (2) [65], it is better when research is conducted and data are collected to provide insights about the research problem, and valuable information would not be available if no research was conducted or there was an insistence of a large sample size being used. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software was employed to undertake various statistical tests. The test results show that all measurement items had kurtosis and skewness values ranging from −1.302 to 6.815 and −2.430 to 1.238, respectively. Furthermore, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test results showed that all items were significant at p < 0.05. These collectively indicated that the data were not normally distributed and that non-parametric tests should be undertaken.
In this study, Wilcoxon-signed rank (WSR) and Mann-Whitney U (MWU) tests were conducted. Of these, the former was conducted to determine if the median values of the sample were significantly different to the test median value of 3 (i.e., the midpoint of the five-point Likert scale). This would help to inform us of whether there was a significant consensus among the respective groups of respondents regarding these 45 knowledge areas and skills, and 9 strategies are summarised in Table 1. Next, the Mann-Whitney U (MU) test was conducted to determine if there were significant differences in these 54 measurement items between employers and graduates. To gain further insights into the most and least important knowledge areas and skills and the prevalence of these nine strategies, the relative indexing method (RI) was performed and used preferentially to the arithmetic averaging method because the former could enable researchers to compute the relative indices of each item within the range of 0-1 using Equation (1), and in turn allow them to undertake relative comparisons of items between the two groups (following the techniques proposed by Loosemore and Lim [66] and Loosemore, Lim [67]).
where i and n represent the smallest (1) and largest (5) points in the 5-point Likert scale, respectively. "Frequency" is the number of respondents who provided the ratings, while the "maximum rating" is the highest point that can be given by the respondents-i.e., 5. The RI of respective items will range from 0−1. The higher the RI is, the higher the perceived importance or prevalence of the respective items will be. To facilitate the interpretation of the RI, Akadiri's [68] five categories of RI were adopted: Table 2 shows the profile of the property employers. About 36.1% of the respondents were less than 40 years old, while 63.9% of the respondents were 41 years old and above. A closer look at this age distribution shows that one third (33.3%) of the property professions were above 56 years of age. This echoes the ageing property professional membership that has been noted in previous studies in Australia and overseas, see [69,70]. Nevertheless, this is consistent with the industry experience results, in which 55.6% of the respondents had more than 20 years of industry experience (see Table 2). In terms of the gender distribution of the respondents, the majority were males (86.1%), whilst 13.9% of them were female.

Profile of the Property Employers
Regarding the respondents' highest education qualification, 61.1% of the respondents had a bachelor's degree and 27.8% of them had a Master's degree (see Table 2). Meanwhile, Table 2 shows that one respondent had a diploma certificate and three respondents had other degrees, such as a postgraduate diploma certificate.
Regarding the number of property graduates hired each year, nearly 70% of the respondents hired 11-50 property graduates each year. Simultaneously, almost 20% of our respondents hired 51-100 property graduates, and 2.8% of them hired more than 100 property graduates each year. However, only 8.3% of the respondents only hired 1-10 property graduates.
Regarding the property employers' specialisations, the top five ranked property specialisations of the property employers are presented in Table 2. Property consultancy and analysis was the top property specialisation, followed by property valuation, asset/facility management, property development and property sales, and leasing and management. Other specialisations were held by 34.8% of the sample, and they included fund management, contract management, and estimating. Figure 1 summarises the perceived importance of knowledge and skills (KS) (based on RI) to the employer respondents. The WRS tests revealed that 34 out of the 45 KS items were significant at p < 0.05, thus suggesting that there were general consensuses regarding the importance of those items among employers. To the other end, it is notable that most of the 11 KS items (apart from KS6 and KS28) deemed to be statistically insignificant could be broadly related to employees' knowledge bases. The 11 items included KS1 'Property valuation', KS2 'Property law', KS5 'Feasibility study', KS6 'Due diligence', KS10 'Investment', KS11 'Risk management', KS13 'Asset management', KS14 'Research and analysis methods', KS17 'Urban renewal', KS22 'blockchain', and KS28 'Effective oral communication'. This means that these items were not collectively perceived as important knowledge by employer respondents. This tends to contradict the survey findings of Ayodele, Oladokun [31] and Poon, Hoxley [71], in that valuation, property management, and landlord and tenant laws were the core knowledge required by real estate employees in Nigeria and the United Kingdom, respectively. Out of the 34 KS items, 14 were found to have RI values of greater than 0.80, thus indicating that these items were perceived by employers as the most important knowledge and skills for their employees. communication'. This means that these items were not collectively perceived as important knowledge by employer respondents. This tends to contradict the survey findings of Ayodele, Oladokun [31] and Poon, Hoxley [71], in that valuation, property management, and landlord and tenant laws were the core knowledge required by real estate employees in Nigeria and the United Kingdom, respectively. Out of the 34 KS items, 14 were found to have RI values of greater than 0.80, thus indicating that these items were perceived by employers as the most important knowledge and skills for their employees. In this study, it was found that 'Problem solving' (KS32; RI = 0.94; WRS statistic = 5.425) was highly regarded as the most important skill by most employers, followed by . This tends to support the interview findings of Poon, Hoxley [71], who stated that graduate employees are not finished products and that their IT skills, written communication, numeracy, and report writing skills are critical enablers for their subsequent learning and development. Coupled with all these hard skills, they must be willing and determined to take on challenges and able to work and learn independently so that they can subsequently develop and improve their knowledge on property valuation and management and property law. In particular, Poon and Brownlow's [23] subsequent survey of Australian property professionals showed that valuation and practical experience are the most important knowledge areas and skillsets. Collectively, this could help explain why some of those 11 insignificant items were not found to be highly and collectively regarded by employer respondents. . This tends to support the interview findings of Poon, Hoxley [71], who stated that graduate employees are not finished products and that their IT skills, written communication, numeracy, and report writing skills are critical enablers for their subsequent learning and development. Coupled with all these hard skills, they must be willing and determined to take on challenges and able to work and learn independently so that they can subsequently develop and improve their knowledge on property valuation and management and property law. In particular, Poon and Brownlow's [23] subsequent survey of Australian property professionals showed that valuation and practical experience are the most important knowledge areas and skillsets. Collectively, this could help explain why some of those 11 insignificant items were not found to be highly and collectively regarded by employer respondents.

Knowledge and Skills in the Digital Age for the Property Employers
These results also tend to add weight to the conclusions of Cooney [72] and Laurie [73], in that employees' negotiation skills are the key driver of effective stakeholder management, helping to reduce potential conflicts, achieve compromises among stakeholders, and hence obtain improved client satisfaction. Additionally, RICS [74] underlined that employees' written communication ability is the essence of the real estate and property sector, which is all about dealing with people and ensuring that messages are clear and professionally presented to all stakeholders involved. An overall picture that emerges here is that respondents tend to place equal emphasis on the importance of soft skills (KS32, KS33, KS35, KS39, KS40, KS44, and KS45) and hard skills (KS30, KS31, KS29, KS36, KS3, KS37, and KS4). Interestingly, this also reflects the market reality, where the constant increase in competition intensity has compelled employers to look for best hands who possess excellent hard and soft skills in order to remain viable in the changing business environment [75,76]. To this, Ismail, Yussof [77] added that, apart from having the necessary hard skillsets, property graduates need to possess creative and critical thinking, problem solving and analytical skills, and self-confidence in order to remain employable and thrive in the property sector.
Turning to the least important KS items, it is notable that KS23 'Sharing economy' (RI = 0.34; WRS = −4.855) and KS24 'Smart building/city' (RI = 0.38; WRS = −4.469) were the only two items that were found within the range of 'low -medium' importance. Interestingly, these emerging knowledge bases have gained much attention among academics and practitioners within the property and real estate domain. To Baum, Saull [78], the rapid development and transformation of digital technologies have changed how transactions and communications take place among professionals, tenants, investors, and clients in the property sector. They added that, although real estate is not known as an industry that is ready to embrace change, it is worth mentioning that property professionals would need to slowly adapt to these changes in customers' expectations and behaviours towards smart buildings and a sharing economy, which could be defined as technology-based platforms that correspondingly facilitate the operation, management, and use of real estate assets within the context of a building or an entire city. In accepting the increasing importance of sharing economy, Sdino and Magoni [79] highlighted that there has been a major shift in the short-term housing-rental sector, spawning a new rental market fuelled by the increasing use of Airbnb, whereby short and very-short-term contracts can be established by the immediate and easily accessed encounter between demand and supply through the use of digital platforms. They added that the rental submarket has been considerably affected by the growth of the sharing economy, and that, when compared to traditional rentals, contracts are stipulated via Airbnb tend to offer lessors with much higher revenues and much lower restrictions. This phenomenon is further echoed by Huckle, Bhattacharya [80], who emphasised that the increasing focus on the Internet of Things and blockchain technologies has created decentralised and sharing economy applications that allow individuals to monetise and secure their assets to create more wealth. Notably, the respondents did not have a consensus on the importance of KS22 'blockchain' in this study. The overall picture that emerges here is that these dynamics could distort the traditional real estate market and affect the functions of property professionals and businesses. For example, property professionals should be aware of what type shared use is acceptable and the type of mechanisms that are compliance with the statutory and legal requirements of respective states. Figure 2 articulates whether the knowledge and skills property graduates possess meet property employers' expectations. The results show that the performance of property graduates in Microsoft Office suite (above expectation by 13.9% of the respondents), selfconfidence (11.1%), industry-based software (8.3%), creativity (5.6%), ability to work in a team (5.6%), numeracy (5.6%), effective oral communication (5.6%), and property economics (5.6%) is above property employers' expectations. None of these were ranked as the leading knowledge area or skill by property employers, except for numeracy and Microsoft Office Suite. This is generally echoed by the study of Galuppo and Worzala [11], in which technology and statistics were ranked as the least important. mance of the property graduates in technology-related knowledge and skills. However, these sets were ranked as the least important knowledge and skills for property employers. This also reflects the findings of the study of Galuppo and Worzala [11], in which statistics and technology were rated as the least important. It is worth noting that report writing is one of the most important knowledge areas and skillsets for property employers. Nevertheless, the property employers in this study were not satisfied with the property graduates' performance.  Figure 3 summarises the degree of agreement among employer respondents regarding strategies for improving the knowledge and skills of graduates. Notably, all nine strategies were found to be statistically significant at p < 0.05, with WRS statistics ranging from 2.122 to 5.321. This suggests that there were general consensuses regarding the roles of these strategies in improving the knowledge and skills of property graduates. Of these, the respondents perceived that greater emphasis should be placed on designing school assessments based on real-life case studies (S6; RI = 0.91), and that, to bridge the gap in expectation particularly with the assignment design, course directors should maintain close communication with employers (S4; RI = 0.89). These tend to add weight to Galuppo and Worzala's [11] conclusion that the main expectation from real estate programs is to provide state-of the-art, high-quality and practical education as they will help foster the Nevertheless, the property employers were disappointed at the practical performance of property graduates in machine learning (very disappointing by 27.8% of the respondents), artificial intelligence (25.0%), blockchain (25.0%), real estate FinTech (22.2%), conTech (22.2%), sharing economy (22.2%), adaptability (19.4%), innovation (19.4%), report writing (19.4%), smart buildings and cities (19.4%), and town planning (19.4%) (see Figure 2). In short, the property employers were disappointed at the performance of the property graduates in technology-related knowledge and skills. However, these sets were ranked as the least important knowledge and skills for property employers. This also reflects the findings of the study of Galuppo and Worzala [11], in which statistics and technology were rated as the least important. It is worth noting that report writing is one of the most important knowledge areas and skillsets for property employers. Nevertheless, the property employers in this study were not satisfied with the property graduates' performance. Figure 3 summarises the degree of agreement among employer respondents regarding strategies for improving the knowledge and skills of graduates. Notably, all nine strategies were found to be statistically significant at p < 0.05, with WRS statistics ranging from 2.122 to 5.321. This suggests that there were general consensuses regarding the roles of these strategies in improving the knowledge and skills of property graduates. Of these, the respondents perceived that greater emphasis should be placed on designing school assessments based on real-life case studies (S6; RI = 0.91), and that, to bridge the gap in expectation particularly with the assignment design, course directors should maintain close communication with employers (S4; RI = 0.89). These tend to add weight to Galuppo and Worzala's [11] conclusion that the main expectation from real estate programs is to provide state-of the-art, high-quality and practical education as they will help foster the development of technical, social and technological skills of graduates. The findings also support Poon, Hoxley's [71] assertion that practitioners play a critical role in develop- ing students' commercial awareness by offering them real-life practical experience since universities could only provide students with simulated experience through field trips and academic projects as supplements to real-life practical experience. Furthermore, respondents strongly recognised that students should be encouraged to join professional organisations (S3; RI = 0.88), as this could help build their network within the property social circle, thus improving their opportunity of gaining practical experience and employability. Interestingly, it was found that overhauling the university curriculums (S2) is one of the key strategies for improving students' knowledge and skillsets with an RI of 0.87. Why respondents perceived such a need is not clear. Future studies should be conducted to further map the desired outcomes of property course curriculum and industry needs and expectations. Further strategies that are highly regarded by respondents include: inviting guest speakers from the industry to share their experience with students (S7; RI = 0.83) and incorporating various methods such as simulation into course delivery (S5; RI = 0.8). As Lateef [81] suggested, simulation is a technique for practice and learning that can be applied to help amplify real experiences with guided ones in a fully interactive fashion. Salamatina, Andronova's [82] application of training business simulation games in commercial property management showed that using simulation games can help to develop students' business acumen and commercial awareness and decision-making skills, as the students are often required to propose solutions for different scenario-based problems to address clients' demand. In this study, the other strategy items (S1, S8, and S9) were found to have RIs of less than 0.8, thus suggesting a 'high-medium' prevalence among respondents. Of these, it is not surprising that attending CPD as students is the lowest prioritised strategy, with an RI of 0.68; in particular, CPD programs are mainly designed to improve the knowledge base and skill of practitioners and experienced individuals rather than students lacking practical experience.  [71] assertion that practitioners play a critical role in developing students' commercial awareness by offering them real-life practical experience since universities could only provide students with simulated experience through field trips and academic projects as supplements to real-life practical experience. Furthermore, respondents strongly recognised that students should be encouraged to join professional organisations (S3; RI = 0.88), as this could help build their network within the property social circle, thus improving their opportunity of gaining practical experience and employability. Interestingly, it was found that overhauling the university curriculums (S2) is one of the key strategies for improving students' knowledge and skillsets with an RI of 0.87. Why respondents perceived such a need is not clear. Future studies should be conducted to further map the desired outcomes of property course curriculum and industry needs and expectations. Further strategies that are highly regarded by respondents include: inviting guest speakers from the industry to share their experience with students (S7; RI = 0.83) and incorporating various methods such as simulation into course delivery (S5; RI = 0.8).
As Lateef [81] suggested, simulation is a technique for practice and learning that can be applied to help amplify real experiences with guided ones in a fully interactive fashion. Salamatina, Andronova's [82] application of training business simulation games in commercial property management showed that using simulation games can help to develop students' business acumen and commercial awareness and decision-making skills, as the students are often required to propose solutions for different scenario-based problems to address clients' demand. In this study, the other strategy items (S1, S8, and S9) were found to have RIs of less than 0.8, thus suggesting a 'high-medium' prevalence among respondents. Of these, it is not surprising that attending CPD as students is the lowest prioritised strategy, with an RI of 0.68; in particular, CPD programs are mainly designed to improve the knowledge base and skill of practitioners and experienced individuals rather than students lacking practical experience.  Table 3 shows the profiles of the property graduates sampled in this study. About 61.1% of the respondents had a bachelor's degree, while 38.9% of them had a postgraduate degree. In terms of the ages of the property graduates, 75.0% of our respondents were less than 30 years old, while 25% of them were 31 years old and above. The age distribution may reflect the fact that nearly 60.0% of the respondents had had less than five years of industry experience. On the other hand, around 40% of the property graduates had had more than five years of industry experience. Regarding the gender distribution of the  Table 3 shows the profiles of the property graduates sampled in this study. About 61.1% of the respondents had a bachelor's degree, while 38.9% of them had a postgraduate degree. In terms of the ages of the property graduates, 75.0% of our respondents were less than 30 years old, while 25% of them were 31 years old and above. The age distribution may reflect the fact that nearly 60.0% of the respondents had had less than five years of industry experience. On the other hand, around 40% of the property graduates had had more than five years of industry experience. Regarding the gender distribution of the respondents, 69.4% of the property graduates were males, while 30.6% of them were female. Table 3 also presents the top five property specialisations of the property graduates. Construction project management was the top property specialisation for our respondents, followed by property development, construction, contract management, and property consultancy and analysis. Other specialisations included fund management, asset/facility management, and property valuation. Figure 4 shows the perceived importance of those 45 knowledge and skills among the graduate respondents. Overall, the WRS test results showed that 32 out of the 45 KS items were found to be statistically significant at p < 0.05. This indicates that there were general consensuses regarding the importance of these 32 items among property graduates, while for the rest no collectively consensus was reached. The 13 items include KS1 'Property valuation', KS2 'Property laws', KS7 'Town planning', KS8 'Property economics', KS9 'Finance and accounting', KS10 'Investment', KS13 'Asset management', KS14 'Research and analysis methods', KS16 'Sustainability', KS17 'Urban renewal', KS18 'Environment impact assessment', KS24 'Smart building/city', and KS27 'Marketing and sales'. Interestingly, these items tend to relate to the knowledge bases rather than the soft skillsets of graduates. Furthermore, a similar trend has been noted between the perception of both graduates and employers, where KS1, KS2, KS10, KS13, KS14, KS1,7 and KS24 were found to be regarded as insignificant among them.   Figure 5 reflects the percentage of the knowledge areas and skills acquired by property graduates while in school. Over 25% of the property graduates indicated that selfconfidence, the ability to work in a team, critical thinking, the ability to work independently, time management, report writing, effective written communication, and effective research and analysis methods were strongly encouraged (80-100%) at the university. Specifically, report writing and effective written communication were in the best and third place our of the knowledge areas and skills firmly acquired by the property graduates. This is exceptionally important for property employers too, who ranked report writing and effective written communication as the second and third most important knowledge areas and skills in this study. This finding aligns with that of Galuppo and Worzala [11], Callanan and McCarthy [19], Weinstein and Worzala [14], Poon [33], and Xiao and Chan [4]. From the graduates' perspective, time management (KS34; RI = 0.91), negotiation (KS33; RI = 0.90), and self confidence (KS40; RI = 0.90) were the top three priorities. These are indeed contradictory to the top three priorities of employers, in which graduates' key priorities are self-efficiency, while employers are work abilities. The finding tends to support Spellman's [83] assertion that determination and effective time management are essential drivers of a successful career progression for graduates. The author highlighted that effective time management will help graduates or entry-level employees to gain control over their work and progression by increasing their efficiency; improving their work-life balance; and, more importantly, enabling them to better cope with unforeseen problems that may arise from work or demands from their employers. This phenomenon is substantiated by Provencher and Keyes [84] and Zaheer, Ajayi [85], who claimed that there are positive significant correlations with graduates' time management skills and their ability to cope with culture shock and work stress. Interestingly, as White [86] and Karabay, Akyüz [87] suggested, individuals' self-confidence is associated with the courage required to assuring themselves about their time management and negotiation competencies, as well as other goal-setting values. Added to these, graduates perceived that it is essential for them or entry-level employees to possess an excellent ability to work in a team (KS38; RI = 0.89); effective oral communication (KS28; RI = 0.89); critical thinking skills (KS35; RI = 0.88); problem solving skills (KS32; RI = 0.88); effective written communication (KS29; RI = 0.87); adaptability (KS44; RI = 0.86); ability to work independently (KS39; RI = 0.85); high emotional intelligence (KS45; RI = 0.84); knowledge on Microsoft Office Suite (KS36; RI = 0.83); leadership (KS42; RI = 0.83); knowledge based software (KS37; RI = 0.82); and due diligence (KS6; RI = 0.811). From here, it seems that graduates and employers did share certain levels of perceived importance for KS29, KS35, KS36, KS37, KS39, KS44, and KS45. These could thus help inform academics and course conveners of the essential skillsets and knowledge areas that they could focus on in order to improve their students' employability and job readiness. At the other end, gaps were noted between graduates and employers, whereby the former highly rated the importance of KS38, KS28, KS42, and KS6, while the latter highly rated the importance of KS30, KS31, KS3, and KS4. The overall picture that emerges from here is that graduates tend to focus on their career development and progression, while employers emphasise graduates' work performance and contribution to their company's performance and operation. This is an interesting phenomenon that requires a balancing act between two parties for mutual benefits-particularly the employee-employer relationship, which may evolve and be fuelled by opportunities and challenges, and their expectations may have changed during the post-COVID-19 environment, as suggested by Volini, Schwartz [88].

Knowledge and Skills in the Digital Age for Property Graduates
Next, it is notable that knowledge of blockchain (KS22) is the only KS item, which graduates perceive to be of lower importance, with an RI of 0.36. This somehow coincides with employers' perceived importance of Sharing Economy (KS23) and Smart Buildings (KS24), as discussed above. This result is not surprising considering the current implementation status and knowledge of blockchain in the Australian property market, and that there are numerous legal barriers to using blockchain technology for land title registry (see Practical Law 2018). Figure 5 reflects the percentage of the knowledge areas and skills acquired by property graduates while in school. Over 25% of the property graduates indicated that selfconfidence, the ability to work in a team, critical thinking, the ability to work independently, time management, report writing, effective written communication, and effective research and analysis methods were strongly encouraged (80-100%) at the university. Specifically, report writing and effective written communication were in the best and third place our of the knowledge areas and skills firmly acquired by the property graduates. This is exceptionally important for property employers too, who ranked report writing and effective written communication as the second and third most important knowledge areas and skills in this study. This finding aligns with that of Galuppo and Worzala [11], Callanan and McCarthy [19], Weinstein and Worzala [14], Poon [33], and Xiao and Chan [4].
However, on average 77.1% of the property graduates rated negotiation, marketing and sales, conTech, real estate FinTech, smart building and city, sharing economy, blockchain, big data analysis, artificial intelligence, machine learning, environment impact assessment and urban renewal, asset management, financial accounting, town planning, and customer service as knowledge and skills that were less encouraged at the university. This is even though these technology-related data science analyses play a critical role in ascertaining social and technical phenomena in the digital age [24,54]. place our of the knowledge areas and skills firmly acquired by the property graduates This is exceptionally important for property employers too, who ranked report writing and effective written communication as the second and third most important knowledge areas and skills in this study. This finding aligns with that of Galuppo and Worzala [11] Callanan and McCarthy [19], Weinstein and Worzala [14], Poon [33], and Xiao and Chan [4].   Figure 6 shows graduates' perceived levels of agreement (based on RI) regarding the appropriateness of these nine strategies for improving their knowledge and skillsets. The overall WRS test results reveal that, out of the nine strategies, one was statistically insignificant, thus suggesting that graduates did not have a consensus regarding the appropriateness of S4, 'having close communication between course directors and employers', which had an RI of 0.65 (lowest of all items). This, therefore, contradicts the results gained for employers, who chose S4 as the 2nd most prioritised strategy. Indeed, six of the eight strategies had an RI above 0.8-i.e., within the range of 'High' prevalence. Sadly, overhauling university curriculum (S2; RI = 0.90; WRS statistic = 4.929) was thought of highly by graduates, followed by having guest speakers from the industry (S7; RI = 0.89; WRS statistic = 4.871), having various different course delivery methods (S5; RI = 0.88; WRS statistics = 4.509), encouraging students to join professional bodies (S3; RI = 0.85; WRS statistics = 4.699), having compulsory internship training while studying (S8; RI = 0.83; WRS statistics = 3.873), and incorporating real-life case studies into assignments (S6; RI = 0.81; WRS statistics = 3.843). It is not clear why graduates perceived the need to overhaul the university property-related curriculum. Future attempts should be considered to explore why there is a need for this and how property-related curricula could be much updated and better aligned with the expectations of both graduates and employers. This tends to reflect the findings of Abidoye and Chan [89], who stated that overhauling the curricula of higher institutions of learning in Nigeria is essential for the better adoption and inclusion of AI techniques and modules into relevant courses. In this study, evidence also points toward the need to further and better incorporate real-life case simulations and experience sharing into course delivery, as demonstrated by the employers' and graduates' perceptions of S3, S5, and S7. Interestingly, it also seems that these two groups of respondents did not much appreciate the strategies used for on-the-job training after graduation (S1) and attending CPD as students (S9), with respective RIs ranging from 0.68 to 0.77, when compared to those strategies. Collectively, the results shed light on the increasing emphasis on work-integrated learning and students' early entry and transition into the workforce in order to gain practical experience. As Stephanie [90] highlighted, university study is far more than just earning a degree and also concerns preparing students for the world of employment before or after their graduation. Therefore, it is important for academia and industry to collaborate and set up bespoke job roles for students to allow them to gain invaluable workplace experience and apply what they have learnt in their studies on the job.  Table 4 summarises the Mann-Whitney U test results for the significant differences in the perceived importance of knowledge and skills between employers and graduates. Overall, the test results revealed that 15 out of the 45 KS items were statistically significant at p < 0.05. This indicates that there were significant differences in those 15 items between employers and graduates. Notably, employers attributed a higher level of perceived importance to the knowledge of professional ethics (KS3), sustainability (KS16), blockchain (KS22), and the skills of report writing (KS30) and numeracy (KS31) than graduates did. This could display an interesting industry trend concerning the increasing emphasis on sustainability, professional practices, and digital technology advancement. Employers expect graduates, apart from having good report writing and numeracy skills, to be aware of sustainability principles and practices and be familiar with the code of ethics and practices of a real estate professional before entering the workforce. This tends to add weight to the conclusions of Dziubaniuk and Nyholm [91], who stated that students should be exposed to information about sustainability and business ethics as early as possible in their university, considering that these knowledge and lessons could have a significant influence on their subsequent career paths, defining their ethical behaviours and perception and thus preparing them to be socially responsible professionals. At the other end, it is notable that graduates tended to place greater emphasis on soft skills than employers, focusing on due diligence (KS6), oral communication skills (KS28), time management skills (KS34), teamwork abilities (KS38), self-confidence (KS40), and leadership (KS42). This indeed points to the differences in the business and self-development orientations of employers and graduates, respectively, as previously discussed in Section 4.4.   Table 4 summarises the Mann-Whitney U test results for the significant differences in the perceived importance of knowledge and skills between employers and graduates. Overall, the test results revealed that 15 out of the 45 KS items were statistically significant at p < 0.05. This indicates that there were significant differences in those 15 items between employers and graduates. Notably, employers attributed a higher level of perceived importance to the knowledge of professional ethics (KS3), sustainability (KS16), blockchain (KS22), and the skills of report writing (KS30) and numeracy (KS31) than graduates did. This could display an interesting industry trend concerning the increasing emphasis on sustainability, professional practices, and digital technology advancement. Employers expect graduates, apart from having good report writing and numeracy skills, to be aware of sustainability principles and practices and be familiar with the code of ethics and practices of a real estate professional before entering the workforce. This tends to add weight to the conclusions of Dziubaniuk and Nyholm [91], who stated that students should be exposed to information about sustainability and business ethics as early as possible in their university, considering that these knowledge and lessons could have a significant influence on their subsequent career paths, defining their ethical behaviours and perception and thus preparing them to be socially responsible professionals. At the other end, it is notable that graduates tended to place greater emphasis on soft skills than employers, focusing on due diligence (KS6), oral communication skills (KS28), time management skills (KS34), teamwork abilities (KS38), self-confidence (KS40), and leadership (KS42). This indeed points to the differences in the business and self-development orientations of employers and graduates, respectively, as previously discussed in Section 4.4.

Differences in Perceived Strategies between Employers and Graduates
Turning to the perceived strategies, the results in Table 5 show that, out of the nine strategies, five were found to be statistically significant at p < 0.05. This means that employers and graduates did have different thoughts about how these strategies could help improve the knowledge and skills of students. Notably, employers tended to place greater emphasis on close communication and engagement between course directors and practitioners (S4) and incorporating real case studies into assignments (S6) than graduates did. This perhaps points to the reality that there is a serious lack of engagement, communication, and understanding between academics and industry practitioners, as noted by Patrick, Heazlett [92], while Evans and Plewa [93] highlighted that the stakes for academic and industry collaboration in Australia are increasingly high and that universities are under more pressure than ever to collaborate with industry in order to improve their education level, meet increasing societal expectations, and bridge the gap between practicalities and expectations to achieve the sustainable growth of the future workforce. On the other hand, it was found that graduates showed stronger support for the use of various course delivery methods (S5), inviting guest speakers (S7), and promoting compulsory internship training while studying for students (S8) than employers did. One possible explanation for this is that graduates highly rate the importance of students being exposed to the real-life business environment as early as possible through real-life business simulations as well as the experience sharing of industry speakers. In particular, as highlighted by Carr [94], students should consider planning and setting up their graduate careers as early as their first year at university in order to minimise culture shock and improve their employability. The author added that, by involving themselves in different curriculum activities and social networking events, students could develop their soft skillsets (such as critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, adaptability, and social and cultural awareness). Furthermore, the author stated that if they could work as an intern and apply what they have learnt from their studies, this would help to improve their employability upon graduation.

Conclusions
This study aimed to assess the gaps in a range of knowledge and skills relevant to the property industry in the digital age from the perspectives of property graduates' employers and property graduates in Australia. The competencies identified in this research included 45 knowledge areas and skills. Several key findings were identified. Firstly, the most important knowledge area and skill for property employers was problem-solving. This can be explained by the backgrounds of the property employers used in this study. The majority of the respondents specialised in property consultancy and analysis and property valuation. These specialisations require professionals to solve problems when conducting market analyses for property consultancy and property valuations. The other most important knowledge and skill areas according to the property employers were report writing, numeracy, negotiation, Microsoft Office Suite skills, professional ethics, and critical thinking. In contrast, the most important knowledge and skill area according to property graduates was time management. The other most important knowledge and skill areas according to the property graduates were negotiation, self-confidence, the ability to work in a team, effective oral communication, critical thinking, problem solving, and effective written communication. It is worth noting that the five most important knowledge and skills areas according to the property graduates were not rated to be most important by the property employers, except for negotiation. This also indicates the gaps regarding the perceived importance of knowledge and skills between the property employers and property graduates in the digital age. Thirdly, both property employers and property graduates perceived and ranked knowledge of sharing economy, smart buildings/cities, and blockchain as of low importance to property graduates. Lastly, the difference in the perceived importance of property-related knowledge and skills in the digital age between the two groups was statistically tested for the first time. The two groups showed statistically significant differences in 15 out of the 45 knowledge and skill areas. This reveals that the employers place more importance on professional practice knowledge and skills, while graduates emphasise soft skills. Furthermore, from the perspective of the two groups, five of the examined strategies had statistically significant differences regarding acquiring property-related knowledge and skills, such as course directors maintaining close communication with employers, school assessments being based on real-life case studies, the use of various course delivery methods, inviting guest speakers, and promoting compulsory internship training while studying for students.
Overall, the findings of this study have several profound implications for property education. Firstly, this research offers significant insights regarding the knowledge and skillsets perceived to be most important by property employers and property graduates in Australia. Furthermore, the gaps in the 45 knowledge and skill areas and 9 strategies for acquiring property-related knowledge and skillsets between these two groups were statistically identified. Property education providers should consider including these nominated knowledge and skillsets in their curriculum development and redesign to ensure that graduates are work-ready. Secondly, Australian property employers are yet to embrace technology-related data science analysis. This is despite the fact that data science analyses have played a critical role in ascertaining social and technical phenomena in the digital age. Property course providers should also be aware of the need for future property graduates to have knowledge of the use of technology-related data science analysis methods to be used in the property industry. Few property employers and graduates responded to this survey; hence, when more data are available, the results of this study may be different. Future studies could examine specific knowledge areas and skills required by property employers in each property sector. These recommendations display the potential of future studies on property education issues.