Consumers’ Intention to Purchase Functional Non-Dairy Milk and Gender-Based Market Segmentation

: The increasing awareness of the beneﬁts of functional non-dairy milk has been growing signiﬁcantly due to the increasing recognition of the beneﬁts of functional foods. Functional non-dairy milk provides a valuable alternative for lactose-intolerant people with other dietary restrictions preventing them from consuming dairy milk. However, some evidence suggests that not all consumers beneﬁt equally from food. Previous research indicated that women more often purchase foods that are perceived to be healthy, while men are more likely to purchase foods that are perceived to be hedonistic. Thus, this study aimed to examine the signiﬁcant relationships among factors inﬂuencing functional non-dairy milk purchase intention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and to identify behavioral differences between men and women. We conducted a quantitative study using structured questionnaires and with 413 valid respondents that consume functional non-dairy milk in six regions of Thailand. Further, we used a multi-group structural equation modeling approach to explore and compare consumers’ intentions across genders. The results showed that trust and health consciousness positively inﬂuence an individual’s perceived behavioral control and then directly affect their attitude and purchase intention of functional non-dairy milk products. Additionally, the multi-group analysis proposed that men and women consumers signiﬁcantly differ in their requirements for enjoyable experiences while consuming functional non-dairy milk. More speciﬁcally, hedonic eating value has a greater impact on men’s attitudes than women’s attitudes. This study deepens our understanding of the functional non-dairy milk industry in Thailand in terms of market segments based on gender.


Introduction
Throughout the decades, functional foods have attracted considerable scientific interest, particularly in enhancing food health and technology innovations.Functional non-dairy milk is the alternative solution to sustain and balance the environment through an environmental-friendly production method, releasing less waste and biodegradable products [1].In addition, the dairy milk industry is a significant contributor to pollution, not only in the amount of effluent it generates but also in its toxicity.On average, 0.2-10 L of wastewater is produced per liter of processed milk.Wastewater can contain high levels of harmful chemicals, including nitrogen, phosphorous, and suspended solids [2].Although a study found that the environmental impact of US dairy production practices in 2007 had a smaller environmental impact than historical dairy production practices in 1944, for every billion kilos of milk, waste outputs from modern dairy systems still produced 24% of the manure, 43% of the methane, and 56% of the nitrous oxide [3].
Functional non-dairy milk can substantially minimize the risk of various diseases and strengthen immune systems [4,5].During the COVID-19 pandemic, many consumers have been consuming functional non-dairy milk products that nurture their physical and mental health to prevent and reduce the possibility of terminal diseases.As a result of the popularity of functional non-dairy milk products, consumers are becoming more cautious about food quality and the health advantages related to various foods and drinks [6].However, several studies reveal that consumers' behavior toward functional foods can differ based on gender.Some evidence suggests that not all consumers benefit equally from food.Functional foods, for instance, could be more beneficial for men than women.Functional foods' effectiveness may depend on gender [7].A study reported that women tend to have greater intention than men in several dietary activities such as weight management and healthy eating [7].This study indicated that women live longer than men, by approximately 7 years, and reported that men tend to have less healthy eating behavior than women, as men consume fewer vegetables, higher fat foods, and drink more soft drinks and alcohol.Even though women have lower mortality rates, they still have higher chances of physical illness than men [8].The following differences between men and women can contribute to the novel study of the purchase intention of functional non-dairy milk products.
According to the Food Technology Magazine (2020), the market size of functional foods globally is anticipated to reach approximately 268 billion US dollars in 2027 [9].Functional non-dairy milk is the most active category of functional foods, as it is convenient and meets consumer demands for nutrients and bioactive compounds.Functional beverages such as non-dairy milk are easy to distribute and store and can be altered in size, shape, and appearance.In 2019, functional beverages made up more than half of the functional foods market, with a value of around 99 billion US dollars.The Asia-Pacific region contributed approximately 36 billion US dollars to this total market value of 168 billion US dollars [10].The market research report of Fortune Business Insight (2020) showed that the global non-dairy market is expected to grow rapidly in the next few years.In 2020, the market size was 19.66 billion US dollars.The market is projected to grow to 53.97 billion US dollars by 2028, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.30% from 2021 to 2028.According to Statista (2021), in 2020, the market value of functional beverages in Thailand amounted to around 141 million US dollars.The functional foods segment in Thailand indicated that functional non-dairy milk had the highest CAGR at 7.01% from 1999 to 2013 compared with other beverages, such as dairy products at 5.89% and soft drinks at 6.57% [11].
In Thailand, functional non-dairy milk is consumed more frequently to prevent diseases and promote beneficial health effects.However, some Thai consumers cannot drink dairy milk products because they are lactose intolerant, while others might have a cholesterol problem or be allergic to milk protein [12].For instance, functional non-dairy milk, such as soymilk, contains the component of isoflavones, which reduces cardiovascular disease and lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol [13].Dairy milk can increase the diet's saturated fat, calorie, and cholesterol content in the long-term, leading to an increased risk of obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes [11,14].Consuming functional non-dairy milk products is a globally trending way to decrease the consumption of dairy milk in order to avoid the following risks.In addition, nearly 65% of the human population has a diminished capacity to digest lactose after infancy.Lactose intolerance in adulthood is the most common among individuals of East Asian ancestry, with 70% suffering from this condition.Allergies and intolerances are vital factors influencing demand for functional beverages, particularly given that dairy milk allergy is the most common food allergy in newborns and adolescents [15].
Moreover, it is essential to explore consumers' purchase intentions and attitudes toward differences between men and women since gender differences can contribute to a better understanding of the gender-based segmentation of functional non-dairy milk.Consumer segmentation can be quite complex.Some criteria used to segment consumers focus on personal characteristics, while others focus on group dynamics [16].To illustrate, there are distinct gender differences in food preferences and eating habits.However, women generally have been observed to participate in significantly more health-promoting actions and have healthier lifestyles than men [17].Meat (particularly red meat), alcohol, and large portions are consistently associated with masculinity in studies of modern Western countries.At the same time, vegetables, fruit, fish, and sour dairy products are invariably connected with femininity [18].Therefore, gender segmentation allows marketers to better comprehend consumers' behavior with different genders and interests.This method also enables marketers to adjust marketing strategies and supply products and services following the segment's needs.However, few studies on Thailand's functional non-dairy milk and food consumers are related to gender segmentation and purchase intention.Consequently, we contemplated investigating consumers' purchase intentions and functional non-dairy milk with gender-based market segmentation to bridge the knowledge gap.
Nevertheless, food companies must comprehend consumer views, attitudes, and purchase intentions regarding functional non-dairy milk.In a wide range of studies regarding food context, several employ the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by Ajzen (1991) as the basis for exploring the psychological aspects that influence the food consumption behaviors of consumers [19].However, based on past studies, functional non-dairy milk could still be a new innovative food product, leaving a research gap in our understanding of consumer behavior.Moreover, this study applied TPB extended with three variables: hedonic eating value, health conciseness, and trust.Hedonic consumption pertains to the idea of making choices based on sensory gratification, or, simply put, choosing things that taste good.Regarding food selection, hedonic eating value considers the motives behind why consumers make certain choices.This could be anything from the importance placed on taste to pleasure [20].Health consciousness is a term that describes consumers who prioritize their health and well-being.These consumers often seek information on how to improve their health and purchase products and services that support their goal of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.Studies have shown that health-conscious consumers are more likely to purchase products and services that promote their health and well-being [21].Trust is a key factor in influencing purchase intention, especially regarding products such as functional non-dairy milk, where consumers may not know much about the product before they buy it.Studies have shown that consumer trust is crucial in food markets and that trust can impact both purchase intention and behavior.When choosing functional foods, product managers must consider how trust can affect consumer decision-making [22].
This paper explored the significant relationships among factors such as hedonic eating value, trust, health consciousness, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, attitude, and purchase intention associated with gender segmentation of functional non-dairy milk products.Moreover, this study aimed to identify gender differences in purchase intention of functional non-dairy milk products.The variables are mainly derived from the extended theory of planned behavior [19].It assists in predicting consumer behavior by investigating perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, attitude, and purchase intention.We added three additional variables: hedonic eating value, health consciousness, and trust.These variables can aid in theory testing and confirmation of the purchase intention of functional non-dairy milk consumers.The Covariance Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) technique investigates the market segments and their relevant relationships.This method is appropriate for this study since we are attempting to develop a multi-factor model for buying intention based on a cross-sectional sample of multiple groups [23,24].
The format of this article is as follows.A review of the literature on the existing related theories and hypotheses development is presented in Section 2, before the research methodology, survey items, sampling, data collection, and analysis are described in Section 3. The findings and discussion are presented in Section 4, the research implications for theory and practice are discussed in Section 5, the conclusion is presented in Section 6, and the limitations and future research are summarized in Section 7.

Related Theories and Hypotheses Development
Several research publications on the marketing of functional foods have used SEM.Most studies' findings point to connections between consumer attitudes and marketing terminology as consumer perceptions and behavioral intention understands.We suggest that the relationship of variables in this research may be developed utilizing the SEM framework based on these previous publications.The ideas and relevant literature that helped develop a structural model and hypotheses for this research are discussed in more detail in the following parts.

Gender Effect and Segmentation
Regarding its simplicity in identification, accessibility, and profitability, gender is frequently utilized as a segmentation variable [25].Three representative conceptions were developed by Fischer and Arnold (1994) [26] to conceptualize these alternative gender measurements.First, the terms "male" and "female," which are biological categories, denote gender.Second, gender identification was employed to gauge masculine and feminine personality qualities.The third concept, gender role attitudes, was used to describe the disparities in attitudes between men and women concerning the duties, rights, and obligations of each gender.Again, each person varies in the presence of the three structures we examined.Their empirical investigations demonstrated the predictive validity of each of the three components.Concerning the impact of gender on the acceptance of functional foods, the majority of research came to an agreement.Researchers discovered that women had greater possibilities of purchasing functional foods than men [27][28][29][30].The explanation for these results is that women tend to have a greater role of purchasing and preparing food than men in family matters [31,32].Furthermore, most research studies also discovered that women are more knowledgeable about functional foods than men are, and as a result, they are more likely to utilize them [33].Functional foods are mainly used by women in both Europe and the USA [34].
Differences in perspective, attitude, and food preference by gender have been examined as significant factors [35].Numerous empirical studies have also examined how men and women differ in food consumption behaviors [36,37].Recent research has found varying findings when examining the moderating effect of gender.In addition, several studies have shown a significant role of gender within the TPB framework.According to the study, men college students were more likely to be influenced by their attitude when buying fair trade products.In contrast, female college students were more likely to be influenced by their perceived behavioral control [38].Although there is no difference between male and female consumers regarding the link between subjective norms and the intention to eat sweet snacks, women consumers are more likely to feel pressure from other women not to consume sweet snacks [39].Based on the study, it was found that there are significant differences when it comes to food-related perceptions, preferences, and behaviors between men and women [40].It is important to investigate the moderating effects of gender in order to understand consumers' underlying purchase intention for functional food non-dairy milk products.

Functional Foods in Thailand
Functional foods can be discovered in practically every food category, notably through the milk, cereal, soft drink, bakery, and infant formula markets, which offer solid nutritional qualities and additional health benefits.Functional food is consumed and used for various activities, for instance, sports nutrition, weight management, cardio health, and clinical nutrition.The philosophy of functional foods was initially discussed in Japan during the 1980s due to the concerns of the elderly segmented group related to their health and life expectancy [41].The Thai food sector potentially expands in Thailand due to food innovation.There was growing interest in functional foods as the number of senior people and disorders related to lifestyle finally made it necessary to position the meals not only for function as nourishment but also for sensory/satisfaction and health.In order to meet this new demand, manufacturers began investing more in developing products that taste good and offer additional health benefits.Thai functional foods are categorized as a set of foods for particular dietary applications and fortified foods with health claims, according to works of literature and papers.In 2014, Thailand's market for health foods was worth 160,000,000,000 Baht or 4.58 billion US dollars.Up to 2016, the market will increase at 6.0% or roughly 6.1% annually.Functional food dominates Thailand's health food sector, which accounts for over 60% of total sales (2.7 billion US dollars, or 96,000 million Baht) [42].According to Krungthai Macro Research (2018), the Thai functional foods market was approximately 68,000 million baht or 1.8 billion US dollars, with the characteristics of a niche market to respond to specific behavioral consumer groups such as exercisers and beauty consumers.As for Thailand, the functional foods market is expected to have great growth potential.Euromonitor estimates that the Functional Foods market in Thailand is expected in 2018-2022 to grow an average of approximately 4% per year.These are an opportunity for Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) entrepreneurs to penetrate the market.In contrast, larger companies have not reached market leadership in this sector yet.In addition, consumers in this segmentation tend to focus on the value and benefits of the nutrients received more than the price factor.Moreover, regarding the report of Health Ingredients South East Asia (2018), Indonesia's functional food market was the largest in Southeast Asia (SEA), worth 4915 million USD, and promising strong growth of CAGR of 13%.On the other hand, Thailand was among the last compared with other countries in the SEA.The gap between Indonesia and Thailand came to the attention of investigating the functional foods market in order to deepen the understanding of consumers' purchase intention of what factors reflect the situation in the Thai functional foods market.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
Individual intention is considered a component that may impact people's behavior directly.Hence, knowing an individual's goal makes it conceivable to forecast their subsequent conduct.In the domain of social psychology, the TPB was established by Ajzen in 1985, who demonstrated that attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control could be used to appropriately forecast the intention of various behaviors [19].
In the current study, the researcher adopted the TPB model as a theoretical framework to describe functional non-dairy milk product consumption in Thai consumers [19].Moreover, a previous study suggested that health-conscious consumers consume functional foods [43].Consumers enjoy buying functional foods and improving their eating habits.The relationship between an individual's health consciousness (behavioral intention) and consumption of functional non-dairy milk can fairly be described by the theory of planned behavior, which associates with one's beliefs and behavior [19], and this theory was adapted into an extended version in a subsequent study [44].
The present study developed its conceptual framework partly from the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior.According to this hypothesis, a person's behavioral purpose affects their behavior.The behavioral intention construct measures one's propensity to carry out a specific action.Instead, the behavior construct refers to a person's observable behavior in response to a certain context and objective [19].The real behavior construct is refrained owing to the difficulty of measuring the actual behavior [45].

Perceived Behavioral Control
Perceived behavioral control refers to an individual's anticipation that their behavior's execution is within their control.The positive level of perceived behavioral control can rise by involving the connection of attitude and intention [46].Ajzen recommended that intentions are significantly affected by personal elements, such as attitudes and perceived behavioral control [19].Moreover, the previous study demonstrated that purchase intention was influenced by attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control [47].Additionally, prior research claimed that intentions are significantly affected by personal elements, such as attitudes and perceived behavioral control [19].If consumers perceive the buying process of a product to be easy, consumers are more likely to make a purchase [48].A study [49] found that when consumers feel they have more control over purchasing a product, their purchase intention towards that product will be high.If consumers perceive that they have greater control over purchasing functional foods, non-dairy milk, then their intention to make purchases of functional foods made with non-dairy milk will be higher.Hence, we developed the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 (H1).Perceived behavioral control has a positive impact on attitude.

Hypothesis 2 (H2).
Perceived behavioral control has a positive impact on purchase intention.

Subjective Norm
Subjective norms refer to the perceived societal practices that influence one to indulge or not to indulge in specific conduct [19].Subjective norms indicate individuals' perceptions of how they would be perceived by their group norms if they engage in a given conduct.Past studies have shown that attitudes are substantially connected with subjective norms [50].Tarkiainen and Sundqvist [51] revealed a strong positive link between subjective norms and attitudes regarding functional food consumption in Finland.The social influences that impact healthy food purchase and consumption habits most come from family, friends, and other reference groups [52].Moreover, a study [53] found that people are more likely to try functional foods if they think that other people approve of them doing so.This means that subjective norms can have an impact on perceived behavioral control.
The subjective norm plays an important role in social settings.It refers to an individual's beliefs about the opinions of others regarding certain behaviors.This belief encourages the individual to either perform or not perform a particular behavior.However, a previous study suggested that subjective norms are not correlated with purchase intention [54].Therefore, we proposed the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 3 (H3).Subjective norm has a positive influence on perceived behavioral control.

Hypothesis 4 (H4).
Subjective norm has a positive influence on attitude.

Hypothesis 5 (H5).
Subjective norm has a positive influence on purchase intention.

Attitude
Attitude studies the customer's prominent character as it determines conceptions, feelings, and, most significantly, consumer decision-making procedures [55].A study discovered a positive association between attitude and purchase intention over functional food products [56].Another study indicated that retail shopping is positively affected by patron attitudes towards retailers, and this attitude influences a customer's purchase intention [57].Hence, the consumer's attitude towards functional food is positive, so the probability of purchasing functional food products will also increase [58].Positive views among consumers regarding healthy food are more likely to result in more determined purchasing intentions.Consumers' initial favorable reasons for healthy food items are important regarding their later good opinions concerning their purchase [59].A study [19] found that stronger attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control all lead to a stronger intention to perform a given behavior.Attitudes are a reflection of an individual's likelihood to engage or not engage in a behavior [52].We, therefore, formulated the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 6 (H6).Attitude has a positive relationship with purchase intention.

Purchase Intention
According to prior research, consumers are more likely to follow through and purchase a product if they have a positive attitude [19].The purchase intention measures how hard customers are willing to work to obtain natural and manufactured functional food.A product must be accepted by consumers for it to be successful on the market [60].Therefore, for natural and synthetic functional foods to achieve commercial success, they require consumer acceptance, which has a substantial impact on consumers' purchase intentions and is highly connected with acceptability [61,62].Few researchers have demonstrated that customers with a favorable attitude toward functional foods are more likely to purchase them [63][64][65].

Hedonic Eating Value
Some domain specifics and the motivation influencing food purchasing decisions are the food eating values [43,66].Hedonic value is considered to experience fun or happiness when consuming a product [67].Hedonic eating value is defined as eating food and perceiving the pleasure or enjoyment of eating it and other positive [66].The benefit of hedonic eating is the pleasure gained from the taste of eating the product [68].The prior study found that hedonism is essential to food consumption, influencing attitudes toward eating functional foods [69].
In contrast, the hedonic eating value was negatively associated with consuming functional food [68].Research suggests that the food industry improves functional food products by adding hedonic expectations to target new consumers and increase more consumers.The commercial for functional food will be a success.Moreover, hedonic values improve consumers' trust [70].From the gender perspective, the study found that gender did not have any moderating effect on the relationship between consumption values [71].We then established the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 7 (H7).Hedonic eating value has a positive impact on attitude.

Trust
The existing literature on functional foods reveals that people are more likely to accept functional foods if they trust the source.This trust must come from different levels of the socioeconomic system, such as government institutions, food manufacturers, and retailers [72].The role of functional foods is mainly to help to improve recognition of the importance of good health and to provide general information about how to maintain healthy habits.However, people must also trust that these products will work to benefit from them [73].The initial stage of purchasing functional food is a crucial step for customers in the trusting process since there are no fundamental requirements to differentiate the products, especially the chemical elements that are not shown, technical competence, and other resources [74].The quality of functional foods is difficult to verify, both at the time of purchase and after consumption.Furthermore, consumers are not always fully informed about product quality.The confusing information available about functional foods further increases the perception of risk and complexity associated with them [75].Thus, when choosing food, consumers often look for external cues to gauge quality.Trust is one such cue that can reduce perceived risk and complexity, making it easier to make a decision and encourage food consumption, especially when trying new foods [76].Distrust among consumers can have a harmful effect on their purchase behavior.To encourage consumers to buy functional foods, it is important that they trust the product.Trust may help to ease perceived barriers and any behavioral control issues that could prevent someone from intending or performing a specific behavior.The current literature does not provide evidence of the relationship between trust and perceived behavioral control on functional foods or non-dairy milk.We then established the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 8 (H8).Trust has a positive influence on perceived behavioral control.

Health Consciousness
A person's health consciousness can be described as how health-ready they are.This term usually comes up in discussions about someone's readiness to change their lifestyle or adopt healthier habits [77].Health-conscious consumers prioritize their wellness and work to improve or maintain their health.This usually looks like eating nutritious foods, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep.Additionally, people often avoid risky behaviors such as smoking or drinking too much alcohol [78,79].In addition, health consciousness significantly impacts increasing positive customer attitudes [80].An individual's increased readiness to take healthy action is associated with a more positive attitude toward functional foods [43].Prior research findings on the perceived healthiness of functional food are mixed.Numerous studies have shown that consumer health consciousness is positively related to functional food choices.According to previous research, consumers who are already living healthier lifestyles and engaging in positive health behaviors are more likely to view functional foods favorably and be open to trying them [43].We proposed the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 9 (H9).Health consciousness has a positive impact on perceived behavioral control.

Hypothesis 10 (H10).
Health consciousness has a positive impact on subjective norm.
Hence, Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual model of this study in light of the literature reviews and hypotheses.

Sampling and Data Collection
This research employed the quota sampling approach.Data collected in this study were taken specifically from people (n = 450) who shop at supermarkets in six regions (northeast n = 75, central 75, north 75, south 75, east 75, and west 75) throughout Thailand.The designated cities were Khon Kaen in the northeast, Bangkok in the central region, Chiang Mai in the north, Phuket in the south, Chon Buri in the east, and Kanchanaburi in the west.Data were collected from several selected supermarkets that sell functional nondairy milk.Even though this was during the COVID-19 pandemic, all of the required health standards were still met.This involves keeping a safe distance, using a mask, cleaning the hands, and checking the body temperature.The study consisted of respondent proportions that were purposively gathered.This approach can be considered a sampling technique for collecting representative data from a group [81].When conducting a survey, it is important to focus on a specific population in order to gather accurate data [82].Any SEM method analysis suggested that it should have a minimum sample size of 200 [83].In this study, data from 450 respondents were collected.After removing irrelevant data, outliers, and errors, 413 responses were acceptable.Therefore, the rate of invalid samples was 8.2%.
A structured questionnaire was utilized to collect data.The questionnaire had three different types of questions: introductory questions, demographic questions, and questions about customer attitudes towards functional non-dairy milk (see more details in Appendix A).To assess consumers' attitudes toward functional non-dairy milk, researchers collected data via a survey using questionnaires, and then the data were analyzed by testing through a quantitative method.According to Leung [84], quantitative research is conducted by using primary numerical data and statistical interpretations under a reductionist, rational, and rigorously objective framework.Consequently, this study employed a questionnaire to explore the vital factors influencing functional non-dairy milk purchase intention.According to Bell and Bryman [85], quantitative research entails gathering numerical data and presenting the relationship between theory and study as a deductive.Therefore, this paper used a survey method for the data collection on functional non-dairy milk in Thailand.
In order to identify potential buyers of functional non-dairy milk products, the question of whether the participant is the potential buyer or not was designated to the first section on general introductory questions.The second section contained multiple-choice questions that gathered data on participants' demographic profiles, including gender, age, income, and family size.This data was then used as a nominal variable to classify the scale.In the third and final section, the survey provided a linear scale of seven indicators.This allowed individual participants to assess and rate their points of view.The linear scale had seven levels of agreement, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree, as mentioned earlier in this section.The survey questionnaire was based on the literature review and followed seven factors affecting functional non-dairy milk purchase intention, i.e., attitude (ATT), perceived behavioral control (PBC), subjective norm (SN), purchase intention (PI), hedonic eating value (H), trust (T), health consciousness (HC).The following seven constructs generated 29 questions in order to assess the influence on purchase intention.The data collected remained confidential and were used to measure different constructs on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree).Furthermore, the original development of the questionnaire was first established in English and then translated into Thai since the target consumers of functional non-dairy milk are Thai.The questionnaire was translated from English to Thai by a competent English-Thai translator and reviewed by experts in the marketing and food-related fields.

Data Analysis
This study implemented Common Method Bias (CMB) before scrutinizing the data.Common Method Bias works when the various responses are formed by the questionnaire that seeks to reflect itself rather than a predisposition by the respondents themselves.Harman's one-factor test for common method bias measures whether the study is biased or not [86].Common method bias is driven by the measurement method used in an SEM study and not by the network of causes and effects in the reviewed model.For illustration, the instructions at the top of a questionnaire may impact the responses from different respondents in the identical general direction, compelling the indicators to convey a certain amount of common variation.Another potential rationale for common method bias is the implicit social desirability associated with responding to questions in a questionnaire in a particular path, likewise causing the indicators to intercommunicate a certain amount of common variation [87].The total variance extracted by one factor was calculated at 39.17%, which clarified that there is no common method bias, since it should not exceed 50% [88].This study's data analysis used the structural equation modeling (SEM) method, a statistical technique to estimate the relationships between variables.SEM confines various statistical techniques such as path analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and SEM.The study's data analysis portrays causal modeling with latent variables using the SEM, a statistical technique to estimate the relationships between latent variables [24].The first step involves validating the CFA model by verifying the CFA model in each indicator's variables to assess its credibility.This is followed by predicting the structural model to see whether the whole structure is trustworthy by investigating the goodness of fit (GOF), convergent validity, and discriminant validity.As for the GOF and convergent validity conditions, the designated thresholds included CMIN/df < 3.00, CFI > 0.90, RMSEA < 0.10, AVE > 0.50, and CR > 0.70 [37].As for the discriminant validity condition, this research analyzed multicollinearity issues and the identity matrix of the indicator variables.The study employed Pearson's moment correlations with the threshold < 0.80 to verify multicollinearity [89].An identity matrix was tested using Bartlett's sphericity and Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) analyses [90].The following criteria were all accomplished.The structural model was assessed in the second stage to determine whether the overall structure, including the calculation of GOF, was valid.The selected fit indices thresholds for the study were as follows: CMIN/df < 3.00, CFI > 0.90, and RMSEA < 0.10.The last step in our process was to execute a multi-group moderation analysis, which examines the segment's effect on the structural relationship [91].To do this, we evaluated measurement invariance (MI) using the segment as a moderator.The segment divided the sample into two groups (men and women) and then conducted a z-test to see any differences between the two groups' factor loadings.The z-test is a statistical test commonly used in structural equation modeling (SEM) [45,82,[92][93][94].Thus, IBM SPSS statistics version 28 and IBM AMOS version 28 program were used.SPSS was used to accomplish the test of two phases of model estimation [95].The results of our analysis are discussed in the next section.

Descriptive Statistics for Demographic Profile
Out of 195 men and 218 women participants, 413 usable data were reported.The demographic profiles indicate that women numbered slightly more than men at 52.1% of the total participants; Gen Y respondents made up 60% of the sample.Millennials, often known as Generation Y, were born between 1980 and 1994.Generation X represented 10.7% of the respondents.People born in 1960-1979 are known as Generation X.Generation X represented 27.1% of the respondents.The people that belong to Generation Z were born between 1995 and 2010.Boomers made up 2.2% of the respondents.The "Boomer" generation can be classified as being 58 years of age or older.With the following income of the participants, it shows that 12.6% have an income of 500-600 US dollars per month, 73.6% earn below 500 US dollars, 9.4% more than 1000 US dollars, 1.9% make in between 666 and 833 US dollars, and lastly, 2.4% make 833-1000 US dollars.The demographic profiles showed that most of the participants' occupations were office workers, which represented 3.4% of the total, while most participants were college students at 71.2%; 9.7% were government officers, 6.5% were unemployed, 4.8% were high school students, and lastly 4.4% were self-employed.The participant geographic data revealed that 36.1% are from the central region of Thailand, the northeast represents 21.3%, the west represents 12.3%, the north represents 12.1%, the east represents 10.2%, and the least participants are in the south, representing 8%.
The gender in this study was applied to use as a moderation factor on functional non-dairy milk consumers' purchase intention.In Table 1, group segment one, representing men, showed that most of the occupation data were from the college students, generation Y, who earned an income of less than 500 US dollars.Similar to group segment two, which represented women, the data indicated most of the participants' occupations, ages, and incomes were much the same.Moreover, the percentage of both segments in the demographic variable of taste experience and becoming potential buyers in the future of functional non-dairy milk products were positive from both segments.However, the only difference in the following data was that segment 2 or women had more demand for and more experience with functional non-dairy milk than men.

Measurement Model (Confirmatory Factor Analysis)
The measurement model was analyzed using CFA.The model's internal consistency, reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were all examined in this context.CFA was used to test how all the constructs were related to each other through covariances [19].Each construct must be involved in the indicator before any testing occurs.The GOF relationship can be further improved by allowing covariances among errors to exist within the same construct.This process can ensure that the indicator more accurately reflects the data.

Convergent Validity
Convergent Validity was carefully examined by contrasting the model findings with the fit index thresholds.AVE, CR, and Cronbach's alphas were used to assess the measurement's dependability [99].The average variance extracted was abbreviated as AVE, while composite reliability was abbreviated as CR.The suggested thresholds for the computed indicators and the convergent validity measures are shown in Table 3 as follows.This study illustrated Cronbach's alpha, which measures the internal consistency between a set of items within a group, and convergent validity was used to measure the correlation between multiple indicators under the same constructs.Therefore, the value of Cronbach's alpha should be higher than 0.7 so that it is considered reliable [97].The average variance extracted (AVE) and Composite reliability (CR) should exceed 0.5 and 0.7 [100].Consequently, all the constructs passed the thresholds except the AVE of health consciousness (HC) at 0.499.

Discriminant Validity
When assessing discriminant validity, comparing the square root AVEs with the correlations in the associated matrices is important.The comparison reveals a good indication of how similar or different the constructs are.The Fornell and Larcker criterion is a good way to assess this [99].The number of each latent variable as the AVE's square root was higher than the off-diagonal correlation coefficients, as shown in Table 4, showing that all the constructs could potentially measure the various constructs.This result was acceptable [101].The heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio technique by Henseler et al. (2015) was also used in this study to assess discriminant validity.The HTMT ratio technique was utilized to obtain more dependable findings because the reliability of the Fornell and Larcker (1981) criteria in addressing uniqueness among latent variables were questioned [102,103].HTMT values less than 0.90 reveal the existence of discriminant validity between the associated latent variables [102,103].All of the latent variables' HTMT values were less than 0.90, which satisfies the criteria for discriminant validity, as shown in Table 4.

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
The Goodness of Fit of the Structural Model After examining the measurement model, we developed a structural model incorporating all relevant constructs.Furthermore, the structural model with the primary objective allowed us to investigate the factors.The results of most of the goodness of fit (GOF) criteria were positive and showed how the constructs supported each other.All GOF indices were well within the acceptable thresholds [97] (see Table 5).Table 6 summarizes all the ten hypotheses testing results from the structural model.H1 to H7 had a positive relationship among variables that support the hypotheses, whereas H8 to H10 relationship variables were rejected (also see Figure 2).These results were contradictory to the theory of planned behavior hypothesis proposed by Ajzen (1991) [19], which implied that the intention of purchasing functional non-dairy milk products was not dependent on an individual's perceived behavioral control and subjective norm; moreover, the hypothesis of the subjective norm having a positive relationship to attitude was also rejected.On the other hand, an individual's purchase intention solely depends on the attitude towards functional non-dairy milk.The result was confirmed by H6 (ATT→PI), demonstrating β = 0.514 and p < 0.001.The second-highest standardized loading implied the attitude could affect the decision-making of buying behavior to functional food products by the determining perspective to the product.This hypothesis supports the theory of planned behavior when the attitude positively impacts purchase intention; this would affect the consumers' behavior to purchase functional food products during the COVID-19 pandemic.
To shed light on the most significant hypothesis, H10 (HC→SN) demonstrated β = 0.543 and p < 0.001.Therefore, H10 is supported, where the previous theory [80] also confirmed the relationship that eco-friendliness also plays a significant role when choosing healthful and sustainable food in Norway, which has impacted developing countries such as Thailand.The role of developed countries in terms of healthiness and sustainability can influence developing countries' consumers' perceptions and awareness of changing the approaching intention of their consumption.This finding indicated that people concerned about health could influence the actions of their individual activity, reflecting the consciousness of health, especially with the COVID-19 pandemic that changed individual behavior by the health consciousness.This result implied that the health awareness people influenced the surrounding community or group of influencers that changed the norm's perspective of health awareness on a wider range.
Subsequently, for H1 (PBC→ATT), β = 0.479 and p < 0.001, supporting that H1 has a positive impact.This result leads to a prior theoretical [104] suggestion that the prognosis benefit of perceived behavioral control varies when a person is driven and goal-directed to accomplish the desired behavior.The optimistic degree of perceived behavioral control can increase by engaging the link of attitude and intention.This supporting hypothesis indicated that individual action behavior could impact the attitude toward functional food products in the way of action to the perspective of the product.H7 (H→ATT), stating that hedonic eating value has a positive influence on attitude, was supported (β = 0.432, and p < 0.001).Consistent with the literature, refs.[43,44,67,69,70] suggestged that hedonic eating ideals influence attitudes toward consuming functional foods.This demonstration implied that consumers eating meals with experiencing pleasure or satisfaction of eating has a beneficial impact on customer feeling attitude, which may contribute to the purchase intention of functional non-dairy milk products.This research article's findings on H7 demonstrated that the hedonic eating value significantly influenced a consumer's attitude with a standardized loading of 0.432.This result supports studies by ref. [46].
Afterward, H3 (SN→PBC), where β = 0.302 and p < 0.001, confirmed that H3 was supported.This result supports early literature [105] that essential aim considerations when the social condition allows for healthy food intake.The finding implied that the group of similar communities could influence the individual action behavior to follow the trend of consuming functional soymilk products in the COVID-19 crisis.
Followed by H8 (T→PBC), the result has illustrated that trust has a positive influence on perceived behavioral control (β = 0.248, and p < 0.001).Prior studies in the theoretical framework have supported the assumption of trust towards perceived behavioral control [106][107][108][109], which demonstrates that trust is crucial in the beginning step.Trust from receiving experiences or word of mouth from their surrounding environment could affect the perceived behavioral control in terms of individual action and activity, which is influenced by trust.
As a final point, H9 (HC→PBC) was given statistical support with β = 0.247 and p < 0.01.The previous studies [110][111][112][113] revealed that consumers who care about the health and the environment have a positive impact on organic product purchase intentions.Measurement invariance (MI) is the approach to determine if the measurement model is not statistically different across two groups.Based on the CFA model, the MI approach further conducts the following: (a) organizing configural invariance (unconstrained model); (b) organizing metric invariance (equal factor loading); and (c) organizing scalar invariance (equal intercepts).If configured invariance, metric invariance, and organizing scalar invariance are satisfied, then the full measurement invariance is formed.Then, it is possible to compare factor loadings between different groups.However, if partial MI is not satisfied, scalar invariance must be accepted in order to compare factor loadings between groups.The evaluation of MI that was accomplished following the CFA model is shown in Table 7. Table 7 demonstrates that the configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance CMIN/df values were all above the 3.00 cutoff.Other fit indices passed the criteria of >0.90, >0.90, >0.90, and 0.10, respectively, including the TLI, CFI, IFI, and RMSEA of configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance.As a result, complete MI was formed, enabling us to continue an additional analysis in the next section.

Z-Test for Loading Differences
In this section, the Z test was conducted to compare the factor loading between two segments ((1) men and (2) women) using the critical ratio differences in multi-group analysis.By conducting the z test, the researcher can acquire a list of critical ratios for the structural model differences [45].The factor loadings will differ between the groups if the critical ratio is higher than the absolute value of 1.96 by assuming a two-tailed test with an alpha of 0.05 percent.As a result, 0.025 percent of the samples are in each tail; the alpha has a critical value of |1.96|.According to Table 8, the H7 critical ratio difference was less than the absolute ratio (−2.807 < −1.96), indicating the significant critical ratio of the difference between male to female consumers.For both genders, the pathways H7, H8, H9, H10, H3, H1 and H6 were statistically significant.
The results in Tables 6 and 8, and Figure 3 reveal the courses of H7, H8, H9, H10, H3, H1 and H6; there were statistically significant loadings for both men and women consumers (see the stars).In addition to being consistent with the outcomes in Table 6, both segments' paths of H2, H4, and H5 were not statistically significant.However, for H7, there was only one path difference (see the stars under the critical ratio difference column).
The critical ratio value of H7 is higher than the threshold, indicating that men and women consumers have divergent viewpoints on the value and attitude of hedonic eating.This result is consistent with the existing literature that stated gender did not have any moderation effect on the relationship between consumption values [66,71].However, this study found that hedonic eating value on attitude has a different perspective based on gender as a moderation effect.Additionally, a hedonic eating value significantly affects the attitudes of men consumers (loading = 0.583) rather than women consumers (loading = 0.314).The pleasure gained from the taste of eating functional non-dairy milk can impact the attitude of consumers since we discovered that attitude positively influences purchase intention [66].This study [71] also stated that hedonic eating values play a more important role in behavioral intentions, and we discovered that hedonic eating values could impact the attitude differently between men and women consumers, which leads to the purchase intention of functional non-dairy milk products.

Discussion
The researchers discovered that hedonic eating value has a positive impact on attitude toward functional non-dairy milk.This proved that the benefit of hedonic eating value is a vital factor in food consumption, such as this case implemented in the form of beverage and non-dairy; still, the variable of hedonic eating has a significant impact on the attitude that leads to affecting purchase intentions in functional non-dairy milk consumers [69].Moreover, according to the test result of loading differences, we found that gender has a moderation effect on the hedonic eating value and attitude, which, regarding the existing literature, did not observe the differences in the variable of gender moderation's effect on gender.However, according to ref [71], hedonic eating value still has a positive effect on attitude.This study discovered that trust has a positive impact on perceived behavioral control.Trust comes from different levels of the socioeconomic system, such as food manufacturers, retailers, and government institutions [72].Consumers are aware of the good benefits and importance of functional foods and beverages, such as non-dary milk products, e.g., that these inventories can boost their immune system.However, consumers have to trust that these products can maintain and improve healthy habits, affecting the perceived behavior of each individual [73].Trust is the initiative's inner source that can trigger self-behavior to adjust.We found that health consciousness has a positive influence on perceived behavioral control.Health consciousness is the awareness of health and hygiene [77].The knowledge of being cautious of the surrounding environment, especially healthiness, would change the behavior to protecting oneself from harm or improving healthy habits.Allergy to dairy milk-based products can be discussed on the matter of health consciousness since, recently, consumers have started realizing their dairy products allergies [15].This research discovered that health consciousness has a positive impact on the subjective norm.During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was significant demand for functional foods, including non-dairy milk [114].The situation indicates the awareness of the health consciousness of consumers impacting society due to the spreading of diseases.This action proved that health consciousness has the ability to influence the norm and change the perspective of people.We found that subjective norm has a positive impact on perceived behavioral control.The subjective norms surrounding non-dairy milk have shifted in recent months due to the outbreak of COVID-19.Many people now perceive non-dairy milk as a more behaviorally controlled option, as it does not require close contact with others in the dairy process.This heightened perception of control has led to increased demand for non-dairy milk products, as consumers seek out products that they perceive to be lower risk in the current climate [10].The study also revealed evidence that perceived behavioral control has a significant effect on attitude.A growing body of evidence suggests that perceived behavioral control, or the belief that one can successfully engage in a behavior, is a key determinant of attitude and behavior.This is especially relevant when it comes to health-related behaviors, such as choosing to consume non-dairy milk.Studies have shown that when people perceive that they have control over their ability to consume non-dairy milk, they are more likely to have a positive attitude towards it and are more likely to consume it.Perceived behavioral control is associated with a sense of self-efficacy or the belief that one can complete a behavior [115,116].We found a positive relationship between attitude and purchase intention.Another study also discovered a positive relationship between attitude and purchase intention on functional foods [56].The possibility that a buyer might purchase a good or service is known as a purchase intention.A customer's attitude is how consumers assess a good or service.Numerous elements might affect a customer's buying decision and perception of a good or service.Non-dairy milk is a product that some customers could choose to buy due to their allergies or intolerance to dairy.Some people might purchase non-dairy milk because they think it is better than dairy milk.For any reason, customers who have a positive attitude towards non-dairy milk are more likely to purchase it than those who do not [55].Lastly, according to the result of this study, there were three rejected results from H2, H4, and H5.

Research Implications
Two major stakeholders, producers, and food-related institutions were presented with the following recommendations.Understanding the purchase intention of segmented consumers is the key factor in gaining a competitive market.In terms of the current demand for functional non-dairy milk, when compared with other countries in Southeast Asia, there is a significant gap in terms of prospective growth in the functional foods sector.This study directly benefits marketers and producers in this business field of functional non-dairy milk.With the additional constructs that this study has tested, marketers can understand a variety of points of perspective of this study's selected segmentation that can generate and design the product which suits their target market.
Furthermore, food-related institutions or policymakers, such as the food and drugs administration, can directly benefit from health matters by understanding consumers' concerns, such as cleanliness, organicity, an added ingredient in the product, and their well-being.This is in order to make policy on food control that can protect and benefit the consumer of functional foods and beverages products so as to gain sustainable outcomes because functional foods and beverages are categorized as sustainable innovation products.
Moreover, the research conducted practical implications and provided theoretical descriptively related practical implications.This study showed connections between consumer attitudes and marketing phrases as seen by consumer perceptions and functional non-dairy milk purchase intention.Hedonic eating value has a significant impact on attitude; trust has a positive influence on perceived behavioral control; health consciousness has a significant impact on perceived behavioral control; health consciousness has a positive influence on the subjective norm; subjective norm has a positive effect on perceived behavioral control; perceived behavioral control has a significant influence on attitude; and attitude has a significant impact on purchase intention for functional non-dairy milk.The findings of this study provide evidence for the planned behavior theory.

Conclusions
The rising awareness of the advantages of functional foods has significantly impacted the expanding understanding of the advantages of functional non-dairy milk.Functional non-dairy milk products offer a beneficial substitute for lactose-intolerant people who cannot consume dairy milk due to other dietary constraints.Dairy milk production is among the ecologically harmful processes.Dairy cows create enormous amounts of the potent greenhouse gas methane and dangerous substances that can poison waterways, which are also present in their manure.Since producing milk requires a lot of land and water, dairy farming may cause deforestation and water shortages in the areas where it is practiced.Functional non-dairy milk is a substitute for dairy milk since it employs a process that generates less waste and is made of biodegradable ingredients.We then analyzed market segmentation and collected data based on the theory of planned behavior with the extended variables, hedonic eating value, trust, and health consciousness.Researchers selected a segmentation in the topic of gender, and then we divided it into (1) men and (2) women.The objective of this study was to examine the significant relationships among factors, for instance, hedonic eating value, trust, health consciousness, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, attitude, and purchase intention.Structured equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the proposed hypothesis.Most hypothesis test results supported the previously formed hypotheses, except for H2, H4, and H5, which concluded that perceived behavioral control and subjective norm were unrelated to their attitude and purchase intention of functional non-dairy milk.Additionally, the multi-group analysis proposed that men and women significantly differ in their requirements for enjoyable experiences while consuming functional non-dairy milk.More specifically, hedonic eating value has a greater impact on men's attitudes than women's attitudes.This study deepens our understanding of the functional non-dairy milk industry in Thailand in terms of market segments based on gender.

Limitation and Future Research Directions
The study's findings are insufficient to support the market for functional foods in general since we only responded to functional non-dairy milk products, which are distinctive in the marketplace compared with other conventional beverages and foods.Future studies may incorporate more antecedent factors, such as price, into the existing structural model to comprehend customers' behavioral intentions.Additionally, it could shift the moderator of the customer segment to a more diverse section, such as the non-health-conscious and the health-conscious consumers.

Table 1 .
Descriptive statistics for demographic profile.
Source: Data adapted from authors (2022).Statistical tests on structural equation modeling (SEM) have two primary stages: validating a measurement model and a structural model.

Table 2 .
The goodness of the fit of the measurement model.

Table 5 .
The goodness of fit of the structural model (S.E.M.).

Table 6 .
Test results from the structural model.

Table 8 .
Test results from loading differences.