A Case Study on Renewable Energy Sources, Power Demand, and Policies in the States of South India—Development of a Thermoelectric Model

: This work aims to perform a holistic review regarding renewable energy mix, power production approaches, demand scenarios, power policies, and investments with respect to clean energy production in the southern states of India. Further, a thermoelectric-generator model is proposed to meet rural demands using a proposed solar dish collector technology. The proposed model is based on the idea of employing a parabolic concentrator and a thermoelectric (TE) module to generate electricity directly from the sun’s energy. A parabolic dish collector with an aperture of 1.11 m is used to collect sunlight and concentrate it onto a receiver plate with an area of 1.56 m in the proposed TE solar concentrator. The concentrated solar thermal energy is converted directly into electrical energy by using a bismuth telluride (BiTe)-based TE module mounted on the receiver plate. A rectangular ﬁn heatsink, coupled with a fan, is employed to remove heat from the TE module’s cool side, and a tracking device is used to track the sun continuously. The experimental results show considerable agreement with the mathematical model as well as its potential applications. Solar thermal power generation plays a crucial part in bridging the demand–supply gap for electricity, and it can be achieved through rural electriﬁcation using the proposed solar dish collector technology, which typically has a 10 to 25 kW capacity per dish and uses a Stirling engine to generate power. Here the experimentation work generates a voltage of 11.6 V, a current of 0.7 A, and a power of 10.5 W that can be used for rural electriﬁcation, especially for domestic loads.


Background
The need for electric energy is snowballing worldwide owing to the rapid progression of global populace and industrial expansions that affect ecological system [1,2]. Various renewable energy resources are employed around the globe, particularly wind, solar, hydro, biomass, and waves, leading to rises and falls in oil rates, especially during confrontational events [3,4]. Furthermore, renewable energy is a cost-efficient exercise for the electric with a non-classical spiral input is proposed. As the generation units are directly connected with the power system, it requires complex control systems [19]. The integration of wind and tidal renewable sources of energy at Cook Strait in New Zealand can help to avoid the detrimental effects of fossil fuels and to reduce the cost of electricity. For energy generation in that area, simulations have been undertaken to develop a DC-liked wind-tidal batterybased micro grid. At an offshore site near CPK0331, there are enough tidal currents to generate power for 69.3 percent of the year (referred to as the Central Park). At the Foveaux site, there is enough wind speed to generate power for 78.2 percent of the year. This type of power generation is cost-effective and a higher fraction of renewable energy has been utilized [20].
With bio-coal substituting lignite, the best mitigation potential was shown at lower high-temperature Conditions (HTC) temperatures and shorter residence times. China had the highest total mitigation potential (194 MT CO 2 equivalent), whereas India had the highest mitigation per kilogram of FW (1.2 kg CO 2 /kg FW). However, the calorific values for lignite and hard coal vary, which can lead to some confusion about the proportions of hard coal and lignite that could be substituted in practice. High-moisture food wastes (FW) can be converted into bio-coal by hydrothermal carbonization, which can be used to replace coal. It represents a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding landfills and generating electricity [21]. In the Rožná I Mine in Czech Republic, a technical and an economical model of the heating system using the geothermal potential of mine water was tested. The theoretical maximum output of this source of heat supply was calculated to be 837.4 kW which exceeds the demand for heat supply in that area. This strategy helps in finding an alternate way of using renewable energy in heat supply depending upon the geographical location and the type of renewable energy source available rather than using fossil fuels. The major drawback of the system is that it requires high investment subsidies when compared to a non-renewable source of heating [22] The Raspberry Pi regulator is utilized to test the dual axis parabolic solar dish tracker for institutional and showing applications at gentle temperatures. The closed loop global positioning framework for the illustrative dish sun-based gatherer comprises of electromechanical parts, for example, a control box, a 12 V DC engine, a 12 V power window engine, a photograph sensor module, a stuff box, and two thermocouples. This model is little and light. The unit has been used in seminars on environmentally friendly power and applied warm science [23]. The impacts of Different cooling systems for electricity generation utilizing thermoelectric generators (TEG) in a parabolic (PDC) were tried. A lab size model was utilized to assess the TEG's presentation to mirror the on location explore conditions. The generator was cooled utilizing air-cooled (regular and constrained convection) and water-cooled cooling techniques. The water-cooled cooling technique further developed TEG execution and conveyed higher power yield than the other cooling strategies utilized, as indicated by the testing information [24]. In the GT-Suite programming climate, the exhibition of a parallel solar hybrid micro gas turbine (SHGT) in view of a parabolic dish is examined through a framework examination involving solar heat and biogas as fuel. The exhibition information of a turbocharger was increased to the current presentation information of the business mGT Turbec to approve a thermodynamic model of the SHGT. The reproduction results uncover that utilizing an equal design framework is more encouraging than utilizing a customary one since the equal setup framework has a variety to further develop electrical proficiency [25].
This examination will zero in on a trial that will utilize a solar concentrator to change sun powered energy into thermal power by concentrating sun-oriented radiation utilizing a parabolic dish reflector. A sun powered global positioning framework is utilized to situate the concentrator in two different rotational bearings, each in light of an alternate geological boundary (the review region). At last, a mathematical reproduction of a hypothetical model is utilized to work out the level of radiation at the reflector level. This study [26] shows the viability of the proposed commitment. A PC model of an exploratory parabolic dish collector (PDC) that involves solar thermal energy as a procedure of steam generation in a pasteurization process in propsed. To give a few fundamental examinations on the framework's vigor within the sight of huge shocks, a straightforward control strategy is applied. Regardless of the unreliability of solar energy, it is found that sufficient execution can be accomplished [27]. To plan and make a CSP Greenhouse framework that creates power, produces rural products, and dries them utilizing the leftover energy from the power yield, the new CSP dish reflect configuration utilizes level mirrors to concentrate the sun's beams, as with an explanatory mirror framework. However, it is undeniably more affordable and follows the sun in two tomahawks. With the extra pay created by horticultural results and agrarian item drying, the framework's expense viability improves, the venture's devaluation time frame is shorted, and the nursery produces power for a considerable length of time [28]. A parabolic dish solar concentrator (PDSC) is utilized to produce power from nuclear power utilizing Stirling motor, steam, photovoltaic and thermoelectric generators. The heat concentrator of a parabolic dish (PD) is utilized for centering radiation of the sun into the beneficiary. Another plan of the explanatory dish sun-based concentrator utilizing a double reflector Gregorian strategy applies an extra reflector to put the motor generator in the lower part of the essential reflector parabolic dish and checked utilizing "SolTrace", a product bundle for following the sun powered beam. It found that the intensity transition gathered was 0.73 MW/m 2 for the planned explanatory with 300 cm essential width. This explain is based on a calculation fixation proportion and 84.27% optical productivity [29].

Objectives
This work focuses on the comprehensive review of renewable energy resources and suggests thermo-electric-generator (TEG) techniques and construction approaches for an alternative power production using solar energy as its case study. Based on the abovementioned means, the objectives of this article are as follows: to assess the conventional and renewable energy resources in India and its southern states; to demonstrate the energy of Southern states namely Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Odisha; to compare the different energy policies from various utilities; to illustrate the budget framework for energy production; and to develop an alternative energy production approach for the southern states of India, namely a the 'thermo-electric framework'.

Organization of the Article
The work is organized as follows: different sustainable power sources accessible in India, power creation and situations of different south Indian states, power strategies by the states, and speculation made on the perfect energy power creation area by the southern territories of India are discussed. Finally, this work proposes a thermo-electric-generator model as an alternative energy production that might be suitable for Indian power demands in the future. The complete framework of the article is illustrated in Figure 1.

Conventional Energy Resources
Energy sources can be partitioned into two sorts dependent on how rapidly they

Conventional Energy Resources
Energy sources can be partitioned into two sorts dependent on how rapidly they could be recharged: conventional and non-conventional energy. Energy which cannot reuse a wellspring of energy after utilizing it once is referred to as a "customary wellspring of energy" or a "non-sustainable power asset". These are the main regular wellsprings of energy and incorporate coal, petrol, petroleum gas, and thermal power. Oil is the most broadly utilized wellspring of energy. Coal, petrol, and petroleum gas represent around 90% of the world's development of business energy and hydroelectric and atomic power represent around 10%.
Limitations of Conventional Energy:

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Eliminating coal, oil, and gas is unsafe and can cause pollution. As a result, these petrol subordinates are non-feasible.

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As we go through viably accessible wellsprings of coal, oil, and gas, removing them turns out to be all of the more genuinely, more expensive, and more unsafe.

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Burning-through oil subordinates (both for warming and as fuel for vehicles) is the guideline wellspring of 'ozone hurting substances', carbon dioxide, and others that impact the air and are changing the climate. • Contamination: the significant hindrance of these regular sources is that they cause high contamination. The consumption of kindling and petroleum products brings about air contamination. This can stay away from utilizing these non-regular sources. • Modesty: The serious issue while utilizing regular sources, particularly petroleum products is that they are expendable sources. It requires a long period of time for them to be restored and recharged. In any case, non-regular sources are inexhaustible sources that do not get depleted. • Dangerous: non-regular energy extraction is more secure. Numerous mishaps happen while removing energy from mines. • Significant expense: the extraction of these energy sources is exorbitant both monetarily and on earth. The expense of energy creation and extraction is a lot less for nonordinary sources (assuming that the underlying expense of foundation is borne).

Clean Energy
Clean energy cannot try to be energy acquired from sources that cause air pollution, while useful power energy cannot try to be energy obtained from common sources. There is an unpretentious contrast between these two energy types, notwithstanding how they are a large part of the time concerned with something which is practically indistinguishable. The innocuous environmental power assets will not run out, instead of oil-based products and gas, and can join wind and sun-organized energy. In any case, while the best power energy sources are sensible, not all efficient power sources are viewed as being green. For instance, hydropower is a limitless asset, yet some would argue that it is not green since the deforestation and industrialization identified with the plan of hydro dams can hurt the climate. The ideal clean energy blend happens where successful power energy meets sensible power, for example, with sun-based energy and wind energy. A clear technique for surveying the contrasts between these varying energy types is: Clean energy = clean air Successful power energy = standard sources Efficient power = recyclable sources Favorable of Clean Energy

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Clean energy provides an assortment of ecological and monetary advantages, such as providing a decrease in air contamination. A different clean energy supply likewise decreases the reliance on imported energies (and the related monetary and natural costs this brings about).
• Sustainable clean energy likewise has inborn expense investment funds, as there is no compelling reason to concentrate and move powers (for example, with oil or coal, as the assets recharge themselves normally). • Another modern advantage of a spotless energy blend is the formation of tasks to create, fabricate and introduce the perfect energy assets of things to come.

Renewable Energy in India-A Glance
India is the world's third-largest power consumer and third-largest sustainable power producer, with inexhaustible energy accounting for 38 percent (136 GW out of 373 GW) of total installed capacity in 2020. India was ranked third in Ernst and Young's (EY) 2021 Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI), behind the United States and China. India was declared responsible for delivering half of its absolute power from nonpetroleum derivative sources by 2030 under the Paris Agreement's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions targets in 2016. India's Central Electricity Authority established a goal in 2018 to generate half of the country's total electricity from non-petroleum products by 2030. India has also set a goal of producing 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022 and 500 GW by 2030. As of September 2020, 89.22 GW sun-oriented energy is now functional, tasks of 48.21 GW are at different phases of execution, and undertakings of 25.64 GW limit are under different phases of bidding. In 2020, three of the world's main five biggest sun-based parks were in India including the world's biggest 2255 MW Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan and the world's second-biggest sunlight-based park of 2000 MW, Pavagadasun based Park Tumkur in Karnataka and 1000 MW Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh. Wind power in India has a strong manufacturing base, with 20 manufacturers producing 53 distinct breeze turbine types ranging in size from 1 MW to 3 MW, with exports to Europe, the United States, and other nations. Solar, wind, and run-of-the-river hydroelectricity are less expensive climate-friendly power sources that are used as "must-run" sources in India to meet baseload, while contaminating and imported product subordinate coal-terminated power is gradually being moved from the "must-run base burden" power age to the heap following power age (mid-evaluated and mid-merit on-demand need-based irregularly delivered power) to meet the cresting need only. Some of the everyday top interest in India is now met with the inexhaustible topping hydropower limit. Sunlight-based wind power with 4-h battery stockpiling frameworks, as a wellspring of dispatchable age, contrasted and new coal and new gas plants are now cost-cutthroat in India without subsidy.
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is led by India and currently includes 121 countries. In the mid-1980s, India became the first government in the world to establish a service for non-regular energy assets (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)). The development of India's sunlight-based energy industry is the responsibility of the Sun-oriented Energy Corporation of India (SECI), a public sector venture. Hydro electricity is directed independently by the Ministry of Power and excluded from MNRE targets. The Renewable Energy Production by sources such as hydropower, wind, solar, and bio-mass is illustrated in Figure 2. India positions the second situation as far as a populace that records 17% of the world's general populace. India is worldwide positioned third in the utilization of energy. Table 1 shows the EY's Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) standing in July 2021 in terms of introduced limits and interest in environmentally friendly power:   Figure 2. India renewable energy production as determined by source [31].

Energy Mix of Southern States
The approach of addressing individual load power demands can help to close the supply-demand gap, maintain energy security, minimize carbon dioxide [CO2] emissions and reduce transmission losses. The power demand, power production, power policies, and the availability of renewable energy resources in different states of the Southern part of India such as Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu are analyzed as follows:

Power-Energy Scenario in the State of Andhra Pradesh
The key objective of analyzing power generation and supply is to cater to the power demands of the state. The state has an estimated population of about 91,702,478 in 2021

Energy Mix of Southern States
The approach of addressing individual load power demands can help to close the supply-demand gap, maintain energy security, minimize carbon dioxide [CO 2 ] emissions and reduce transmission losses. The power demand, power production, power policies, and the availability of renewable energy resources in different states of the Southern part of India such as Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu are analyzed as follows:

Power-Energy Scenario in the State of Andhra Pradesh
The key objective of analyzing power generation and supply is to cater to the power demands of the state. The state has an estimated population of about 91,702,478 in 2021 comprising 13 districts with an estimated area of 160,205 sq km. The state's power utilization became 20.5% in August of 2021, which is higher than the public normal energy utilization of 18.6%. Regarding the energy consumed by various classes of users, the industrial category utilized the most energy, accounting for 33.42% of total energy sold by utilities in 2018-2019, compared to 32.71% in 2017-2018. Energy sales to industrial customers increased by 8.93% over the previous year. Domestic consumers, the second-largest segment of the population, consumed 27.78% of total energy sales, down from 28.11% the year before. This sector's energy usage climbed by 5.37% over the previous year. Due to the increase in pollution levels, the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board is enabled to complete its capacities under the arrangements of the accompanying Pollution Control Acts, Rules, and Amendments to obtain all-around progress in for climate control in the State by viable execution of ecological laws. Control of contamination at the source to the greatest degree conceivable with due respect to mechanical accomplishment and monetary practicality. The total installed capacity of various power plants in this state by the Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited APGENCO) mentioned in Table 2 is stated as follows:

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The total capacity of the thermal power plant installed is 3410.0 MW.

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The total capacity of the Hydel power plant is 1773. 6   The non-conventional power stations under APGENCO include the solar plant at Talaricheruvu with a total capacity of 400 MW and the solar plant at Polavaram, and the Right Canal Bund Solar PV Plant with a capacity of 5 MW. Andhra Pradesh is India's second-largest producer of clean energy. Figure 3 depicts the load duration curve-system demand vs. percent time in Andhra Pradesh for the 2021−2022 period. With a total capacity of 8220 MW, the state presently provides 10% of India's renewable energy generation. Solar power facilities totaling more than 3500 MW have been installed in the state so far. Table 3 shows the state's peak demand as well as its installed capacity. Despite the fact that the state was in the midst of the COVID-2019 pandemic, 229 MW of solar power plants were installed.  The contribution of various renewable energy resources toward power production in Andhra Pradesh is represented in Figure 4. It shows that thermal energy is the major The contribution of various renewable energy resources toward power production in Andhra Pradesh is represented in Figure 4. It shows that thermal energy is the major source of power generation in the state followed by Hydropower. The contribution of various renewable energy resources toward power in Andhra Pradesh is represented in Figure 4. It shows that thermal energy source of power generation in the state followed by Hydropower.

Power-Energy Scenario in the State of Tamilnadu
The state's ongoing power request is in the scope of 14,500 MW to 15,500 Nadu has the most different power generation portfolio in India, with a c 31,894 MW that incorporates half of the sustainable power, 28% from coal power plants, including shares from central delivering stations, 5% from nu plants, 3% from inner ignition plants, and 14% from long-term and medium access and captive power plants (CPP). Tamil Nadu is a forerunner in harm ecosystem power, with a presented restriction of 15,779 MW of maintainable

Power-Energy Scenario in the State of Tamilnadu
The state's ongoing power request is in the scope of 14,500 MW to 15,500 MW. Tamil Nadu has the most different power generation portfolio in India, with a constraint of 31,894 MW that incorporates half of the sustainable power, 28% from coal-terminated power plants, including shares from central delivering stations, 5% from nuclear power plants, 3% from inner ignition plants, and 14% from long-term and medium-term open access and captive power plants (CPP). Tamil Nadu is a forerunner in harmless to the ecosystem power, with a presented restriction of 15,779 MW of maintainable power [36], representing about portion of the state's all out presented limit. During 2019-2020, the state produces 11,717 million units of wind energy and 3842 million units of daylight based energy. Though Tamil Nadu's pinnacle power request has vacillated fundamentally lately, it would in general ascent from November 2020, topping at 14,387 MW in October 2021, with environmentally friendly power satisfying the need. Figure 5 shows the Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency's (TEDA) combined environmentally friendly power accomplishment (MW) from 1 January 2019 to 1 April 2019. Wind Energy (counting seaward wind), solar energy, biomass, and different types of bio-energy, small hydro, tidal energy, and ocean thermal energy are among the supportable power sources perceived by the state. Environment agreeable, sustainable power sources are plentiful in nature, effectively open locally, and financially savvy for decentralized applications.
Among the previously listed sources, the first three sustainable power sources, namely wind, solar, and bio-energy, are being installed extensively Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu government recognized the importance of renewable energy to develop and disseminate non-traditional energy sources and hence established a separate agency, the Tamil  representing about portion of the state's all out presented limit. During 2019-2020, th state produces 11,717 million units of wind energy and 3842 million units of dayligh based energy. Though Tamil Nadu's pinnacle power request has vacillated fundamentally lately, it would in general ascent from November 2020, topping at 14,387 MW in Octobe 2021, with environmentally friendly power satisfying the need. Figure 5 shows the Tami Nadu Energy Development Agency's (TEDA) combined environmentally friendly powe accomplishment (MW) from 1 January 2019 to 1 April 2019. Wind Energy (counting sea ward wind), solar energy, biomass, and different types of bio-energy, small hydro, tida energy, and ocean thermal energy are among the supportable power sources perceived by the state. Environment agreeable, sustainable power sources are plentiful in nature effectively open locally, and financially savvy for decentralized applications. Among the previously listed sources, the first three sustainable power sources namely wind, solar, and bio-energy, are being installed extensively Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu government recognized the importance of renewable energy to develop and disseminate non-traditional energy sources and hence established a separate agency, the Tamil  • To promote the use of new and renewable sources of energy (NRSE), and therefore to implement projects.

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To encourage people to participate in energy-saving initiatives, • To promote scientific research and development of renewable sources of energy.
The significant power production scenarios of the state from clean energy are stated below: Wind Energy-Tamil Nadu is a pioneer in the country when it comes to advancing breeze energy. The state has India's highest breeze power limit, accounting for roughly 23% of the country's clean wind introduced limit, with an introduced limit of 8506.72 MW accounting for roughly 27% of the state's total introduced power limit. Limits introduced by Cl are 8507 MW. Tamil Nadu, with 23% of India's clean wind introduced limit, is fa ahead of the rest of the country. From January 2019 to January 2020, the state has tackled approximately 11,717 million units of wind energy. On 27 July 2017, the maximum breeze age saddled on the matrix was 5095.6 MW, and on 19 July 2018, it was 107.317 MU. The significant power production scenarios of the state from clean energy are stated below: Wind Energy-Tamil Nadu is a pioneer in the country when it comes to advancing breeze energy. The state has India's highest breeze power limit, accounting for roughly 23% of the country's clean wind introduced limit, with an introduced limit of 8506.72 MW accounting for roughly 27% of the state's total introduced power limit. Limits introduced by Cl are 8507 MW. Tamil Nadu, with 23% of India's clean wind introduced limit, is far ahead of the rest of the country. From January 2019 to January 2020, the state has tackled approximately 11,717 million units of wind energy. On 27 July 2017, the maximum breeze age saddled on the matrix was 5095.6 MW, and on 19 July 2018, it was 107.317 MU.
Solar Energy-The total introduced limits based on sunlight are 3974 MW. During the 2019−2020 financial year, the state captured roughly 3842 million units of sunlight-based energy, a 35 percent increase over the previous year. On 17 February 2020, the highest sunlight-based age tackled to the matrix was 3018 MW, 20.12 MU. (1 MU = 1,000,000 units) Green Energy-A sustainable power-based future is critical for addressing the environmental issues, as well as for local networks to transition away from the existing petroleum derivative economy, reduce contamination, improve energy security, reduce the risk of fuel spills, and reduce the need for imported energizes. It also aids in the stabilization of the country's normal assets. The "Tamil Nadu Electric Vehicle Policy 2019" was announced on 16 September 2019, and the Tamil Nadu administration has also designated the industries, energy, and transportation departments as nodal agencies for the implementation of this strategy in the state. TANGEDCO has set a maximum limit of 31,894 MW, of which 7175 MW is its own age (from all of its power plants). The reception of the U.N.'s Sustainable Development Goals will be commemorated for the fifth time in 2020.
Biomass Energy-The crucial objective of the biomass power and cogeneration program is to make propels for ideal use of the country's biomass hotspots for system power age and prisoner power age. Juliflora, bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton tail, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, and groundnut shells, among other biomass assets, are utilized to create power. It is the thermo-substance that changes areas of strength for or into an ignitable gas mix (creator gas) through a mostly consuming course with air supply restricted to not exactly that expected for full burning. Gasification is the latest methodology for producing energy, and it catches 65-70 percent of the energy present areas of strength by changing it first over completely to ignitable gasses. The gasses are hence catapulted. The advancements for this produced fuel are still new and subsequently not precisely ready for business creation. The game plan of producer gasses with an all-out calorific worth of 1000-1200 kcal/m 3 is displayed in Figure 6.
U.N.'s Sustainable Development Goals will be commemorated for the fifth time in 202 Biomass Energy-The crucial objective of the biomass power and cogeneration p gram is to make propels for ideal use of the country's biomass hotspots for system pow age and prisoner power age. Juliflora, bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton tail, coconut she soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, and groundnut shells, among ot biomass assets, are utilized to create power. It is the thermo-substance that changes ar of strength for or into an ignitable gas mix (creator gas) through a mostly consum course with air supply restricted to not exactly that expected for full burning. Gasificat is the latest methodology for producing energy, and it catches 65-70 percent of the ene present areas of strength by changing it first over completely to ignitable gasses. The g ses are hence catapulted. The advancements for this produced fuel are still new and s sequently not precisely ready for business creation. The game plan of producer gas with an all-out calorific worth of 1000-1200 kcal/m 3 is displayed in Figure 6.

Energy Scenario in the State of Kerala
The total power consumption in the state was 72.12 million units in October 20 Usually, the power generation within Kerala is only 30 percent of the state's total c sumption. However, in October 2021 the total consumption became 52%. The Daily Lo Curve of Residential Load in Kerala is demonstrated in Figure 7. It shows that the dema remains high during winter when compared to summer due to the geographical locat of the state.

Energy Scenario in the State of Kerala
The total power consumption in the state was 72.12 million units in October 2021. Usually, the power generation within Kerala is only 30 percent of the state's total consumption. However, in October 2021 the total consumption became 52%. The Daily Load Curve of Residential Load in Kerala is demonstrated in Figure 7. It shows that the demand remains high during winter when compared to summer due to the geographical location of the state.
Installed Capacity of MW as of 2021: The types of power plants that help in providing electricity to the state located in various districts are hydro power plants, diesel/low Sulphur heavy stock (LSHS), wind-energy-based power plants, solar energy-based power plants, and thermal energy-based power plants.   The installed power capacity in MW across Kerala in the financial years f 2021 is represented in Figure 8.
The solar sector's installed capacity in the state is projected to increase t by 2030, a long-term contribution in energy security as well as ecological sec ducing carbon emissions. Entrepreneurs, startups, industries, and institutions are encouraged to develop new solar-powered solutions and establish an R making collaborations with educational institutions, research centers and in work on research projects and commercialization of emerging technology so to expedite the establishment of integrated combinations of solar power techn solar-based hybrid cogeneration technologies. It helps to focus on improving e tem's efficiency and lowering the balance-of-system costs. The installed power capacity in MW across Kerala in the financial years from 2011 to 2021 is represented in Figure 8.
The solar sector's installed capacity in the state is projected to increase to 2500 MW by 2030, a long-term contribution in energy security as well as ecological security by reducing carbon emissions. Entrepreneurs, startups, industries, and institutions in the state are encouraged to develop new solar-powered solutions and establish an R&D hub by making collaborations with educational institutions, research centers and industries to work on research projects and commercialization of emerging technology solutions and to expedite the establishment of integrated combinations of solar power technologies and solar-based hybrid cogeneration technologies. It helps to focus on improving existing system's efficiency and lowering the balance-of-system costs.
ducing carbon emissions. Entrepreneurs, startups, industries, and institutions in the state are encouraged to develop new solar-powered solutions and establish an R&D hub by making collaborations with educational institutions, research centers and industries to work on research projects and commercialization of emerging technology solutions and to expedite the establishment of integrated combinations of solar power technologies and solar-based hybrid cogeneration technologies. It helps to focus on improving existing system's efficiency and lowering the balance-of-system costs.

Power-Energy Scenario in the State of Karnataka
Karnataka's peak electricity demand was 9356 MW in November 2021. Although the peak electricity demand in Karnataka has changed significantly in recent months, it has

Power-Energy Scenario in the State of Karnataka
Karnataka's peak electricity demand was 9356 MW in November 2021. Although the peak electricity demand in Karnataka has changed significantly in recent months, it has tended to decline from December 2020 to November 2021, ending at 9356 MW in November 2021. The load duration curve of Karnataka is shown in Figure 9.   The state has encouraged the use of renewable sources of energy for power production. Solar Energy-As the overall share of renewables continues to rise, solar energy facilities provide roughly 20% of Karnataka's daily power needs. The state holds the country's greatest installed solar power capacity of 7346 MW, with Pavagada having the largest local plant (Tumakuru). Solar energy provides for more than half of the state's installed green energy capacity, according to data from Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (13,544 MW). Green energy provides 45% of the state's daily electricity consumption, with solar and wind power accounting for the majority of that.
Wind Energy-The overall district-wise potential of wind power projects in Karnataka with all of the 27 districts is 13,236 MW. The state government has passed government orders (GO's) for wind energy projects to increase the power production capacity to their various districts such as 3 plants in Bagalkote, 10  Biomass-based power production-During the 12th Plan Period, the state government has introduced a scheme to encourage the promotion of grid-interactive biomass power and bagasse co-generation in sugar mills. The following are the objectives of the ministry's initiative: to establish biomass power plants for electricity generation interfaced with the grid for commercial purposes with a minimum steam pressure of 60 bar or higher; and to promote the cogeneration projects in private, collaborative, and public sugar mills for excess power generation from bagasse that is interfaced with the grid with a minimum steam pressure configuration of 40 bar and above or 60 bar and above undertaken by independent power providers (IPPs)/state government undertakings or state government joint venture companies using the BOOT/BOLT model.

The State of Odisha-Power Production and Supply a Glance
Odisha Power Generation Corporation Ltd. (OPGC) is an Odisha government corporation. It works best in nuclear power plants located at Banharpalli, Jharsuguda. It has a 1740 MW absolute age limit (2 × 210 MW in the first stage and 2 × 660 MW in the second stage). OPGC began as a fully owned government company on 14 November 1984, with the primary goal of setting out, operating, and maintaining massive thermal power generation stations. In order to achieve that goal, OPGC constructed the IB Thermal Power Station, which has two units of 210 MW each, in the Ib valley area of the Jharsuguda District, Odisha. In 1994, the first unit was put into service and the second in 1996.
Two additional units (Units 3 and 4) having a limit of 660 MW each were included in the second stage in the year 2019 which added a limit of 1320 MW to the prior existing 420 MW to IB Thermal Power Station [43]. As a piece of the change in the energy area of the state, 49% of the value was stripped for a Private financial backer (American Company) for example AES Corporation, Arlington, Virginia, the USA in mid-1999. After the exit of AES in December 2020, the Government of Odisha (GoO) procured the 49% value held by AES through one more auxiliary Odisha Hydro Power Corporation Ltd. (OHPC), Odisha, India. In this way, OPGC turned into a completely claimed organization of the Government of Odisha w.e.f. tenth December 2020.
The government of India, to meet its decarbonization goals encourages industries to manufacture battery cells locally to establish a domestic supply chain for clean energy transport and better storage of renewable energy [44].

Power Policies Formulated in Various States across South India
The various power policy framed by the southern states are provided in Table 6 and the major domain focuses for various states are shown in Figure 10.
strial establishments, will pported by the governt. The tariffs are applicaor a period of 25 years for ble Developers who set olar rooftop projects in the Operating Period of policy. Solar Pump sets: he next five years, it is exed around 50,000 solarered pump sets will be ating in the state, with no tional financial strain on ers. Grid-connected solar p systems will be encourby the government to farmers by selling surelectricity to DISCOM's will be accounted to the rooftop solar energy installations [46]. at any point in the future. ence of power policy of hra Pradesh: power policy of Andhra esh is mainly focused on uraging the development lar power projects for the of electricity, solar roofrojects, solar parks and powered pumpsets.

Inference of power policy of Karnataka:
The power policy of Karnataka is mainly invested on encouraging the development renewable energy projects by making the state-investment friendly.

Inference of power policy of Kerala:
The power policy of Kerala is mainly focused on encouraging the installation of Solar panels for energy production and solar water heating systems for heating in large scale.
Inference of power policy of Tam Nadu: The power policy of Tamil Nadu mainly focused on encouraging consumers to become a prosume and configuring new energy me ters for better monitoring of ene production and energy usage.   The strategy desires to make a system that will assist with speeding up the advancement of sun-based establishments in the State, advancing both utility classification and shopper class sun-powered energy age through different empowering instruments. Around 40% of the objective (9000 MW) will be reserved for buyer classification of sun-oriented energy frameworks.
Motivators are given chance to be advanced sun-powered energy in the horticulture area.

Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu
Inference of power policy of Andhra Pradesh: The power policy of Andhra Pradesh is mainly focused on encouraging the development of solar power projects for the sale of electricity, solar roof-top projects, solar parks and solar powered pumpsets.
Inference of power policy of Karnataka: The power policy of Karnataka is mainly invested on encouraging the development renewable energy projects by making the state-investment friendly.
Inference of power policy of Kerala: The power policy of Kerala is mainly focused on encouraging the installation of Solar panels for energy production and solar water heating systems for heating in large scale.
Inference of power policy of Tamil Nadu: The power policy of Tamil Nadu is mainly focused on encouraging the consumers to become a prosumer and configuring new energy meters for better monitoring of energy production and energy usage.

Gas Emission from Various Renewable Energy Sources
From the above analysis of renewable energy, the gas emission from the various sources of clean energy are accounted and represented in Figure 11.

Gas Emission from Various Renewable Energy Sources
From the above analysis of renewable energy, the gas emission from the various sources of clean energy are accounted and represented in Figure 11.

Budget Allocation by Southern States-A Comparison
Tamil Nadu has a total installed power generation capacity of 32,149 MW, including 16,167 MW of renewable energy capacity. Tariff subsidy in the amount of Rs. 8, 413.98 crore has been allocated in the budget. To compensate the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited (TANGEDCO) for its losses, as per the UDAY (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana), a provision of Rs. 7, 217.40 crore has been made in the obligations. Since 2011, TANGEDCO has added 15,296 MW of generating capacity through state and central sector projects and power purchases, bringing its total installed capacity to 31,780 MW, including 13,343 MW of renewable energy. To get electricity out of the new generation capacity that was built in the Southern areas of the state, as well as to improve transmission links along the route. The 765 kV and 400 kV lines proposed for the Chennai-Kanyakumari Industrial Corridor. By constructing a 400 kV substation at the site, the networks will be upgraded. Ottapidaram and a 765 kV sub-station in Virudhunagar, along with transmission lines. This project has a total cost of $200,000 to complete. With a 451million-dollar loan from the Asian Development Bank, Rs. 4, 650 crore was raised. A total of Rs. 450 crores have been set aside for execution [49]. Budget estimates of various states from 2021-2022 (in Rs. crores) is shown in the Table 7 and it is showcased that investment of various states in generating power from clean energy is increasing year to year. This shows that a sustainable development can be achieved by various states as per the SDG's proposed by the United Nations General Assembly.

Budget Allocation by Southern States-A Comparison
Tamil Nadu has a total installed power generation capacity of 32,149 MW, including 16,167 MW of renewable energy capacity. Tariff subsidy in the amount of Rs. 8, 413.98 crore has been allocated in the budget. To compensate the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited (TANGEDCO) for its losses, as per the UDAY (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana), a provision of Rs. 7, 217.40 crore has been made in the obligations. Since 2011, TANGEDCO has added 15,296 MW of generating capacity through state and central sector projects and power purchases, bringing its total installed capacity to 31,780 MW, including 13,343 MW of renewable energy. To get electricity out of the new generation capacity that was built in the Southern areas of the state, as well as to improve transmission links along the route. The 765 kV and 400 kV lines proposed for the Chennai-Kanyakumari Industrial Corridor. By constructing a 400 kV substation at the site, the networks will be upgraded. Ottapidaram and a 765 kV sub-station in Virudhunagar, along with transmission lines. This project has a total cost of $200,000 to complete. With a 451-million-dollar loan from the Asian Development Bank, Rs. 4, 650 crore was raised. A total of Rs. 450 crores have been set aside for execution [49]. Budget estimates of various states from 2021-2022 (in Rs. crores) is shown in the Table 7 and it is showcased that investment of various states in generating power from clean energy is increasing year to year. This shows that a sustainable development can be achieved by various states as per the SDG's proposed by the United Nations General Assembly. By observing the above power production scenario from the various stated of India and fund allocation by the states to meet their power demand, this work further suggesting an alternative energy production that was not implemented by the utilities extensively, namely thermo-electric power generation. This case study on thermo-electric power generation can be an initiation that can be implemented by the utilities extensively in the future.

Methodology and Materials
Thermoelectric-materials convert temperature differences into electric voltage, and thus help in generating power directly from the heat. A good thermoelectric material must have low thermal conductivity (κ) to form a temperature gradient to generate a large voltage difference and high electrical conductivity (σ) to allow direct current to flow through it when a connection is established. The measure of the magnitude of electrons flowing in response to a temperature difference across that material is given by the See-beck coefficient (S). The efficiency of a given material to produce a thermoelectric power is governed by the equation zT = S2σT/κ.
Large scale concentrating solar power (CSP) plants uses mirrors to concentrate the thermal energy from the sun to drive traditional steam turbines or engines that generate electricity whenever required. The four main utility scale CSP designs currently in use are parabolic troughs, tower systems, linear troughs and parabolic dishes. Figure 12 shows the arrangement of solar parabolic dish thermoelectric generator. It consists of a parabolic dish collector (PDC), a flat aluminum receiver plate attached with thermoelectric modules that are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel in between the receiver plate and the bottom surface of the heat sink that acts as heat exchanger on its focal plane and encloses the receiver plate. The top surface of the receiver plate acts as the hotter side and the bottom surface of the heat sink acts as the colder side of the thermoelectric module, respectively. Ceramic fiber blankets are used to insulate the heat sink and the receiver plate to avoid heat loss due to radiation. A measuring system and a modeling approach that allows for the characterization of TEG devices under various loads and temperature gradients and the evaluation of material properties by considering the thermal contact resistances have been developed. The model was applied for evaluating the expected gained power and efficiency at different places of the exhaust pipe of an intermediate size car with the use of conventional thermoelectric elements. Furthermore, the reliability of the TEG module was evaluated and the possible repercussion on fuel consumption was interpreted.  Figure 13 depicts the block description of the TEG module. The solar energy is taken as an input power source which is the light energy (i.e.,). 1000 Watts per square meter. The reflector surface that is fixed on the aluminum rib by a set of bolts and nuts is made by 20 triangular pieces of aluminum sheet polished on one side. By adjusting the bolt at the base plate, manual tilting of the parabolic dish to different angles can help ensure that the sunrays are always directed towards the collector at different times of the day. To absorb the concentrated solar radiation to retain the energy, the receiver plate surface exposed to the aperture area of the dish is coated with black paint which is used to drive the thermoelectric generator. The quantity of heat absorbed by the receiver plate relies mainly on the reflectivity and absorptive nature of the material.
The receiver plate is 2 mm thick and has an area of 0.1 m. The heat sink, whose bottom surface is made of aluminum, can help maintain the temperature of the cold face as low as possible by extracting the waste heat from the thermoelectric modules and by cooling with water. A thermocouple is fixed in the middle portion of the heat sink to measure the bulk temperature of water. The thermoelectric generator is comprised of n-type and p-type Bismuth Telluride (BiTe) semiconductors and four series-connected thermoelectric modules.
As long as a difference in temperature is present across the module, the thermoelectric module generates DC electricity. The design specifications are listed in Table 8. Thermoelectric elements develop the See-beck effect by converting a part of thermal power into electrical power. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) device can be shaped by electrically connecting a number of thermoelectric elements in parallel and/or in series. The generator efficiency, η, is determined by comparing the amount of electricity produced (P TEG) to the total amount of heat induced (QH). The possibility of using this device to recover wasted heat can considerably help in saving energy and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.
A measuring system and a modeling approach that allows for the characterization of TEG devices under various loads and temperature gradients and the evaluation of material properties by considering the thermal contact resistances have been developed. The model was applied for evaluating the expected gained power and efficiency at different places of the exhaust pipe of an intermediate size car with the use of conventional thermoelectric elements. Furthermore, the reliability of the TEG module was evaluated and the possible repercussion on fuel consumption was interpreted. Figure 13 depicts the block description of the TEG module. The solar energy is taken as an input power source which is the light energy (i.e.,). 1000 Watts per square meter. The input source is directed towards the parabolic dish. The received source is taken to a particular focus point where the TEG module is fixed which directly converts heat flux into electrical energy. Energy meter displays the energy received in the display LED. A dual axis tracking system is fixed to trace the direction of the sun. After the energy measurement it is passed to the charge controller where the energy is boosted up and stored in the battery and used for the load. In conventional TEG's, the model consists of a parabolic dish collector made of aluminum receiver plate attached with thermoelectric modules on its focal plane, a linear one-axis tracking system, and an air-cooled aluminum fin heat sink as a heat transfer system. At a solar beam radiation of 600 W/m 2 in TEG, the instantaneous thermal efficiency In conventional TEG's, the model consists of a parabolic dish collector made of aluminum receiver plate attached with thermoelectric modules on its focal plane, a linear one-axis tracking system, and an air-cooled aluminum fin heat sink as a heat transfer system. At a solar beam radiation of 600 W/m 2 in TEG, the instantaneous thermal efficiency of the parabolic dish collector is 67%. The overall efficiency of the system is 1.68%., wherein the proposed system consists of a concentrated parabolic dish made of reflective surface (reflective glasses of 96% reflectivity) with thermoelectric modules on its focal plane. The system uses a dual axis tracking system with a liquid cooler which leads to an increased temperature difference. The quantity of heat absorbed by the solar parabolic dish collector depends on the reflectivity of the concentrated surface and absorptivity of the receiving surface. The experimented results are analyzed and found to be efficient.

Simulation Study of the Proposed TEG Model
To verify the proposed system, a simulation model is designed using MATLAB/ Simulink by connecting various required blocks to make a TEG model as shown in Figures 14 and 15. The internal resistance of this model is fixed as 0.7 × 30 = 21 Ω. In order to increase the generated power, TEGs were added to the series connected model in parallel. Thus, the TEG internal resistance of the system is lowered as 21/2 = 10.5 Ω as shown in Figure 16. In addition, current, voltage, and power indicators were put to measure the power to be generated depending on load and temperature variations.  The design is capable of generating 11.2 V and 1.6 A at the load side with a power of 17.9 W that can be fed to a domestic load.   The design is capable of generating 11.2 V and 1.6 A at the load side with a power of 17.9 W that can be fed to a domestic load.

Experimentation of the Proposed TEG Model
The TEG array consists of four modules with two thermoelectric generators that are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. The output from the TEG array is given to the voltage divider network where the output voltage is read at pin A1. The negative terminal is given to the current sensor at pin A5. NPN type transistor act as switch. From TEG array till C2 the circuit is considered to be a boost circuit. The primary and secondary filter capacitors are placed with a diode centered and are shown in Figure  17.

Experimentation of the Proposed TEG Model
The TEG array consists of four modules with two thermoelectric generators that are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. The output from the TEG array is given to the voltage divider network where the output voltage is read at pin A1. The negative terminal is given to the current sensor at pin A5. NPN type transistor act as switch. From TEG array till C2 the circuit is considered to be a boost circuit. The primary and secondary filter capacitors are placed with a diode centered and are shown in Figure 17.
The TEG array consists of four modules with two thermoelectric generators that are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel. The output from the TEG array is given to the voltage divider network where the output voltage is read at pin A1. The negative terminal is given to the current sensor at pin A5. NPN type transistor act as switch. From TEG array till C2 the circuit is considered to be a boost circuit. The primary and secondary filter capacitors are placed with a diode centered and are shown in Figure  17.  The power is stored in the battery and given to the load. T1 and T2 as temperature sensors for the hot side and cold side of the module are given to A2 and A3 of analog. A variable temperature signal was applied to the hot side and cold side as input in order to determine the reaction of the boost converter Display is taken from A4 and A5 in i 2 c communication.
Here, a solar tracking system with a dual-axis solar tracker has been designed to move the solar panels to trace the direction of sun throughout the day wherein the angle at which the solar panels receive solar radiation (known as the angle of incidence) can be minimized by orienting the panels in such a way that the light strikes the panel perpendicular to its surface and hence maximize the system's electricity production. Solar trackers are generally employed for large, free-standing solar installations mounted on the ground. They are predominantly used in the utility-scale and commercial/industrial solar markets and are generally not used in most residential solar projects. In the experimental model, a dual-axis tracker is designed and is shown in Figure 18, which allows the panels to move on two axes, aligned both north-south and east-west known as elevation axis and azimuth axis, respectively. A dual-axis tracker can improve the performance from 35 to 45%.
As shown in Figure 19, the DC motor will move according to the conditions provided by the LDR. In the dual axis solar tracking system, 2 DC motors are present to control the elevation axis and the azimuth axis of the solar tracker separately to ensure that all of the sensors receive the same intensity of light. In this simulation, the highest intensity of light is fixed to 15.1 Lux and the lowest intensity of light is fixed at 0.1 Lux for assumption purposes. The movement of DC motor in accordance with the direction of sunlight falling upon the four LDR sensors can be interpreted in the following ways: When the intensity of light hit on LDR1 is greater than LDR2, LDR3, and LDR4, LDR1 produces a higher voltage output when compared to the other sensors. DC motor A rotates in clockwise direction to control the movement of the elevation axis and DC motor B rotates counter-clockwise direction to control the azimuth axis of the solar tracker.
When the intensity of light hit on LDR2 is greater than LDR1, LDR3, and LDR4, LDR2 produces a higher voltage output when compared to the other sensors. The DC motor A moves in counter-clockwise direction to control the elevation axis and the DC motor B moves in clockwise direction to control the azimuth axis. ers are generally employed for large, free-standing solar installations mounted on the ground. They are predominantly used in the utility-scale and commercial/industrial solar markets and are generally not used in most residential solar projects. In the experimental model, a dual-axis tracker is designed and is shown in Figure 18, which allows the panels to move on two axes, aligned both north-south and east-west known as elevation axis and azimuth axis, respectively. A dual-axis tracker can improve the performance from 35 to 45%. Figure 18. Experimented dual-axis tracker.
As shown in Figure 19, the DC motor will move according to the conditions provided by the LDR. In the dual axis solar tracking system, 2 DC motors are present to control the elevation axis and the azimuth axis of the solar tracker separately to ensure that all of the sensors receive the same intensity of light. In this simulation, the highest intensity of light is fixed to 15.1 Lux and the lowest intensity of light is fixed at 0.1 Lux for assumption purposes. The movement of DC motor in accordance with the direction of sunlight falling upon the four LDR sensors can be interpreted in the following ways: When the intensity of light hit on LDR1 is greater than LDR2, LDR3, and LDR4, LDR1 produces a higher voltage output when compared to the other sensors. DC motor A rotates in clockwise direction to control the movement of the elevation axis and DC motor B rotates counter-clockwise direction to control the azimuth axis of the solar tracker.
When the intensity of light hit on LDR2 is greater than LDR1, LDR3, and LDR4, LDR2 produces a higher voltage output when compared to the other sensors. The DC motor A moves in counter-clockwise direction to control the elevation axis and the DC motor B moves in clockwise direction to control the azimuth axis.
When the intensity of light hit on LDR3 is greater than LDR1, LDR2, and LDR4, LDR3 produces a higher voltage output when compared to the other sensors. The DC motor A moves in counter-clockwise direction to control the azimuth axis and the DC motor B moves in clockwise direction to control the elevation axis. When the intensity of light hit on LDR4 is greater than LDR1, LDR2, and LDR3, LDR4 produces a higher voltage output when compared to the other sensors. DC motor A moves in counter-clockwise direction to control the azimuth axis and DC motor B moves in clockwise direction to control the elevation axis.
When all of the sensors receive the same intensity of light, both the DC motors stay in the same position instead of rotating. Thus, the elevation axis and azimuth axis remains unchanged. In real applications, when the solar panel is directed perpendicular to the sunlight, the power production can be improved.
Based on the circuit model presented in Figure 19, an experimental setup is developed and displayed in Figure 20a,b, respectively, with energy meter circuit incorporated in proposed TEG module as shown Figure 21. The proposed TEG module comprises of current sensor, voltage sensor, boost converter, and step-down module that supply a 5watt electric lamp and a low powered mini-fan. When the intensity of light hit on LDR3 is greater than LDR1, LDR2, and LDR4, LDR3 produces a higher voltage output when compared to the other sensors. The DC motor A moves in counter-clockwise direction to control the azimuth axis and the DC motor B moves in clockwise direction to control the elevation axis.
When the intensity of light hit on LDR4 is greater than LDR1, LDR2, and LDR3, LDR4 produces a higher voltage output when compared to the other sensors. DC motor A moves in counter-clockwise direction to control the azimuth axis and DC motor B moves in clockwise direction to control the elevation axis.
When all of the sensors receive the same intensity of light, both the DC motors stay in the same position instead of rotating. Thus, the elevation axis and azimuth axis remains unchanged.
In real applications, when the solar panel is directed perpendicular to the sunlight, the power production can be improved.
Based on the circuit model presented in Figure 19, an experimental setup is developed and displayed in Figure 20a,b, respectively, with energy meter circuit incorporated in proposed TEG module as shown Figure 21. The proposed TEG module comprises of current sensor, voltage sensor, boost converter, and step-down module that supply a 5-watt electric lamp and a low powered mini-fan. Figure 19. Proposed dual-axis tracker circuit.
In real applications, when the solar panel is directed perpendicular to the sunlight, the power production can be improved.
Based on the circuit model presented in Figure 19, an experimental setup is developed and displayed in Figure 20a,b, respectively, with energy meter circuit incorporated in proposed TEG module as shown Figure 21. The proposed TEG module comprises of current sensor, voltage sensor, boost converter, and step-down module that supply a 5watt electric lamp and a low powered mini-fan.  From the experimented thermoelectric generator model shown in Figure 19, an output voltage of 11.7 V is yielded with a load current of 0.9 A. Also, the power is measured from the TEG unit and is given as 10.5 W.
By connecting more proposed TEG module in parallel, one can yield more power that can be inverted (DC to AC) using various configurations of inverters designed in [51,52] and fed to households and other domestic targets to meet their power demands. Also, large scale implementation of this model can be effectively used for remote cellular base stations by reducing the involvement of diesel generators [53,54]. This increases the power productivity of the various states and decreases the states in investing more funds to produce power from clean energy and other sources. Also, the proposed power generator significantly reduces the pollution as compared to conventional energy power production and reduces the cost of energy generation and utilization. Thus, this model provides methods for sustainable development for all of the human beings in the way outlined by the U.N through their SDG's.

Conclusions
This paper provides a detailed discussion concerning energy availability, renewable energy available in India, power production and demand scenario of various south Indian states and the power policies and fund allocation strategies by these southern states of From the experimented thermoelectric generator model shown in Figure 19, an output voltage of 11.7 V is yielded with a load current of 0.9 A. Also, the power is measured from the TEG unit and is given as 10.5 W.
By connecting more proposed TEG module in parallel, one can yield more power that can be inverted (DC to AC) using various configurations of inverters designed in [51,52] and fed to households and other domestic targets to meet their power demands. Also, large scale implementation of this model can be effectively used for remote cellular base stations by reducing the involvement of diesel generators [53,54]. This increases the power productivity of the various states and decreases the states in investing more funds to produce power from clean energy and other sources. Also, the proposed power generator significantly reduces the pollution as compared to conventional energy power production and reduces the cost of energy generation and utilization. Thus, this model provides methods for sustainable development for all of the human beings in the way outlined by the U.N through their SDG's.

Conclusions
This paper provides a detailed discussion concerning energy availability, renewable energy available in India, power production and demand scenario of various south Indian states and the power policies and fund allocation strategies by these southern states of India for power production. According to the survey based on renewable policy of India, the power production from clean energy is increasing day by day. The policy is expected to attracts the attention of both local investors and foreign investor in the field of power generation from the RES with an expected investment of US$85 billion to be carried out in another five years. Also, new thermo-electric-generator (TEG) techniques and experimental models are proposed to meet the domestic demand of the various states. In the proposed TEG model, a maximum receiver plate temperature of 383 K is observed at the solar beam radiation of 1050 W/m 2 while a minimum receiver plate temperature of 326 K is observed at a solar beam radiation of 600 W/m 2 in the modified TEG. For the same solar beam radiation hit on the solar tracker, the temperature of the receiver plate is higher than that of the TEG without cover. The results show that an increase in input of solar beam radiation increases the receiver plate temperature, and the variation of instantaneous thermal efficiency of the parabolic dish over the measured solar beam radiation is displayed. The maximum instantaneous thermal efficiency of the parabolic dish is 25% of the solar beam radiation. Thus, the proposed system produces a voltage of 11.6 V, a current of 0.7 A, and a power of 10.5 W. The simulation result approximately matches the hardware results, and is presented in the paper. Thus, the implementation solar-energy based thermal power generation in rural electrification will play a significantly important role in fulfilling the demand-supply gap for electricity. The proposed solar dish collector technology uses a Stirling engine for power generation wherein the dishes take care of 10 to 25 kW capacities, respectively. The further development of rural-level distributed power generation is possible by hybridizing the proposed solar dish collector technology with biomass gasifiers for the generation of hot air.