Conservation and Management of Agricultural Landscapes through Expert-Supported Participatory Processes: The “Declarations of Public Interest” in an Italian Province

: The adoption of the European Landscape Convention by the member states of the Council of Europe emphasized the importance of raising awareness of, promoting and educating local communities in, and fostering the activism of all European citizens in the process of transforming the European landscape. The work carried out by the Landscape Observatory for Montferrat and Astigiano was to raise awareness in local communities regarding landscape protection processes that those communities could steer, as required by the Code of the Cultural and Landscape Heritage of the Italian State (2004). Consequently, for the ﬁrst time, a participatory model was established in the province of Asti and the Piedmont region in Italy to support the community-driven requests for a special protection decree for some targeted areas. In this paper, the process and novel multisource methodology used for the two pilot cases are reported, where the landscape values to be protected were identiﬁed through local community involvement. Supported by the Landscape Observatory and experts, the broad participation allowed their recognition of Public Interest. These recognitions are relevant because they rely on a shared perspective of populations for the self-management of their landscapes. They represent an operational model for other local communities in the Council of Europe countries.


Introduction
Participatory management approaches can be conceived as in flux, constantly being redefined as they integrate bottom-up contributions into a top-down and multilevel institutional framework. Greater community involvement in the management process [1] is essential for building effective resilience of territories, and this involvement should include place-based and specific approaches. The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property and the International Council on Monuments and Sites mentioned concepts such as people-centred approaches and living heritage [2,3] as core components of the comanagement and conservation of cultural heritage.
Although the role of communities and stakeholders has been discussed fairly often in the literature on UNESCO cultural landscapes and related community enhancement practices [4][5][6], the contribution of Declarations of Public Interest in the preservation management of the Italian landscape has been poorly addressed within the participation framework. Indeed, a survey carried out in Elsevier's ScienceDirect in July 2021 did not find any matches in the fields of "Agricultural and Biological Sciences" or "Environmental Science". Similarly, no results were found in the Taylor and Francis Online search engine in • 1 Site of Regional Importance (the acronym of which is SIR in Italian) [12]; • 6 Sites of Community Importance (SCIs), including 1 Special Protection Area (SPA) and 5 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs); these are included in the European Union's Natura 2000 Network [13]; • 1 nature park and 6 nature preserves; • 32 out of 72 municipalities making up the buffer zone of the UNESCO site named the "Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato" [14] are in the province of Asti and lie within its buffer zone A [14]; • 9 out of 29 municipalities composing the serial property of the aforementioned World Heritage Site are located in the same province and fall under the Components "Nizza Monferrato and Barbera" (1390rev-004) [14] and "Canelli and Asti Spumante" (1390rev-005) [14].
The managing agencies are, on the one hand, the Asti Fossil Park Management Agency for the mentioned SCIs, nature park, and nature reserves, and, on the other hand, the In this context, the first case study of the ancient hamlet of Villa in the municipality of Isola d'Asti (GPS coordinates: 44 • 50 0.3372" N, 8 • 11 15.4818" E) is introduced. It is located in the hilly areas of Langhe and High Montferrat in the province of Asti (Piedmont, northwest Italy), the centre of which is 567 m from the boundary of Buffer Zone A of the "Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato" [14] (Figure 1). It is a cultural landscape recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2014 under the reference 1390rev.
The managing agencies are, on the one hand, the Asti Fossil Park Management Agency for the mentioned SCIs, nature park, and nature reserves, and, on the other hand, the Association for the Heritage of the Vineyard Landscapes of Langhe Roero and Montferrat for the UNESCO site.
In this context, the first case study of the ancient hamlet of Villa in the municipality of Isola d'Asti (GPS coordinates: 44°50′0.3372″ N, 8°11′15.4818″ E) is introduced. It is located in the hilly areas of Langhe and High Montferrat in the province of Asti (Piedmont, northwest Italy), the centre of which is 567 m from the boundary of Buffer Zone A of the "Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato" [14] (Figure 1). It is a cultural landscape recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2014 under the reference 1390rev.  Regarding the social context, Isola d'Asti has a decreasing population of 1960 inhabitants [15] with a growing average age of 48.3 years [15], distributed over an area of 13.50 km 2 . The average income per capita was 14,285 EUR in 2016 [16]. In terms of spatial level, the area is composed of a combination of historical layers, resulting in many scenic vistas. An articulated system composed of farmsteads, roads, routes, and trails was already detectable in early nineteenth century historical documents and iconography and still persists today. This system represents one of the most distinctive elements of this wine-growing area in the Piedmont region regarding land use. In addition to the wooded areas, there are several traditional crops, such as square Asti pepper and native grape varieties, including Moscato (Muscat) and Barbera. Their persistence has been proven by documentary evidence dating back to the first half of the 18th century, as in the "Relazione Generale dell'Intendente d'Asti Giovan Battista Balduini di Santa Margherita sullo stato della Provincia 1750-1753" ("General Report of the Intendant of Asti Giovan Battista Balduini di Santa Margherita on the condition of the province 1750-1753") reissued by the Società di Studi Astesi in 2010.
The second case study was the historic linden tree line that connects the local sulphur spring, also known as a sulphur fountain, to the village of Montafia (GPS coordinates: 44 • 59 13.8222" N, 8 • 1 12.4824" E) ( Figure 1). This village is located in the hilly areas of Montferrat in the province of Asti, Piedmont, northwest Italy.
Concerning the social context, Montafia has a stable population of 927 inhabitants [15], lower than that of Isola d'Asti, with a growing average age of 50.8 years [15]

Methodological Framework Procedural Steps and Regulatory Framework
The application process to mark a landscape as an area of public interest is part of a complex, multitiered regulatory framework for landscape protection, as shown in Figure 2.
In Italy, the Constitution of the Italian Republic referred to the need for landscape conservation in its Fundamental Principles. More specifically, it affirmed that "it [the Republic, A/N] safeguards natural landscape and the historical and artistic heritage of the nation" [18] (Art. 9). In addition, the Constitution of the Italian Republic recognized that "the State, regions, metropolitan cities, provinces, and municipalities shall promote the autonomous initiatives of citizens, both as individuals and as members of associations, relating to activities of general interest, on the basis of the principle of subsidiarity" [18] (Art. 118). Communities and associations calling to initiate public interest actions and procedures, including landscape protection, are thus welcome against this institutional backdrop. The following Legislative Decree No. 42  (para 1.b); c. "Complexes of immovable things which constitute a characteristic aspect having aesthetic and traditional value, including historic centres and villages" [19] (para 1.c); d. "Beautiful views considered to be of picturesque quality as well as vantage points and belvederes which are accessible to the public and from which the spectacle of those beauties may be enjoyed" [19] (para 1.d). a. "Immovable things of outstanding natural beauty, geological singularity or historical memory, including monumental trees" [19] (Art. 136, para 1.a); b.
"Complexes of immovable things which constitute a characteristic aspect having aesthetic and traditional value, including historic centres and villages" [19] (para 1.c); "Beautiful views considered to be of picturesque quality as well as vantage points and belvederes which are accessible to the public and from which the spectacle of those beauties may be enjoyed" [19] (para 1.d).
Finally, each region has enacted legislation over the subject matter at the local level. As far as Piedmont is concerned, regional law No. 32/2008 established the regional commission with the task of "formulating proposals for the Declaration of Public Interest in properties and areas" [20] (Art. 2).
Within this multilevel regulatory governance of Italy, municipal administrations are therefore entitled to apply for the candidacy of a specific territory to the Regional Commission for the Landscape. Supported also by culture and environment preservation associations, administrations are delimited by an excerpt from the Regulatory Plan currently in force at the municipal level. The commission then assesses the existing requirements for beginning the application process, and its evaluation, after the submission of the dossier, includes historical, architectural, urban, and environmental analyses. If the application is approved, the Regional Commission for the Landscape may suggest further prescriptions before proceeding with both publication in the Official Bulletin of the Piedmont Region and the establishment of a protected area to be integrated into the abovementioned Regulatory Plan.

Process Documentation: Methodology and Structuring
The participatory dimension plays a crucial role both during the application process and in the subsequent promotion and protection steps in the case studies presented below.
The approach adopted was qualitative, as it was relevant for gathering detailed information on a given asset to formulate conservation and management hypotheses. Furthermore, a qualitative approach was considered most suitable because it allows the discovery of new problems and opportunities. The spatial analysis model used for preparing the nomination file was set up from scratch by experts in cultural heritage and landscape studies (i.e., conservation architects and agronomy scholars). It was based of the guidelines provided by the Piedmont region in 2011 [21] relating to the first case study on Isola Villa (please see Section 2.1). This model was gradually implemented and perfected over time in successive and incremental steps by the abovementioned experts according to different types of assets under study. It finally consisted of eleven macroareas (identified by the letters A to M), within which the analyses and development of new promotion and enhancement strategies were brought together.
The first two areas deal with the premises (A) and the reasons for protection (B), including a process description through the motives of the municipal government and the local community as well as the identification of the proposed area on current charts and the elements of excellence thereof. The third macroarea concerns territorial analysis (C), in particular as regards physical and administrative characteristics, and the identification of infrastructural axes and poles of attraction. The model then moves on to historical settlement periods (D) by studying archival documentation and permanencies in the area. These are summarized in chronological tables, analysing the area's human system (e.g., historical routes, rural systems, toponymy, buildings with noteworthy architectural features) through a historical map overlay (E).
Subsequently, the sixth macroarea (F) identifies the physical-natural, geomorphological, and historical characteristics of valuable crops, while the seventh (G) lists the historical architectural assets in a given territory. Finally, the last four macroareas deal with territory and landscape management, economic dynamics (H), a photographic survey and landscape perception (I), available planning tools (L), and current promotion strategies, with the aim to propose new ones (M).
The methodological process is detailed in Table 1, as follows. Historical analysis (e.g., research in the state and municipal archives, historical land records) of food crops (17th and 18th centuries) and their evolution.
Mapping current land uses (e.g., types of crops, meadows, and wooded areas).

G territorial register of assets of architectural and historic interest
g.1 Scheduling of main assets of historic and architectural interest in the selected area.

H analyses of the route system and tourist offer
h.1 Analyses of the route system (e.g., bicycle trails, pedestrian and bridle paths) and itineraries (e.g., sightseeing, cultural, and spiritual) on a supralocal scale, with subsequent analysis of connections and potential criticality.
h.2 Analysis of tourism facilities and farms.
h.3 Item mapping (e.g., farms, accommodations) on current maps (i.e., regional technical maps). Identifying promotion paths for each type of area (e.g., from trail enhancement projects to cultural events).
Successful completion of the subsequent two case studies led to the development of an application form for potential Declaration of Public Interest requests to facilitate the launch of procedures of collaborative landscape conservation in the country's other provinces and regions (e.g., the landscape of Lake Arignano in the Metropolitan City of Turin, 2015).

The Process of Nominating the Landscape of Isola Villa as an Area of Public Interest
The hamlet of Villa in the municipality of Isola d'Asti was the third out of eight sites in Piedmont, Italy, to apply for and to be recognized as having a public interest in its landscape through the active participation of community members. The declaration was approved by the Piedmont Regional Council by Resolution No. 39 The candidacy stemmed from the need to improve policy implementation to protect and enhance the elements of excellence in the area through a system of appropriate constraints. The conservation laws in force before obtaining the Declaration of Public Interest did not provide, in fact, the necessary tools to adequately safeguard the historic, architectural, and environmental heritage of the ancient hamlet. The municipal Regulatory Plan included protection of scenic views on the ridge of Isola Villa through the restriction of planting tall trees to prevent limiting the landscape views. However, it could not prevent buildings in areas considered to be of great environmental value. Moreover, the Landscape Plan provided some general guidance for the historic area of Montferrat in the province of Asti, but overall, there were no specific landscape constraints that could protect the existing elements of excellence, on the one hand, or prevent harmful actions against the area and views of Isola Villa, on the other hand.
In this regard, a landscape transformation proposal related to a solar power plant was submitted to the municipality in 2010 that was not consistent with the local context and was thus discarded by the local population. The proposal envisioned an installation site geographically close to the 18th-century building called Castello di Villa on the whole southfacing hillside. This installation would have compromised both the landscape and the scenic views from the village towards the valley and vice versa. The local community mobilized through public assemblies and collection of signatures with the intention of averting the plant's construction. The Municipal Administration succeeded in preventing the plant's construction by invoking the abovementioned article in the municipal Regulatory Plan. This episode raised the urgent need for an effective protection system that could safeguard the landscape through establishing objectives and constraints that would help direct future planning actions toward active landscape stewardship and responsible development in this area. In agreement with the Osservatorio del Paesaggio per il Monferrato e l'Astigiano (Landscape Observatory for Montferrat and Astigiano) and the Municipal Administration, a written motion was signed by 700 citizens to initiate the "Request for the Public Interest of the Landscape of Isola Villa" in June 2011, as a result of meetings at conferences and roundtables with professors from the University of Turin and the Polytechnic University of Turin and experts in the field of landscape studies. Local community awareness about the interrelated architectural and landscape value of the area in which it lived was highlighted by the active participation of the village community and its willingness to play a proactive and informed stewardship role.
The application file and request, with an attached proposal for the protected area's boundaries, were delivered to the Piedmont region's agency for initial assessment of prerequisites in order to launch the procedure in Autumn 2011 ( Figure 3).
Detailed analyses of the different macroareas, developed according to the methodology presented in Table 1, were included in the application file. It was approved by the Piedmont region in 2014, and consequently, the protected area was established 20 days after its publication in the Official Bulletin (Figures 4-7). Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 29 Detailed analyses of the different macroareas, developed according to the methodology presented in Table 1, were included in the application file. It was approved by the Piedmont region in 2014, and consequently, the protected area was established 20 days after its publication in the Official Bulletin (Figures 4-7).   Table 1, macroarea B (authors' elaboration).  Table 1, macroarea B (authors' elaboration).   Table 1, macroarea B (authors' elaboration).  Table 1, macroarea C (authors' elaboration).  Table 1, macroarea I (authors' elaboration).

Figure 5.
Graphic board of the spatial analysis of the trails and roads in and near the protected area, as shown in the methodological scheme in Table 1, macroarea C (authors' elaboration).  Table 1, macroarea I (authors' elaboration).  Table 1, macroarea I (authors' elaboration).

Relationships with Other Completed and Ongoing Case Studies: Linear and Single Assets, Homogeneous Regions, and Riparian Landscapes
After the nominations of Isola Villa and, shortly afterward, of the hamlet of Schierano in the municipality of Passerano Marmorito for public interest in the landscape, several other areas in the province of Asti went through the nomination process. Spatial analyses for the dossiers were based on the methodological scheme explained above but adapted to different types and characteristics of case studies. Specifically, we addressed applications for both linear, single assets and homogeneous riparian landscapes.

Linear Assets: The Historical Tree Line of Montafia (Province of Asti)
Even today, the tree-lined avenue of Montafia has a high symbolic meaning and identity value for the local community. Therefore, a request for a Declaration of Public Interest was initiated by residents, who established an association for the preservation of the linden trees because they perceived the tree-lined avenue threatened by sometimes indiscriminate cuts committed by the province of Asti. In addition to the analyses already mentioned and their replication, an accurate map of tree locations was made in this case study (Figures 8 and 9), indicating the units where rapid securing was needed ( Figure 10). This mapping was deemed necessary because this alley was a linear asset consisting of individual plants. Furthermore, it was decided to make a documentary film that would collect some testimonials from local people who had directly or indirectly experienced the story of the avenue. To emphasize the centrality of the trees to building local identity, an emblematic sentence was uttered by one of the children-now 90 years old-who planted the linden trees in the mid-  Table 1, macroarea I (authors' elaboration). Figure 8. Graphic board related to the photographic survey of the local landscape, as shown in the methodological scheme shown in Table 1, macroarea I (authors' elaboration).  Table 1, macroarea I (authors' elaboration).

Application in Progress
After the nominations of Isola Villa and Montafia, several other applications in the province of Asti went through the nomination process following the same analysis methodology described above. These processes are still ongoing and listed in Table 2.

Application in Progress
After the nominations of Isola Villa and Montafia, several other applications in the province of Asti went through the nomination process following the same analysis methodology described above. These processes are still ongoing and listed in Table 2. However, the webpage of the Piedmont Regional Commission for Declarations of Public Interest did not mention them among the proposals for properties and areas under Article 136 of the Code of the Cultural and Landscape Heritage of the Italian State. In fact, it reported only the proposal for the hillside of the Piazza di Mondovì neighbourhood in the municipality of Mondovì (province of Cuneo), eligible for consideration by Resolution No. 54-8207 of 20 December 2018, which was enacted by the Regional Council.

The Role of Public Participation in Landscape Decisions
In Europe, the European Landscape Convention of the Council of Europe defined landscape as " . . . a key element of individual and social well-being and that its protection, management and planning entail rights and responsibilities for everyone" [22] (Preamble). Moreover, it stated that each involved party was expected to "establish procedures for the participation of the general public, local and regional authorities, and other parties with an interest in the definition and implementation of the landscape policies . . . " [22] (Art. 5.c).
As a consequence, the question of public participation in choices relating to the landscape has been covered by a rather extensive literature, given the polysemic nature of landscape and the multiple reflections that the components of the socioecological system (SES) framework have on it, and vice versa. First of all, it is necessary to understand the landscape under consideration and its geographic location, as cultural values can differ between Western and Eastern philosophical approaches [23][24][25] as well as between similar landscapes in the same national context.
Then, it is necessary to clarify the physiographic region and the related types of landscape (in Italy, there are 37, for example) [26], the macrocharacter (rural, periurban, or urban), and the spatial (from micro-to large-scale landscapes) and the temporal dimensions (from paleolandscapes to future ones foreseeable in the short, medium, and long term) of the area under consideration. For example, Antrop and Van Eetvelde (2017) and Kühne (2019) explained the holistic nature of landscape through its perception and patterns, the constituent elements of its structure, and potential methods by which to analyse it [27,28]. The bottom-up approach is increasingly being integrated into the social dimension of landscape stewardship [29] using different procedures. These procedures are linked to experiential modes relating to visual, aural, olfactory, tactile, and taste perceptions [30][31][32]; aesthetics (in terms of pre-and postassessments of anthropogenic impacts on the landscape); and uses (from the preservation of places of interest to ordinary and outstanding agricultural landscapes, from livestock landscapes to energy production landscapes, etc.).
Planning is another subject area that is concerned with landscape studies, both in terms of design and regulation. For example, Larcher et al. (2013) and Gullino et al. (2018) encouraged and made use of a bottom-up approach to stakeholder involvement in coplanning rural historic landscapes in different areas of the Italian Piemonte [33,34]. Aimar et al. (2021) also recognized the need for involving local stakeholders to "better support the management of land-use changes, also involving local farmers directly to reconstruct site-specific land-use maps" [35] (p. 460). Furthermore, the interdisciplinary contributions of history [36], geography [37], anthropology [38], sociology [39], semiology [40], psychology [41], art [42], agronomy [43], botany [44], zoology [45], landscape ecology [46], pedology [47], geology [48], climatology [49], economics [50], and planning [51], among others, contribute to the effectiveness of an integrated management for heritage sites. In recent decades, these disciplines have gained the adjectives "sustainable" and/or "resilient" with respect to their operational status in terms of strategies, objectives, and actions related to landscape and territory. Compound words such as "spatial resilience" have appeared in the literature [52], as well as those of "landscape resilience" [53,54] and "landscape sustainability" [55].
The case studies selected in this paper, of which the landscape areas fell in the province of Asti, Piedmont, showed intervisibility problems due to their hillside settings (i.e., vistas to and from such areas). Therefore, the studied landscapes were both ordinary and outstanding cultural (i.e., UNESCO) ones that addressed current issues and pressures to provide them with the basics for proper management and ensure their continuation. Against the backdrop of complexity and changes, the availability of these procedures was made known to stakeholders and local communities in the province of Asti as part of the awareness-raising process carried out by the Landscape Observatory for Montferrat and Astigiano. The Observatory was founded by a multidisciplinary team consisting of agronomists, nature conservationists, architects, planners, landscape architects, historians, sociologists, high school teachers and university lecturers, and organizational representatives of the agricultural entrepreneurs, local park authorities, and third sector workers in Soglio in the province of Asti, Piedmont (2003). The main aim was to implement the European Landscape Convention (2000) and its ensuing Guidelines (2008). Appendix 1 to the Guidelines for the implementation of the Council of Europe Landscape Convention [56] listed several useful tools for this purpose. Among them, Art. 10 pointed out the importance of creating landscape observatories, centres, or institutes allowing "observation on the basis of appropriate study protocols employing a range of indicators" as well as "the collection and exchange of information on policies and experience" [56]. As Devecchi stated, the latter "are modelled on a bottom-up strategy of citizen involvement, in which the 'expertise' interacts with the 'diffuse know-how' of the people" [57] (p. 139).
The importance of this Observatory in the "knowledge, conservation, and promotion" [14] (p. 555) of "the culture of the landscape and the environment" [14] (Management Plan, p. 24) was also acknowledged by the Nomination Dossier of the World Heritage Site titled the "Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato", which explicitly mentioned it twice [14] (pp. 555, 606). It continued to state that this association, which among the trio of Landscape Observatories operating in the UNESCO site, had "gained experience that till now is unique throughout Italy" [14] (p. 606). It is believed that this experience can have international significance in landscape research. The Observatory is part of the Network of Landscape Observatories in Piedmont, set up in 2006 and made up of a total of 10 subregional bodies, namely: the Landscape Observatory for the Casale Monferrato area, the Alessandria Landscape Observatory, the Biella Observatory-Cultural Heritage and Landscape, the Landscape Observatory of the Po River Park and the Turin Hills, the Landscape Observatory for the Moraine Amphitheatre of Ivrea, the Landscape Observatory for the protection of Langhe and Roero, the Mongioie Landscape Observatory, the Landscape Observatory for the Upper Bormida and Uzzone Valleys, and the Landscape Observatory for the Western Ticino and Novarese lowlands. The Biella and Ivrea Observa-tories are also members of the international CIVILSCAPE federation, which is devoted to stimulating community involvement in landscape decision making.
Since Observatories can be considered as "one of the most suitable tools to move a community forward" [57] (p. 140) on environmental and landscape problems, the Landscape Observatory for Montferrat and Astigiano acted in this way. It proposed the participatory conservation of the Asti landscape with interesting initiatives from a methodological point of view, supporting communities in requests for Declarations of Public Interest in the landscape based on the Code of the Cultural and Landscape Heritage of the Italian State [19].

Community Engagement in Landscape Decisions
The significance of the Declarations of Public Interest in the province of Asti (Piedmont, Italy) has already been highlighted by the UNESCO Nomination Dossier for the "Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato" [14] as a World Heritage Site. Precisely, the site management plan claimed that they were "one of the most interesting events in the field of the landscape's protection, demonstrating a clear participation of the citizenry towards the challenges of the landscape" [14] (p. 80).
The operational opportunities arising in the processes related to the Declarations of Public Interest in the province of Asti were presented to the locals at a specific meeting in Cortiglione by the organizing committee for the protection and enhancement of local heritage in July 2007. This public meeting was also held in San Marzanotto in 2010 when it was arranged by a spontaneous committee in Belangero and the Council of Environmental Organizations of the province of Asti. It consisted of 13 bodies, including the Landscape Observatory for Montferrat and Astigiano. The public reading of the Italian Constitution and the Code of the Cultural and Landscape Heritage of the Italian State led to the signing by the population of three posters requesting the protection of the San Marzanotto landscape through the recognition of its public interest. Signed by about 50 people, they were scaled down to A3 and sent to the Piedmont region, the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, and the Council of Europe. This request in the Piedmont region triggered the Commission on the topic, which was not yet operative at the time.
After a period of reflection and analysis of the operational possibilities by the local populations, in 2010, the first requests came for the hamlets of San Marzanotto, Isola Villa, and Schierano, as well as for Canelli. All of these were conceptualized by the conscious desire of local community members using a bottom-up process. The novelty concerning previous cases was the unanimous approval by the municipal councils of Isola d'Asti (for the hamlet of Isola Villa) and Passerano Marmorito (for the hamlet of Schierano) of the applications concerned. These first three were followed by applications to obtain Similarly, in the case of Montafia, the will to request a Declaration of Public Interest arose during a public meeting held to debate with officials from the province of Asti the reasons behind the felling of the linden trees along the provincial road. This meeting was held on the occasion of the National Tree Festival in the Montafia town council hall on 21 November 2013. This meeting was facilitated and supported by the Landscape Observatory for Montferrat and Astigiano and the Circolo Legambiente Valtriversa. At the meeting, the convinced interest of the local population emerged for the conservation, preservation, and restoration of the historical trees in question, given their botanical relevance, historical importance, and landscape value. The two abovementioned bodies worked to make citizens aware of this candidacy opportunity, supporting the creation of the local Association titled "Terra, Boschi, Gente e Memorie".
For example, in the case of Mombercelli, the Association for the Defence of Valtiglione and its Surroundings acted for the application. Similarly, various associations such as the Amici di Calosso, the Lega Italiana Protezione Uccelli (the Italian equivalent of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in the United Kingdom), and the Asti Paleontological Park acted for the wetland landscape ("paludo" in Italian) in the municipalities of Agliano Terme, Calosso, and Costigliole d'Asti. The request was accepted by issuing a decree concerning special protection measures for the requested areas in Isola Villa (Isola d'Asti), Montafia, and the wetland of Agliano Terme, Calosso, and Costigliole d'Asti. The latter became a nature reserve in 2019, as explained in detail below.
These recognitions represent a relevant step in the proactive perspective of involving and promoting the shared decision-making with local people in landscape management. Furthermore, this procedure was useful for raising public awareness about the possibility to actively influence spatial policy decisions by applying community-driven development and people-centred approaches. Moreover, such recognitions can be instrumental in strengthening local identity [57], even in ordinary landscapes. Community inclusion, engagement, and empowerment are keys to striving for integrated landscape management, which becomes more resilient as the decision-making group that determines management objectives, strategies, and actions is expanded. The recognitions confirm what was identified by scholars such as Biggs et al. [58,59], who suggested broadening participation as one out of seven principles for build and enhance the resilience of ecosystem services in social-ecological systems. Moreover, the presented case studies confirm how "broad and well-functioning participation can build trust, create a shared understanding and uncover perspectives that may not be acquired through more traditional scientific processes." [60] (p. 15). Therefore, broad participation is relevant to the debate over transformations that significantly impact the landscape image. It follows that this debate should therefore be more widely shared, as it often affects perceptual experience and its visual quality, "resulting in negative consequences for future generations" [61] (p. 2).

Declarations of Public Interest in Other Italian Regions and in Europe: A Comparison
The Declaration of Public Interest in the Landscape, as provided by Legislative Decree No. 42 of 2004, has been used as a protection tool in several Italian regions, especially in the centre north. Underlying it, as in the Piedmont cases, is the willingness of local communities and individual citizens to actively participate in the protection and enhancement of the territories in which they live. Among the Italian regions most engaged in this topic are Marche, Veneto, Lombardy, and Piedmont. Each of them has drawn up general methodological guidelines for drawing up application files and established minimum requirements for submissions.
The following tables compare the numbers of sites declared of public interest for their landscape through public participation, the guidelines for applications, and the minimum documentation required for applications in the four Italian regions mentioned above.
The structuring and complexity of the minimum analyses required vary from region to region. More specifically, Piedmont requires very structured and detailed documentation at both cartographic and photographic-perceptual levels. Conversely, Marche gives much more concise indications, while for Lombardy and Veneto, there is no minimum documentation required, only a reference to the contents of Art. 138 of Legislative Decree No. 42/2004 Code of the Cultural and Landscape Heritage of the Italian State (Tables 3-6). Table 3. Minimum documentation required by the Piedmont region for evaluation of the application (authors' elaboration).

Region Piedmont
No. of Properties Listed as of Public Interest for Their Landscape 8 ANNEX A. Reasons for submitting the request General preamble on the reasons that led the applicant to prepare the request for the institution of landscape constraints; the request processing process; inputs and the potential level of sharing by the community and administrations concerned.

ANNEX B. Reasons for protection
Identification of the reasons for the application and excellence features of the assets/landscapes concerned that, in the applicant's opinion, justify the imposition of the constraint and the Declaration of Public Interest; the proposed perimeter; and the areas excluded. Reference is made to letters a, b, c, and d of Article 136 of Legislative Decree 42/2004 about the type of property to be constrained: "single heritage assets": immovable things, villas, and gardens (letters a and b); "territorial assets": complexes of immovable things and scenic vistas (letters c and d).

ANNEX C. General description of the property/area
Description of the landscape elements characterizing the property/area submitted for constraint, focusing on the aspects related to the reasons for the application. The analyses should make it possible to know and appreciate the value and excellence elements and any other elements of degradation and criticality within the area under examination; they can be divided into the following subannexes: ANNEX C.1 Analysis of the proposed perimeter area, through the examination of the characterizing landscape elements of the following types: physical-natural, historical-cultural, urban settlement, perceptive identity.

ANNEX E. Proposals for prescriptions for use
Prescriptions, design solutions, and guidelines aimed at enhancing the valuable elements recognized by the analysis and/or at resolving the main critical issues highlighted, developed, and shared by the communities/administrations and by the subjects involved based on their own specific and direct knowledge of the area's landscapes. Table 4. Minimum documentation required by the Marche region for evaluation of the application (authors' elaboration).

Region Marche
No. of Properties Listed as of Public Interest for Their Landscape 2

ANNEX 1. Description of the area and reasons for the proposed protection (landscape constraint)
General preamble on the reasons that led the applicant to formulate the request for the institution of landscape constraints; description of the elements to be protected and preserved. In particular, reference to letters a, b, c, and d of Art. 136 of Legislative Decree 42/2004 in relation to the type of asset to be constrained: "single heritage assets": immovable things, villas and gardens (letters a and b); "territorial assets": complexes of immovable things and scenic vistas (letters c and d).

ANNEX 2. Description of cartographic perimeter to be constrained
Perimeter of the area on current cartography (regional technical map, cadastral map with identification of the affected land parcels).

ANNEX 3. Photographic records
Photographic shots of the assets and areas included within the proposed perimeter, indicating the snapshot positions on a suitable planimetry. This documentation should consist of panoramic and overview views.

ANNEX 4. Description of outstanding elements
Description of the landscape elements characterizing the property/area under the request for constraint, investigating the reasons for the constraint. Analysis of the landscape context and the proposed perimeter area, through the examination of the characterizing landscape elements of the following types: botanical-vegetation elements; historical-cultural settlement elements; and identity elements.

ANNEX 5. Rules of use
Analysis of the existing safeguarding tools and territorial/urban planning provisions in the landscape context and in the area. Use of prescriptions, design solutions, guidelines aimed at the valorization of the outstanding elements. Table 5. Minimum documentation required by the Veneto region for evaluation of the application (authors' elaboration).

No. of Properties Listed as of Public Interest for Their Landscape 9
No minimum required documentation is indicated. Reference is made only to Article 138 of Legislative Decree No. 42/2004 Code of the Cultural and Landscape Heritage of the Italian State: "The recommendation shall include the grounds for the aforesaid declaration with reference to the historical, cultural, natural, morphological and aesthetic characteristics belonging to the immovable properties and areas which have identifying significance and value for the territory in which they are located and which are perceived as such by the population." Table 6. Minimum documentation required by the Lombardy region for evaluation of the application (authors' elaboration).

No. of Properties Listed as of Public Interest for Their Landscape 4
No minimum required documentation is indicated. Reference is made only to Article 138 of Legislative Decree No. 42/2004 Code of the Cultural and Landscape Heritage of the Italian State: "The recommendation shall include the grounds for the aforesaid declaration with reference to the historical, cultural, natural, morphological and aesthetic characteristics belonging to the immovable properties and areas which have identifying significance and value for the territory in which they are located and which are perceived as such by the population." From the regional cases cited above, the documentation required by Piedmont appears to be replicable for assessments of other sites in different countries. The context analysis through historical and iconographic sources of the landscape palimpsest, as requested in Annexes C.1 and C.2, leaves room for new multilayer analysis tools based on data and digital resources (virtual or augmented reality, for example). However, attention should be paid to potential differences depending on the application context, namely: • concerning Annexes A and B, the actual level of active involvement of citizenship within the existing regulatory framework in countries that are politically and administratively different from European ones [62]; • concerning Annex C.3, the diversity of approaches in spatial governance policies and the regulatory tools associated or associable with them.
In different European countries, similar experiences have been had with applications for Declarations of Public Interest in landscapes. In France, the Code de l'Environnement (2000), in "Titre V: Paysages" [63], identifies territories that are distinguished by landscape elements of excellence and past agricultural and craft traditions, encouraging local communities to promote their protection and enhancement. In Germany, the German Federal Act for the Protection of Nature (2002) indicates the areas under protection in terms of biodiversity, landscape views, scenic beauty, and being shaped by human work. Moreover, in the Netherlands, the Nota Ruimte (2006) identifies 20 National Landscapes to address the problem of diminishing landscape quality.
Lastly, in the United Kingdom are the so-called Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), each of which is defined as "land protected by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CROW Act). It protects the land to conserve and enhance its natural beauty." [64]. They are made up of areas of different sizes that present elements of physicalnaturalistic and historical-architectural excellence. Their protection and enhancement are entrusted to local administrations and the citizens who live and work within them. The National Association for Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (NAAONB) deals with their promotion and enhancement.

Current Considerations in Land Development after the Promulgation of Declarations of Public Interest: Mayors and Municipal Administrators
In the final stages of the project, a mixed-method survey was used to verify and test the goodness of the declarations and to understand potential improvements or problems that emerged over time. To understand the territorial evolution after the entry into force of the Declarations of Public Interest in the municipalities of Isola d'Asti (in 2014), Passerano Marmorito (in 2014) and Montafia (in 2016), the mayors and municipal administrators (i.e., councillors with responsibility for the landscape) were asked to respond to an online questionnaire. Prepared by the authors in advance, the questionnaire consisted of ten semistructured questions, providing a list of closed and multiple-choice questions while allowing the interviewees to add their opinions on some questions (Q2, Q4, Q6, Q7, Q8 and Q9). Response time was estimated by experts to be less than five minutes and could have been dependent on different factors (accuracy, age, and familiarity with the topics, among others). Launched in early April 2021, the survey was designed using Google Forms and submitted online to six public administrators anonymously (two per the abovementioned municipality), with answers being returned in the same way. The six responses received were from public administrators during the period 06 to 21 April 2021. For the sake of transparency and reproducibility of this original study, the questions submitted are listed below: Q1. Do you feel that the landscape is a valuable asset to the municipality you govern? (Yes; no); Q2. If yes, for what reason? (Economic/tourist; economic/real estate; improving agricultural production; identity/cultural; other: please specify); Q3. In your opinion, does the Declaration of Public Interest of the landscape in your municipality reinforce the above reasons? (Yes; no); Q4. Years after the declaration was accepted and approved, how do you rate it? (Very good; good; fair; poor; very bad: please specify); Q5. When troubles arose, have they affected only villagers in their real estate asset management, the municipal government, or both? (Villagers; municipal government; both); Q6. When troubles arose, what were they specifically? (Bureaucratic complications/administrative burdens; increased costs in dossier preparation, submission, and management; longer timeframes for the start/execution of works; other: please specify); Q7. When confronted with any problems, do you think that more careful landscape management after the declaration has allowed and will allow protecting and sustaining the landscape qualities in your municipality, including for the benefit of future generations? (Yes; no; maybe. Please specify); Q8. Do you have any suggestions for improving administrative processes even in the presence of a protected landscape area related to the recognition of the public interest? (Simplification of administrative procedures in the local landscape committees; additional technical/administrative support from the Piedmont region; additional funding for these areas; other: please specify); Q9. Do you think that there might be other sites in your municipality that would merit recognition of public interest due to their landscape? (Yes; no. please specify); Q10. Would you advise other mayors to follow the same landscape conservation approach pioneered by the municipality under your administration in recent years? (Yes; no).
In terms of aggregated answers, Question 1 (Q1) received responses of "yes" from six out of six voters (100%), confirming the importance of the landscape at the local level. The second query (Q2) clarified the reasons, which were economic/tourist for four out of six voters (67%) and identity/cultural for the remaining two (33%). However, they all agreed that the declaration was fit for the purpose of reinforcing the mentioned reasons, with the third question (Q3) receiving "yes" responses from 6 out of 6 respondents (100%). Consistently, as revealed by question four (Q4), ratings of the level of satisfaction with the preconditions of the application were very positive for four out of six voters (67%), positive for one, and fair for one, thus yielding dissatisfaction or negative opinions. Assuming overall satisfaction, the fifth query (Q5) sought to highlight possible issues detected over the years. Four out of six voters acknowledged problems that hit the private and public sectors (67%), and the other two acknowledged only problems affecting the private sector (33%). The sixth query (Q6) clarified the nature of these difficulties, which were mainly due to bureaucratic complications/administrative burdens (67%, i.e., four out of six voters) and, to a lesser extent, a mix of the aforementioned three in Q6 (17%, i.e., one out of six voters). For one respondent, no problems emerged. Despite these concerns, the seventh query (Q7) confirmed the overall benefits of the preservation initiative, with six out of six positive responses (100%). However, in the eighth query (Q8), most voters lamented the apparent lack of supplemental funding to be allocated to areas designated by the declaration (83%, i.e., five out of six voters), while the other identified all three of the proposed issues (17%, i.e., one out of six voters). This could be a wake-up call for regional administrators to think about, as in the following question (Q9), most voters (83%, or five out of six) said that there were further areas in their municipality that could potentially merit applying for declarations. In conclusion, considering the pros and cons of the recognition, years later, all mayors would recommend the introduction of these conservation measures to other colleagues (100%, i.e., six out of six voters, in Q10).

Current Considerations in Land Development after the Promulgation of Declarations of Public Interest: The Territory and Landscape Sector of the Piedmont Region
Specific open-ended comments were made on the above statements regarding the Piedmont region's website, potential funding, and the various regulations governing landscape protection and enhancement.
The first was made on the institutional website of the Piedmont region, which shows the declaration requests in the province of Asti listed in Table 2. The Commission's webpage shows only statements for which the administrative process has been completed, i.e., in which public interest has been declared by a resolution of the Regional Council. Where appropriate, the "Proposed Statements" section also shows applications in progress, i.e., of which the preliminary review has been completed by the Commission and are which are therefore awaiting finalization by a decision of the regional government. On the other hand, it is not surprising that there were no applications here that had been sent to the Commission but that the Commission had not yet had a chance to examine and the admissibility of which was therefore uncertain. The repeated periods of suspension of the Commission's activities-recently due to the pandemic, previously and on several occasions as a result of the multiple reorganizations of the Ministry's territorial offices (Superintendencies and Regional Secretariat)-have created a queue of unresolved questions.

Conclusions
Participatory landscape management is a topic of great importance because of how it raises community interest. Therefore, bottom-up initiatives on a territorial level need to be more operationalized within the traditional top-down transcalar (international, national, regional, provincial, and municipal) legislative framework. Declarations of Public Interest are relevant in these circumstances as top-level examples of bottom-up initiatives allowed by the Italian State for citizen participation in proactive landscape management. One of the most innovative aspects of applications for public interest in landscapes is the active participation of community members experiencing and inhabiting places. This is a fundamental aspect for the active protection of an area where the locals themselves recognize its value, as these locals regain aspects of their cultural identities associated with the area. The establishment of citizens' associations in the reported case studies requesting institutional recognition of the public interest in their landscapes overturns the conventional paradigm of command-and-control, top-down conservation. Moreover, such applications can strengthen place attachment in the local landscape, identity [57], and community sense of place, as in the case studies of Isola Villa in the municipality of Isola d'Asti and Schierano in the municipality of Montafia (Piedmont, Italy). An expanded and informed community exercising landscape-scale thinking and decision making reaffirms the importance of landscape as an inclusive, common, and plural good [65,66]. In a nutshell, Declarations of Public Interest represent an innovative approach to the principle of subsidiarity in land governance.
Therefore, making the methodological framework established by the authors known to the scientific community, as a guide to completing the procedure for Declarations of Landscape Interest in the province of Asti, appears important to inspire inclusive community practices. Moreover, it can further support scholars build shared paths to enhancement and management at other sites.
Although the evidence showed that Declarations of Public Interest were successful examples for channelling bottom-up, proactive demands, some considerations did arise.
Regarding the hope that emerged from the interviews with local administrators, i.e., that the declarations would bring with them regional funding to ensure the protection and enhancement of the affected landscapes, it was confirmed that there are currently no regional laws that provide for this. According to the Code of the Cultural and Landscape Heritage of the Italian State (2004) and the related Regional Act no 32/2008, declarations are protection measures (as suggested by the traditional definition of landscape "constraints") and not enhancement measures. In this regard, the two concepts cannot always coexist, since sometimes the protection of a given landscape may suggest imposing its unavailability for use. Relevant cases in Italy would include a marine reserve or a high-altitude nature park.
This also relates with the lack of regulatory integration between the European Landscape Convention (2000) and the abovementioned Italian Code (2004), as the Convention is part of a framework of countries with very different and often nonexistent landscape legislative traditions. In 2010, in Italy, the law in force was No. 1497/1939, transposed almost literally in Part III of the Code. This law emphasized the concept of protection but did not cover that of enhancement. The recent combination of protection and enhancement of the landscape derived from a coordinated reading of the Convention and the Code, where the most important regulatory requirement was assigned to Legislative Decree No. 42/2004. The two instruments were mentioned and integrated in Piedmont regional law No. 14/2008, "Norms for the enhancement of the landscape", which provided for a program of interventions to finance actions in support of the landscape but did not give priority to actions concerning territorial areas subject to protection measures. To date, none of the local governments that promoted their statements of significant public interest has applied for cofunding under Act 14.
Despite the above, the procedure described in the paper did not recommend any restrictions on its adoption or implementation, since the landscape is a common public good [65] (Art. 7) that satisfies subjective and objective interests. Moreover, it could be easy to implement the European Landscape Convention [67] in the 40 countries that have already signed it, ratified it, and put it into force. The procedure described herein could also serve as a useful tool to stimulate consciousness raising in local communities in the six member countries of the Council of Europe that have not yet even signed the convention [67].
This implemented procedure could be adopted in other Italian and international case studies to encourage useful reflections on landscape resilience [53,54] as a bottom-up contribution to landscape planning and design strategies [68].
Assessing performance and related criteria, as well as the key aspects of performance, were not within the scope of this survey; however, this paper can be used to support further studies in this field, as in other aspects of the place attachment of local communities to their cultural heritage.