Reinterpreting Spatial Planning Cultures to Define Local Adaptation Cultures: A Methodology from the Central Veneto Region Case

: This paper focuses on recognising the underlying component of climate risk adaptation and management that is present at the local planning level. Starting from a comparative analysis of four Italian cities in the Central Veneto Area, the aim is to understand how plans and regulations have already directed their efforts toward adaptation and climate risk reduction over the years, without explicitly labelling these measures as such. This process is carried out by co-ordinating the technicians of local administrations in the recognition and classification of already active measures that can be brought within the framework of combating the effects of climate change. The analysis of the identified measures shows that there is already considerable attention to flooding-related and heat-related issues in the local planning corpus. Understanding this dimension of local planning allows access to a set of adaptation intervention models that are already integrated into the planning system and support incorporating adaptation practices in a more co-ordinated way at various planning levels. to understand how policies, regulations, and territorial transformations have already directed their efforts toward this horizon. It will be seen how this process occurs even where these commitments are defined with different and varied adjectives but have substantial effects related to practices of adaptation and mitigation of Climate Change (CC). The study of the spatial planning tools of the provincial capitals of the area identified as Central Veneto—consisting of the provinces of Venice, Treviso, Padua, and Vicenza—will lead to the reinterpretation of the tools of the government of the territory with the perspective of adaptation. This path will serve to analytically verify the knowledge and customs of these issues in the respective provinces to define a posthumous thematic rereading to define the starting points in the construction of practices and norms of adaptation. Through the reinterpretation and analysis of the plans of a specific, homogeneous territorial area such as the Central Veneto, we will try to understand how local practices have developed adaptation measures according to specificities and territorial needs.


Introduction
This article aims to demonstrate how an adaptation culture exists within each territorial system, sometimes carried out unconsciously [1], thanks to an existing and consolidated approach to managing risks arising from climate change based on territorial traditions.
Based on the case study of Central Veneto, we aim to understand how policies, regulations, and territorial transformations have already directed their efforts toward this horizon. It will be seen how this process occurs even where these commitments are defined with different and varied adjectives but have substantial effects related to practices of adaptation and mitigation of Climate Change (CC). The study of the spatial planning tools of the provincial capitals of the area identified as Central Veneto-consisting of the provinces of Venice, Treviso, Padua, and Vicenza-will lead to the reinterpretation of the tools of the government of the territory with the perspective of adaptation. This path will serve to analytically verify the knowledge and customs of these issues in the respective provinces to define a posthumous thematic rereading to define the starting points in the construction of practices and norms of adaptation. Through the reinterpretation and analysis of the plans of a specific, homogeneous territorial area such as the Central Veneto, we will try to understand how local practices have developed adaptation measures according to specificities and territorial needs. Extreme phenomena have historically accompanied the development of the Central Veneto territory. Urban forms, territories, and spatial relations stratified in time show how the territory has been built and adapted to climatic and environmental externalities over the centuries. The territorial structure is based on drainage and water management, particularly in the tradition of the Serenissima Republic, which has always wisely managed floods, high waters, risks of silting up the lagoon, and other water-related issues, and which today faces challenges that require new adaptation policies.
Today's climate change-visible at all scales and during all seasons of the year [8]extensively affects the whole regional territory with different phenomena that are more or less destructive. The most recent studies on flooding phenomena and heatwaves show how the territory is extremely sensitive to these issues [9]. These studies and concrete evidence show us that today, the territory is no longer able to cope with environmental pressures. The high rate of impermeabilisation of this territory-as well as of Italy in general- [10,11] today affects, even more, the problems expressed by the rise in global and local temperatures, worsening the manifestations and causes that generate externalities related to excess water and heat accumulation. Regarding water, due to the strong urban expansion of the last decades, 1714 km 2 of the total Veneto regional territory is now at serious risk of flooding phenomena. While considering the externalities related to excess heat instead, the widespread urbanisation is strongly exposed to heat islands; particularly sensitive in this sense are the inhabitants of the consolidated urban settlements of the Veneto region that today amount to 1565 km 2 . The Central Veneto area is home to 10% of the total flood phenomena and 20% of the potential heat islands that occur [12,13].
The area of central Veneto is also the one with the highest population density in the region and is strongly impermeable. Therefore, the population is facing new risks even in areas that once we could consider "safe", forcing political decision makers, technicians, and citizens to look more carefully at their territories, and evaluate strong transformative processes and radical political choices. High housing densities, diffusion of settlements, forms, urban materials, and architectural artifacts-which are unable to dissipate heatconstitute a serious risk for the large population settled in the territories covered by this paper.
On the other hand, the Central Veneto region, despite being one of the areas of Italy with the largest heritage and vast economic interests, is also lacking a higher territorial level of decision making that homogeneously governs the territorial processes. This hinders a coherent development among the most important cities of Central Veneto on a central theme such as adaptation to climate change.

From Unconscious Adaptation to Mainstreaming Evidence-Informed Spatial Thinking about Climate Change
Building-integrated practices at the local level for climate change adaptation planning is one of the significant constraints to the development of effective climate change adaptation policies [14,15]. The compartmentalisation of government at every level-from ministries, directorates, bodies, and orders, and similarly cascading down to the departments, sectors, and delegations of officials-corresponds to a derivation of institutional arrangements and organisation of work derived from modern Enlightenment thinking. This structure is 'weak' in the face of the complexity of contemporary society. The limitation of this approach to complexity emerges when it is necessary to update or completely change the paradigms of interpretation, administration, and governance. In particular, as demonstrated in references [16,17], it is highly complex to develop a coherent idea of the city capable of distributing the question of adaptation in a uniform and synergistic manner [18]. Already starting from the organisation of the response to extreme climate events, we are faced with "two communities of practices and research that do not correspond" [19]: that of emergency disaster reduction and that of the response to climate change. These are two worlds that adopt different administrative cultures in models of risk recognition and estimation, as well as in the categorisation of events. Inconsistent paths are often followed in this operation in academic communities and in public administrations or dedicated institutions [20]. In 2010, the article by Jörn Birkmann and Korinna von Teichmann "Integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: Key challengesscales, knowledge, and norms" pointed out the incommunicability of these two communities of thought, which, individually, fail to focus on the problem in its globality, and therefore to propose effective application processes even in the mere prediction of the evolution of emergency scenarios [21]. Later, in 2015, the volume "Hazard Mitigation: Integrating Best Practices into Planning" of the American Planning Association confirmed this incommunicability, ascribing it to the differences between planners and emergency managers [22], partially mutable to interpret the gap in question [23]. The knowledge related to climate change adaptation is mainly focused on a local scale, focusing on vulnerabilities and risks in specific areas, with specific populations, according to planning approaches and techniques oriented to secure the present according to selective coping strategies [24].
The development of a territorial way of thinking attentive to the evidence of climate change, to its inertia and irreversibility, also under the birth of Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans (SECAP) at the European level increasingly promoted by the community in the granting of funds to local authorities, is leading not only these two communities to confront each other, but also to expand the comparison and in some ways the complexity of the discussion to other areas of local planning such as, for example, land consumption, mobility, energy, health, and safety. Attention to climate is present in the theories and practices of modern and contemporary urban planning, especially in an organic, regional, and type-morphological key; it intersects with statutory planning by updating constraints, standards, compensation, and equalisation procedures; it is strengthened by the interaction with landscape ecology that helps to formulate design hypotheses of ecosystemic frameworks. However, this attention becomes salient and tends to condition plans, programs, and settlement policies when planning/governance theories and practices are proposed, starting from an expected and measurable climate performance [25].
The CC now requires a change in current approaches to land management, both in terms of reducing the production of climate-changing emissions and in making urban systems more resilient to the progressive variability of the climate and to the risks that climate change produces. Responses capable of offsetting the growing criticality must tend to increase resilience with actions to protect citizens, improve environmental conditions in general, and activate behaviors (individual and community) that contribute to the goal.
Awareness of the impact of climate change on every sector of government is leading to the need to develop in-sector groups and service conferences to understand the potential effects of this process and, consequently, to think about drafting SECAPs capable of responding coherently [26,27].
What emerges from these first experiments in adaptation planning in a comprehensive sense is the difficulty of finding a common starting point for reading and managing the territory, which is aware of the local limits and potentials concerning the process addressed [28,29]. Considering planning processes (rather than plans) more specifically, issues may emerge that do not necessarily belong to one or both abovementioned communities but may bring them together.
In the planning processes, there are actions and measures designed for one direction that also have important repercussions for different issues, a sort of unconscious planning, which sometimes derives from a certain sensitivity, when it is not unforeseen, and which can be recognised in a later stage with interpretative/evaluative instruments. In other words, actions that have an adaptation effect are already in place by the authority, sometimes without being fully aware of it. For this reason, it is useful for the authority to catalog the different practices and actions-material or immaterial-already active on the territory and contained in the plans and projects approved or in the process of being approved by the authorities acting on the comunicipal territory.
In the context of climate change, the concept of mainstreaming refers to "the inclusion of the climate aspect in development programs, policies, or management strategies, already established or under implementation" [30,31], as well as the development of specific adaptation and mitigation initiatives activated separately. Adaptation and mitigation mainstreaming, therefore, plays a key role in supporting Land Governance processes by supporting the urgent need to integrate this issue into the dynamics of land development and governance in the Central Veneto region as well.
This paper aims to understand how adaptation and risk management themes are already included in various instruments based on consolidated attitudes of the territorial government. The analysis is based on a state-of-the-art reconnaissance in the Central Veneto territory-of the plans already implemented or in implementation-in the four provincial capitals: Vicenza, Treviso, Padua, and Venice. This process has led us to reread the local planning documents in search of measures that can adapt even if developed for other purposes. The objective was to recognise how adaptation can find a place in the traditions and sensibilities of local planning [32] by tracing a valuable route to reorient the existing application toward adaptation, speaking a language understandable to technicians, people, and politicians of the area to be secured.

Materials and Methods
The analysis was carried out for the Central Veneto provincial capitals in the municipalities of Padua, Vicenza, and Treviso, thanks to the LIFE Veneto Adapt project [33], and in the municipality of Venice within the drafting of the Climate Adaptation Plan of the Municipality of Venice, thanks to the support provided by CORILA-Consorzio per il coordinamento delle Ricerche inerenti al Sistema Lagunare di Venezia [34].
The reading of the plans and the research on their effectiveness for adaptation was structured as a hermeneutic interpretative process [35,36] starting from a rereading of the existing instruments with the support of a rigid analysis form [37].
The work methodology was developed in three phases of work common to all the municipalities involved: -Capacity building and preparation of municipal technicians: through specific meetings, training courses, and close and constant contact, the necessary knowledge on the subject of climate change has been ensured for municipal technicians and political personnel. The preparation, adoption, and implementation of climate transition processes is a profound innovation whose success depends largely on the ability of governments and local communities to take on board the objectives and indications that they develop and promote. Therefore, the purpose of the proposed capacity-building activities is the consolidation, expansion, and dissemination of technical expertise [38]. -Self-completion of the questionnaire by the municipalities and collective validation: the analysis asked the participants to fill out an online questionnaire in which they described the adaptation measures included in the plans, recognised according to some categories. Some categories asked participants to select an item from a list, others to produce a short text. The questionnaire, prepared on Google Forms and available for compilation in .xls format, was sent to municipal managers for compilation, supported remotely by scientific partners. -Analysis and assessment with the classification of the answers: the scientific partners proceeded to analyse the results and to settle possible problems and inconsistencies.
The questionnaire (Table 1) helped municipalities to recognise, in their own plans, those measures that have an adaptation value and to classify them. The standard sheet of the questionnaire had the following content: Despite the difference in the plans analysed-urban plans, sustainable mobility plans, water management plans, etc.-having a standard sheet for each action worked as a translator for a dialogue between the different instruments and for a homogeneous analysis. This allows the analysis of the state of adaptation planning in the different municipalities.
The analysis of each measure investigated is as follows: -The intervention strategies [39] of the measure type: o By "coping", we mean intervention strategies in response to an emergency, aimed at managing the event and later recovering/rebuilding the previous state. o By "incremental", we describe adaptive measures to contain a phenomenon, developed to maintain or recover an existing level of safety. They are usually quick to implement. They are effective for short or medium return times, less so for extraordinary events or severe climate change effects. o By "transformative", we mean systemic land transformation interventions. Considering that there are no natural disasters, but only effects on the built environment of natural events, and that vulnerability depends on the choice of places, transformative interventions change the land morphology to adapt the landscape to future events. These interventions are much more expensive in the immediate future, but they allow to lower the economic and social costs of intervention and recovery, strongly reducing the potential victims.
-The expected effects: o Impact reduction: Dedicated impact-reduction measures allow the reinforcement of fragile elements of the territory. Impact-reduction measures are, for example, the downsizing of drainage channels or the creation of shading. o Dispersion of the phenomenon. The dispersion of the phenomenon exclusively or promiscuously describes a spatial intervention capable of letting an event occur without a severe effect on the continuity of urban life.  Economic: Economic measures are those adaptation proposals based on taxation or local detaxation of behaviours more-or-less useful to reduce the impact of climate change.
-Return Times: The return time (RT) of a climate event describes the average time in which it tends to recur. It is directly related to the phenomenon's intensity to the extent that the greater the severity of the event, the less likely it is to occur frequently in a regular regime. This is modified by climate change in a worsening direction, but we have no firm data on the relationship between climate change and worsening effects.
o Ordinary: A measure useful for managing not-particularly intense events, occurring every year or every few years. o RT 5-10 years: A measure able to cope with not-ordinary events but still frequent. o RT 30-50 years: Measures designed for extraordinary events, suitable for preparing a territory for the effects of climate change even in the medium term. o RT 100-300 years: Measures able to cope with extreme events, capable of securing the territory even for the most severe scenarios of worsening effects imposed by climate change.

Results
The research led to the recognition of 210 adaptation measures (collected in the Table  A1 in the Appendix A) already in place in the planning systems of the four provincial capitals analysed. Venice is the municipality in which the civil servants have recognised the most adaptation measures, totalling 92 identified measures, followed by the Padua municipality with 74. Vicenza and Treviso have a considerably lower number of recognised adaptation measures, at 26 and 18, respectively.
The results analysed for the four cities are presented in the following paragraphs. Each paragraph is devoted to one of the main characteristics of the measures identified and the commentary on the results is presented in a comparative manner across the municipalities surveyed.

Hazard
The analysis of the identified measure indicates that in the Central Veneto Area, adaptation measures mainly focus on the management and regimentation of the hydraulic risk and run-off-related hazards. This hazard is linked to most recognised adaptation measures (143 measures), corresponding to 68% of the total measures. Measures related to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) adaptation and mitigation hazard are dedicated to the remainder of the measures examined (67), corresponding to 32% of the total ( Figure 2).
Individually analysing the measures recognised in each municipality, it shows that, proportionally to the total number for each municipality, the proportion between measures dedicated to the two hazards is almost constant for Vicenza, Padua, and Venice. In fact, in these municipalities, the measures dedicated to run-off are about 65%, and the remaining 35% is dedicated to UHI. The only exception is Treviso, where no UHI measures were identified.

Figure 2.
Responses from the four cities for the category "Hazards".

Type of Measure
From the analysis, it is clear that the main intervention strategy favours incremental interventions, i.e., those aimed at stemming the phenomenon to maintain or recover a level of safety of the existing structure, because they are quick to implement and effective for short or medium return times. This is followed by an effort to implement coping interventions in response to an emergency to manage the event and then recover/rebuild the previous state. The last measures by number, also because they are more expensive and complex to implement, are the transformative measures that include those systemic interventions of land transformation ( Figure 3). In the four cities, we can recognise a certain homogeneity, especially among the measures involving a change in the territory, noting less attention to rapid response measures, which is expected given the nature of the tools investigated. The measures are mainly of the incremental type (84% in Vicenza, 50% in Treviso, 62% in Padua, and 75% in Venice). Transformative measures are 24% (15% in Vicenza, 27% in Treviso, 31% in Padua, and 20% in Venice). Coping measures are only 6% (22% in Treviso, 7% in Padua, and 4% in Venice).

Expected Effect
Measures are developed mainly for the dispersion of the phenomenon to let an event have a severe effect on the continuity of urban life. These measures are followed by interventions for the self-protection of citizens to give to the inhabitants, or users, of areas at risk. The other measures-Impact reduction; Rapidity of intervention and information; Monitoring and mapping-have essentially similar percentages ( Figure 4). As shown in Figure 4, the measures-which can also be in more than one category-act for Impact reduction for 50% in Vicenza, Treviso, and Padua, and 53% in Venice. As far as the Dispersion of the phenomena is concerned, the measures are 47% in Vicenza, 25% in Treviso, 40% in Padua, and 27% in Venice. Measures of itizens' self-protection are 25% in Treviso and 7.5% in Padua. Measures for Speed of intervention are 13% in Venice. Finally, the measures Monitoring and mapping are 2% in Vicenza, 1% in Padua, and 6% in Venice.

Type of Intervention
The types of intervention ( Figure 5) are largely concentrated in physical measures that act directly on the urban structure. Subsequently, efforts are concentrated on organisational measures that propose modes of government or intervention capable of favoring adaptation. Finally, very rarely-and not at all in the provinces of Vicenza and Trevisoare economic measures based on taxation or local detaxation of behaviors more or less useful to reduce the impact of climate change. Physical measures are 20% in Vicenza, 88% in Treviso, 75% in Padua, and 61% in Venice. rganisational measures are 80% in Vicenza, 11% in Treviso, 15% in Padua, and 31% in Venice. Finally, the Economic measures are 9% in Padua and 7% in Venice.

Figure 5.
Responses from the four cities for the category "Type of intervention".

Return Time
Return times ( Figure 6) are the least consistent key across provinces. There is certainly a preponderance for events with an ordinary return time, but a certain importance is also given to events with a return time of 5-10 years. Events with a return time of 30-50 years and 100-300 years are, instead, almost totally absent and in any case, not sufficient. The measures are almost mainly "Ordinary": 80% in Vicenza, 50% in Treviso, 4% in Padua, and 61% in Venice. "RT 5-10 years" measures follow with 15% in Vicenza, 45% in Treviso, 12% in Padua, and 28% in Venice. "RT 30-50 years" measures are 4% in Vicenza, 6% in Treviso, 69% in Padua, and 8% in Venice. Finally, the measures with "RT 100-300 years" are 15% in Padua and 2% in Venice. These data show a strong ability to manage ordinary phenomena and a low aptitude to govern processes with longer-term RT.

Discussion
The first interesting element to be drawn from the research is the recognition of those gaps characterised by few measures, which indicates spaces and methods on which to work primarily with an attitude of increasing awareness and knowledge. The process has allowed the construction of a vast set of measures specific to the regional territory, which can be implemented consistently with the entire existing regulatory architecture and find space in the culture of local planning. Finally, the measures can be revised in an augmentative sense, increasing their effectiveness. Recognition of shortcomings must also serve to orient the subsequent proposal of actions. Verifying, in fact, the specific shortcomings in terms of themes, types of action, dangers faced, expected effects, and temporal effectiveness can serve, depending on the needs and requirements, to reorient the planning processes of individual municipalities within a framework shared at a broad territorial level.
The absence of economic measures corresponds to the scarcity of self-protection measures and confirms the previous difficulty of promoting private transformations in an adaptive sense [40]. The opportunity to involve the local population and the stakeholders who will be most affected by climate change is now deeply attested in the literature [41,42], and the reduced presence of measures able to involve the community must sound as a relevant alarm bell on the adaptive state of the Veneto territory as far as private goods and activities are concerned. From the point of view of return times, it is useful to understand the effectiveness of the measures detected so we can recognise a great preponderance of measures aimed to respond to events expected with a probability of 30-50 years, with two equivalent wings in the neighbouring classes. These are mostly ineffective measures concerning long climate change timescales [43][44][45], but are potentially effective, especially in the medium term, if in synergy. Finally, from the point of view of the themes described, the most interesting aspect has been the recognition of a profound intersectoral nature of the measures, an element that has led the administrations to question themselves on how to take advantage of these effects to promote adaptive development in a complex sense, anticipating the effects on the various themes in the planning [46].
For vocational and territorial needs, the measures are generally more oriented to contrast the impacts related to water. Indeed, as shown in Figure 1, 68% of the identified measures (143 out of 210) work on run-off. This is due not only to the fact that the Central Veneto region has suffered numerous extreme weather events due to flooding, but also to the planning tradition of water management and drainage that has been active in this area for centuries.
The number, scope, and consistency of measures also derive, indeed, from the concrete evidence of some climatic impacts that in Central Veneto are more evident than others: the number of regulations that seek to regulate hydraulic risk and mitigate its effects provides evidence of this, given the historical sensitivity of Central Veneto to these events. The poorer responsiveness to heatwaves and sea storms, for example, is a symptom of the fact that these events, until recent years, have been less evident and disruptive and have not, therefore, given sufficient time to the local planning system to update.
Following this process: -The municipality of Venice began drafting a Climate Adaptation Plan; - The municipality of Padua has adopted a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP); -The municipality of Treviso has adopted a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP); - The municipality of Vicenza has adopted a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP).
The application case experimented on in the Central Veneto region can be a guide to the design of the process of territorial adaptation in areas with great heritage and vast economic interests but without a higher territorial level of decision making.
The construction of territorial adaptation, as we have seen, has to do strictly with the understanding of the evolution of the territory in question. To understand this fundamental element of local planning means to have access to a great endowment of local history and technique already in the grasp of inhabitants and administrators and to a set of models of intervention to promote adaptation from which to weave the most congruous profile for the territory addressed.

Conclusions
The analysis of existing models of intervention can become an essential step in the adaptation process to climate change able to contribute to regional adaptation. The development of a common methodology tested in such a vast territory ensures territorial continuity to guide public policies in a co-ordinated manner and indicates a route that other municipalities can follow. This is even more relevant when noting that adaptation requires co-ordinated actions in different administrative units and at all levels. For example, floodings in Central Veneto are directly linked to what happens in the mountainous part of the region, which often discharges water suddenly and impetuously downstream. In this respect, it would be essential to strengthen the vertical dialogue between decision makers along the river course to organise co-ordinated policies between the mountain areas and the lowland areas that suffer the impacts of events occurring in other territories.
With the aim of enhancing the co-ordination and the development of joint adaptation, the LIFE Veneto Adapt led the drafting of shared guidelines [47] for a homogeneous territory for the implementation of climate change adaptation plans.
From the point of view of repeatability, the methodology is sufficiently simple and general to be replicated in the same way in any territory: the same model of training, participatory research, and analysis of results can clarify the state-of-the-art of local planning concerning climate change regardless of the local culture of planning and the regulatory framework. However, the same cannot be said for the transferability of the research results: what emerges has its effectiveness in close relation to the morphology of the investigated territory and to the planning culture and institutional and normative architecture of the Central Veneto region. If the individual measures can indicate what tools can be adopted to promote adaptation, they cannot be taken and transferred in their normative definition, and with the level of effectiveness renowned as such, they must be translated and adapted in favour of the context of the application.
We have seen that the analysed measures mainly refer to the tradition of water management (Figure 2), typical of the land management culture of the Central Veneto region. On the other hand, the new climate threats are not yet adequately considered. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the knowledge and awareness of decision makers in order to equip territories for the new issues that are emerging, which are not yet evident to everyone.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A
The Appendix A, in Table A1, contains all the measures analysed according to the methodology shown in Table 1. Reducing the consumption of drinking water and energy through initiatives aimed at reusing raw water, rainwater, or purified water, including water from outside the airport, for compatible purposes, in order to obtain economic and environmental benefits

Mand. Provincial UHI
The PAT/PATI also through agreements for the co-ordination of planning with the province and the municipalities concerned, define the forecasts: integrating, also through equalisation and compensation procedures, parts of the territory already equipped for tourism with others intended for: the integration of tourist services, including innovative ones (theme parks, basins for pleasure boating, arrangement of inland canals) with measures to adapt to climate change (reallocation of reclaimed and underused areas, formation of coastal and lagoon buffer zones) Trans. Impact red. Underway Intermunicipal Org. Ord.

Mand. Provincial UHI
The norm recalls the need to consider climate phenomena as a factor that affects the provincial territory, determining adaptation needs in coherence with international and superordinate guidelines. It indicates the need to apply the precautionary principle in the evaluation of alternatives and mitigation and compensation criteria for impacts Trans. Impact red. Underway Municipal Org. Ord.

Mand. Provincial UHI
The PAT/PATI forecasts can also be defined through co-ordination agreements in order to co-ordinate and integrate the local scale forecasts with the provincial ones, to favour the restructuring of the accessibility system of the coastal resorts, to integrate, also through equalisation and compensation procedures, parts of the territory already equipped for tourism with others destined to make the territory safe or to enhance and strengthen the environmental and cultural heritage, integrating tourist services, including innovative ones (theme parks, basins for recreational boating, arrangement of inland canals) with measures to adapt to climate change (such as, for example, refilling reclaimed and underused areas, creating buffer strips along the coastline and in lagoons), and, lastly, limiting as far as possible the number of settlements for new tourist accommodation Trans. Impact red. Underway Municipal Org. Ord.
It invests in environmental aspects involved in climate change adaptation processes, such as: climate-changing emissions; hydraulic planning; land consumption for urban or infrastructural uses; and rural land uses and production Trans. Impact red. Underway Intermunicipal Org. Ord.
The province encourages and promotes the participation of the municipalities in the strategic programmes and promotes: the adoption of locational solutions for accommodation facilities and installations that are safer in hydraulic terms and have a lower environmental impact, in line with the strategy of adaptation to climate change, in backwardness with respect to the coastline The projects must be aimed at recovering the quality of urban life through the rediscovery of Flood.: this is a change that touches on urban, environmental, and economic aspects. The rediscovery of the relationship between man-Flood., land-and sea must take place through the recovery of the relationship between the city and the sea, between the city and the rivers, redesigning a new urban idea, having the merit and the ability to transform compromised and disused areas into sources of life and resources of various kinds (tourist, commercial, productive, services...) The reappropriation of these spaces will also take place by mending the