Energy Efﬁciency Measures in Bakeries toward Competitiveness and Sustainability—Case Studies in Quito, Ecuador

: This paper evaluates the energy efﬁciency in the bakery industry toward competitiveness and sustainability through energy audits that were carried out on six bakeries located in Quito, Ecuador. Firstly, an initial meeting was held. After this, an energy survey was carried out in all areas of the bakeries. The information of the energy consumption of the facilities was collected. This was based on electricity bills, power data, equipment usage time, habits, and monthly consumption. With the energy balances, the critical points were identiﬁed, resulting in the baking process and the production activity, as those with the highest energy consumption within each establishment. Subsequently, with the indicator of electrical energy consumed per unit produced, the energy consumption by production processes and the bakery’s total energy consumption were determined. Several improvement proposals were generated for the bakery industry based on the results. Finally, it is concluded that the consumption of electrical energy in the bakery industry in Quito is efﬁcient when compared to other bakeries, since they use less energy per unit of mass processed to produce products.


Introduction
The depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns have to be addressed in the short future. Many energy policies have been imposed in various energy-consuming activities, such as the energy efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of service output of a process to the energy input into that process. Energy efficiency can be used for analysis of industrial operation and its performance, especially at the macrolevel. Thermodynamic, thermophysical, thermoeconomic, and economic metrics can be categorized through energy performance indicators [1,2].
Global total final energy consumption of the manufacture industry was 1978 Mtoe in 2016 and 74.7% of energy belongs to the mechanical manufacturing industry [3]. The industrial sector in Europe had a final energy consumption of 274.7 Mtoe in 2015, which accounted for 25.35% of the whole energy used in this region [4]. The food sector is an essential industry in this region, which has an energy intensity of 23 toe/10 6 € in 2015 [5]. The values are different in other regions; for example, China's food industry consumed 76.61 (Mtoe), which represented 3.2% of the entire manufacturing industry [6]. The industry in Brazil had an estimated energy intensity of 586 toe/10 6 $, where the most important industries were iron and steel, pulp and paper, food, and beverage [7]. The rest of this paper is organized, as follows: Section 2 describes a background of the bakery industry. Section 3 presents the energy efficiency methodology. The results are discussed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 is devoted to the main conclusions.

Bakeries
The process of making bread, cake, and small pastry (cookies, chocolates, nougat, truffles, alfajores, brownies, etc.) consists of some stages, such as mixing and kneading ingredients based on a previous recipe to give a form of homogeneous and uniform dough, which will later be subjected to forming processes to finish with baking. The various processes are described in Figure 1 and they are detailed below:

•
Weighing: The first stage of production uses a scale to weigh all solid ingredients such as flour and yeast. After that, the eggs, salt, sugar, and butter are added to a container. Afterward, liquids, such as water, are measured. Finally, all of the ingredients are placed in a container. • Kneading: With the ingredients already weighed, it is deposited inside the kneading equipment. They are combined for around 5 to 10 min., depending on the quantity. In the end, the mixture is collected from the kneader. Subsequently, the final mixture is deposited in a container to rest for a time of 10 min. • Forming: Once the dough rests, we proceed to make cuts with previously indicated dimensions and then shape the dough. Besides, to add some other necessary detail for the bread, cake or little bakery. They are then placed in cans or molds, so that, in this way, they can enter the oven. • Leavening: This stage is specifically for bread preparation. Here the cake or minor bakery is not included. With the help of cars, the loaves are entered into the fermentation chamber. They will remain for about 45 min., so that the bread takes the necessary size before baking. After the loaves come out of the chamber, let it rest for about 5 min. • Baking: In this stage, electric ovens with a maximum temperature of 250 • C are used, regular cooking is from 190 • C to 250 • C; this depends on the size and quantity of the smaller bread, cake, or bakery, and this will be for a time of 20 to 45 min.

Energy Efficiency Policies: ISO Standard 50001
This standard is based on energy management systems analysis to improve organizations' energy performance based on energy efficiency use, and energy consumption to minimize environmental problems, such as gas emissions and save energy payment. This can be applied with the commitment of the organization's stakeholders, especially of the top management in any industry, company, or business.
Having the ISO 50001 is an advantage, since it reduces maintenance prices, includes a culture of progressive improvement and assistance to have workers committed to their work. Likewise, it manages to save 5% to 15% by measures implemented in the operating area.
To implement this standard, the following steps are required: • Pre-Audit: It is the beginning of the contact between the two parties whose purpose is to inspect the establishment, in addition to previously verifying the requirements of the standard. During this period, a team is usually established with part of the consulting firm and company personnel. • First Phase of the Audit: All of the data concerning energy consumption in the establishment are collected, such as natural gas, fuel, and electricity consumption bills. The staff in charge of this work will reveal the establishment's location and the area with the highest energy consumption.

Energy Baseline
The UNE-EN ISO 50001: 2011 Standard defines a quantitative reference that provides the basis for the comparison of energy performance. For this reason, it reflects the conditions of a specific period. It is also used to calculate energy savings as a reference before and after taking actions to improve energy performance.

State of the Facilities
In this activity of an energy audit, the facilities' current conditions are analyzed. Some of the actions are surveying of equipment characteristics, like power, time of use of equipment, and behavior of employees.

Energy Audit
It is a process of systematic evaluation and monitoring to obtain a complete judgment on energy consumption and its cost. Likewise, it allows for seeing which factors influence higher energy consumption and to assess the different opportunities for improvement. It plays the role of finding the possible sources of reduction of electricity consumption in the industry, by examining the areas in search of viable energy savings or considering individual energy saving measures.

Energy Indicator
They are used for comparison between energy use with productive values. These indicators reveal where energy savings can be implemented in the processes. They also provide information on trends in relation to historical energy use or for benchmarking. Figure 2 describes the methodology followed, and it will be explained below.

Management Case Study Description
The selected case studies were carried out in the San Carlos Sector on Machala and transversal avenues, located in the north of Quito, Ecuador. The bakeries have an average area of 60 square meters. Their daily production is around 4000 loaves, nine cakes, and 130 pieces of a small pastry. For elaborating these products, equipment, such as the kneader or mixer, leavening chamber, and oven are required, related to energy consumption. Additionally, other additional activities are carried out in the establishment, such as the sale of dairy products, sausages, and other essential products. Figure 3 illustrates the map of the six selected bakeries.

Surveying
The surveying was divided in the following steps: • First Meeting: At this stage, a confidentiality agreement was established for the project data with the bakeries and communication with those responsible for the industry, and how the information from the establishment will be collected. Finally, an appointment was scheduled for a technical and visual examination of the equipment. • Energy Review: A visit was made to all areas of the bakeries, for both sale and production, to record the status of the equipment and electrical appliances present in the facilities to obtain all of the characteristics of the equipment and the tasks that are carried out in the place. This was done with the help of a weekly schedule.

Data Gathering
Detailed information regardinf the energy consumption of the facilities is acquired through the administration with surveys. It was based primarily on the establishment's electricity bill. • Interviews: Information was collected through interviews with those in charge of energy consumption data for April 2020 and measures related to production equipment consumption. Furthermore, the review of essential documents and records to determine energy consumption and management was performed. Likewise, whether the devices or equipment are in good condition was analyzed. The questions considered in the interviews carried out were divided based on the different activities and processes (see Appendices A-E). • Use of equipment: Information was collected regarding the use of the equipment and working hours; the lighting system and lower consumption electrical equipment were verified during the week and weekends to determine the consumption during the month. • Consumption habits: Information was collected about the employees' consumption habits within the establishment through personnel surveys to obtain data on hours of consumption and the use of electrical equipment during their recess or end of their hours of workdays. Awareness and proper energy management by management and employees were also taken into account.

Energy Balance
With the data from the surveys, an energy balance was generated for April. This month was taken as a reference, since it was the date on which the information from the bakeries was collected. Additionally, points of highest consumption were identified according to the area, the type of production equipment, and energy consumption of other electrical equipment types present in the establishment.
To carry out the energy balance, the following equation was used: where H m is the hours of use per month, H the hours of daily use on weekdays per device, H o the hours of daily use weekend per device, F the working weekdays factor, which is 20 weekdays for the month of April, and F o the working weekends factor, which is 10 weekend days for the month analyzed. Moreover, the device consumption is defined: where E d is the device energy consumption per month (kWh/month) and P is the power consumption (kW) The production energy consumption (kWh/month) is defined: where E k is the energy consumed by the kneading (kWh/month), E br the energy consumed by the leavening (kWh/month), and E ba the energy consumed by the baking (kWh/month). The total energy consumption is defined: where E P is the production energy consumption (kWh/month), E R the refrigeration energy consumption (kWh/month), E L the lighting energy consumption (kWh/month), and E O the rest of the energy consumption (kWh/month).

Energy Audit
In this section was compared the energy balance with the electrical bills. With the energy audit results, the processes and activities with the highest consumption were analyzed in order to develop proposals that reduce energy consumption.

Indicators
According to the energy balance data, the points with the highest energy consumption were found based on the processes and activities that were present in the establishment.
To identify those critical points, the indicator of electrical energy by quantity of flour per process is defined: where W f is the weight of flour used per process (kg/month).

Energy Audit
With each bakery's bill and electricity consumption values, a balance was made of the processes present in the production stage. Likewise, any activity carried out in the bakery requires the use of electrical energy. Thus, the first instance was to determine the hours of use per month using Equation (1). Subsequently, to find the value of equipment consumption with Equation (2) and to immediately find the total consumption of each process with Equation (3). Next, with the help of Equation (4), each bakery's total energy consumption values were determined. Finally, the percentage of error for each bakery was compared to the electricity bill's value of April, which considers 30 days, as summarized in Table 1.

Indicators
With each bakery's electricity consumption value and the respective total amount of flour used during the month, the value of the energy consumption indicator of each bakery was determined. For this, Equation (5) was used first, which corresponds to the electrical energy per quantity of flour per process. Equation (5) was also used to analyze the whole energy used in the bakery per amount of flour of all products. The best energy indicator corresponds to bakery 2, which has a value of 0.124 kWh/kg. This means that it is the most efficient bakery, since it requires less energy and produces greaters quantities. On the other hand, bakery 4, with a value of 0.315 kWh/kg, has the worst indicator since it consumes more energy for production, as shown in Table 2. The mean value of the energy indicators of the six Bakeries analyzed is 0.204 kWh/kg.
According to the data that were obtained in each baker's interview about the time of use of each equipment for production, it was divided bread production processes into kneading or mixing, leavening, baking, and, additionally, the entire process was analyzed. Subsequently, with Equation (5), the amount of energy used per month was calculated by the amount of flour in each of the processes. The Energy Indicator for bread production by bakery is depicted in Figure 4 and in Appendix F in the Appendix section. Besides, it is observed that bakery 2 presents better results than the other bakeries. This is because its equipment works properly without presenting poor handling problems or is sub-used like bakeries 1, 3, and 5. It is important to note that bakeries 1, 2, 3, and 5 have ovens with similar space and power capacities, as shown in Appendix B. However, bakery two processes more mass of flour, as shown in Table 2. Likewise, it can be observed that bakery 1 presents results that are not so adequate for its production, some equipment are household equipment, like the kneader, and others are subutilized, like the fermentation chamber and oven.  According to the data that were obtained in the interview of each baker about the time of use of each equipment for production, it was divided by cake production processes, such as kneading or mixing and baking; without counting on the leavening process because this process only corresponds to the production of bread. Next, with Equation (5), the amount of energy used per month was calculated by the amount of flour in each of the processes. The Energy Indicator for cake production by bakery is illustrated in Figure 5 and detailed in Appendix G. In addition, it can be seen how bakery 3 presents better results than other bakeries. Moreover, bakery 4 has the poorest results, since it consumes a more significant amount of electrical energy in all cake production processes.
According to the data that were obtained in the interview of each baker about the time of use of each piece of equipment for production, it was divided by the production processes of little bakery, such as kneading or mixing and baking. In Figure 6 and Appendix H , the Energy Indicator for minor pastry by bakery is depicted. Note that bakery 2 presents better results than other bakeries. This is because the production works properly and it generates less electrical energy losses in the little bakery's production process. It can also be seen how bakery 4 is less favorable than the rest. This is because it consumes a more significant amount of electrical energy in all smaller bakery production processes.    Figure 7 illustrates the monthly energy consumption by bread, cake, and small pastry processes in Bakery 2, which is the bakery with the best results in terms of energy efficiency. The baking process within the bread production stage represents the activity with the highest consumption due to the product's cooking, whose energy demand is high. Leavening is the next most consuming process because the bread is given the ability to take volume, which requires more electrical energy and time. Finally, the mixing or kneading process consumes less electricity. This is because it takes little time to mix the ingredients.

Higher Consumption Processes
The production of cakes has two processes that use energy, such as mixing or kneading and baking. The last consumes more energy, because it requires more time and greater electricity consumption.
The production of minor bakery products has only two processes that take up energy, such as mixing or kneading and baking. Baking has the highest electricity consumption, which is based on the product's cooking.

Bread
Cake

Higher Consumption Activities
Each bakery was divided according to their activities into production, refrigeration, lighting, and other activities. These activities were determined based on the function that they fulfill within the bakery and considering the energy consumption. The values of each bakery are shown in Appendix I. Figure 8 illustrates the share of each consumption activity in bakery 2. It was observed that the production activity is the highest value of electrical energy used, representing 46% of the entire bakery with 679 kWh. Subsequently, the refrigeration activity consumes 626 kWh of the total, because the refrigeration equipment is frequently on for the sale of products. Besides, at least one refrigeration equipment is on 24 h a day because it fulfills a preserving function all foods present, such as the products necessary for bakery, dairy products, sausages, or other foods. Lighting consumes 91 kWh, and the other activities 76 kWh, representing a small share of the total energy consumption.

Proposals for the Improvement of Energy Efficiency
After analyzing the energy audit, once the bakery processes and activities with the highest consumption have been identified, improvement activities and actions are proposed. They cover general logistics needs, habits of use, economics, and electric reduction consumption. They are detailed below. This section analyzes bakery 1, since the primary process in all bakeries is to make bread, and this bakery has the worst performance.
• A change of equipment was proposed for the kneading process. Table 3 shows data of old and new proposal. The proposed equipment has a higher capacity for dough processing, with 10 kg per cycle, which will reduce the processing time from 120 h in a month to 36 h. Moreover, the proposed equipment has less power with 750 W, and the energy-saving will be 105 kWh/month. NPV and IRR were calculated with a rate of discount of 6.94% taken from the Central Bank of Ecuador, and an average cost of investment of $636.96 for the kneader after analyzing three different models with the same characteristics, and an annual profit of $ 163.8 for the reduction in the energy bill. The NPV for this proposal after ten years was $555.04 and IRR of 22%. • For the fermentation chamber, better process management was proposed since the fermentation chamber was partially used due to the limitations of the kneading process. This action will reduce the time of use from 300 h in a month to 96 h, with an energy saving of 102 kWh/month. • The oven was also partially used due to constraints in the kneading process, and better process management will reduce the time of use with savings of 200 kWh/month. • The refrigeration activity has a poor performance since the heat emission from ovens is quickly gained by refrigerators. It is recommended to improve thermal isolation in all bakeries. The heat gained by refrigerators was not measured, since it is a secondary bakeries activity, and it should be analyzed in future studies. • Lighting and minor equipment were not analyzed in detail, since they represent 11% of the whole energy consumption. However, the time of use of this equipment could be reduced with staff training.
In total, 407 kWh/month could be reduced in bakery 1, which represents 39% of the energy saving.
After analyzing all bakeries' data, it is determined that bakeries with low mass processing capacity, like bakeries 1, 4, and 6, have the highest energy indicators. These bakeries have similar problems, like bakery 1, such as the equipment's capacity is not appropriate for the production, which is too small or too big. Therefore, equipment with inadequate capacity limits the following processes, and some equipment is partially used, which causes a waste of energy.

Conclusions
This paper presents energy efficiency proposals for bakeries in Quito, Ecuador. Based on the energy audits that were carried out, energy consumption and payment values were determined to reaffirm the relationship between the real payment value and obtained during the investigation. It can be concluded that bakery 2 presents the best energy indicators, since its total production requires a lower amount of electrical energy than others. Besides, bakery 2 shows the best energy performance in all of its production processes, since it works at its optimum capacity. On the other hand, bakery 4 presents the worst energy consumption indicators, since it presents energy losses due to the subutilization of equipment.
Within the bakeries that were located north of Quito, it was established that the process with the highest energy consumption is baking for bread, since the equipment used in this process has the longest usage time per day. Moreover, the high energy consumption is represented by the leavening process, since it is performed daily, as is the baking process, and the equipment's energy consumption is high. The refrigeration equipment has a high energy consumption, since the heat emission from ovens is gained by refrigerators.
The energy indicator of 0.204 kWh/kg in the bakeries in the city of Quito shows an efficient process in general, since the bakeries do not have room heating systems or air conditioners since they are not necessary due to weather conditions. In addition, the equipment presents greater efficiency because the processes are more straightforward for bread and its derivatives. For this reason, the energy indicator shows an average consumption that was lower than other bakeries in developed countries, such as a case study of Germany, where the energy indicator was 0.383 kWh/kg for the source of electricity [22]. This is primarily because bakeries in Quito are artisans and they employ labor to shape, design, and flavor products. Other developed countries are governed to use more equipment, machinery, and less labor force.
The main limitation of this work is that energy consumption values were provided by the invoices of the stores, since this information is available for all consumers, and they do not have an additional cost. Moreover, there were some restrictions in measuring equipment's energy use due to safety protocols that were implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Thus, it could be essential to obtain real measurements of energy consumption in future work through an energy monitoring system.  Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Mario González-Rodríguez from Universidad de las Américas-Ecuador for providing Figure 3.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:

Appendix E. Survey of Maintenance
This surveys analyzes maintenance of equipment and energy savings measures in the bakeries.