Integrating SDGs in Higher Education—Case of Climate Change Awareness and Gender Equality in a Developing Country According to RMEI-TARGET Strategy

Universities play an essential role in spreading climate change awareness. However, slight information on climate change and environmental issues had been integrated into the curricula. Moreover, minimal research had been carried out to understand university role in spreading awareness, and students level of awareness and daily behaviour towards climate change, especially in developing countries. This paper aims to investigate the aforementioned issues. An experimental study was carried out on 448 undergraduate students enrolled at An-Najah National University Palestine. The study aimed to examine students’ knowledge and daily behaviour towards climate change, and the important role the university and students’ societies play in terms of spreading and enhancing awareness. The results revealed that female and male students had a non satisfactory interest level in environmental topics and activities, and gender equality did not seem to be an issue. Moreover, female students tend to have a significantly lower level of awareness on climate change compared to male students. On the other hand, being an engineering students or a member in students’ societies had a positive impact on students’ level of awareness and especially females. The results revealed that female students who are enrolled in the engineering faculty or members of students’ societies had a significantly higher level of awareness compared to female students who are enrolled in other faculties or not members of students’ societies. In general, students had a low level of awareness regardless of gender or faculty and universities should offer undergraduate students and especially female students’ opportunities to learn more about climate change by integrating climate change topics into higher education. Moreover, universities should support extracurricular activities held by student societies, and some of these activities should be directed towards environmental and climate change issues. This study entails the activities of the Mediterranean Gender Equality Community of Practice co-created by the Mediterranean Network of Engineering Schools (RMEI), where An-Najah University is an active member, with the support of the EU TARGET project entitled ’Taking a reflexive approach to gender equality at Institutional transformation’.


Introduction
The United Nations Department of Development and Social Affairs established 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs); among which are Quality Education (SDG 4), Gender Equality (SDG 5), and Climate Action (SDG 13) that are related to the scope of this paper. Climate change is a global issue facing the earth we live on. It is caused by global warming that is driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases, and the large Research has shown that students have many misconceptions regarding climate change. Students generally do not understand the translation of global warming into climate change [17]. There were differences among students from different countries around the world in terms of their knowledge of different aspects of climate change. The research also recognised the variation of increased conceptual knowledge or improved decision making in the educational programs when assessing the best approaches to climate education. The study also highlighted that aspects of climate change are integrated and cross-disciplinary, and at the same time students are very much influenced by their families and societies outside the school.
People ought to better understand climate change and its effect and what be done to cope with it. It starts with understanding the causes of global warming and its effects. Therefore, it is of great importance to consider education and awareness through the inclusion of global warming issues in educational curricula as well as clearing misconceptions students and people have about global warming. It is the most effective way to raise the environmental consciousness among nations [20][21][22][23].
The majority of the literature focused on students' awareness at the school's level (elementary and high school) and these were mostly conducted in the developed countries; limited studies were conducted in the developing countries including Arab countries. A study conducted in the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) indicated that awareness of environment, global warming, and greenhouse effect among science students is expected to be one of the highest [24]. The study found that students from the college of Science and Food and Agriculture were more aware of the use of biotechnology and its environmental impact as compared to other students. On the other hand, the study concluded that students mainly gained their knowledge through the general education rather than from the university education.
Freije, et al. [25] studied the level of awareness among the University of Bahrain science students regarding global warming and greenhouse effect, with a sample size of 143 students. The study showed that more than half the students have the knowledge about global warming, and fourth year students have better knowledge than freshmen students who obtained their knowledge from the school system and the general media. Furthermore, there were variations in the awareness level among different science majors such that biology students have the highest level and math students have the lowest among the science students. This was attributed to the fact that the academic curriculum where the biology includes a number of compulsory as well as elective courses that include aspects related to the environment and global warming. The study revealed that strategic intervention helped to enhance the media coverage on global warming and environmental issues. Moreover, government needs to support programs aimed at educating the public on global warming and environmental issues. The study also recommended that considerable efforts should be done to integrate environmental concepts into the university curriculum irrespective of the academic study specialization, as well as through extra curricula activities.
Moswete, et al. [26] conducted a study to compare the attitudes of undergraduate students regarding climate change and environmental issues at the University of Botswana in Gaborone and the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA) in Annapolis, Maryland, USA. The study found large differences among the students from the two universities. Only a quarter of the USNA students viewed climate change as a critical problem today, and half of students thought that climate change would be a future problem. Students from Botswana had higher level of awareness of the seriousness of the climate change related problems and environmental issues in the current state. On the other hand, there were large differences between students of environmental sciences and business majors in the University of Botswana. The study suggested that more information on climate change and environment should be integrated into courses, subjects, or programs in the higher education system across developing and the developed countries. In terms of climate change and the natural environment, students living in urban centres need to be introduced to the rural environment through field-based courses or subjects for practical activities.
Filho, et al. [16] indicated that despite the existence of scientific evidence, scepticism about climate change is still a popular trend worldwide. The authors further indicated that only a few universities integrate climate change into their curricula, which might lead to the concern that leaders of these universities are also sceptical about the issue and its seriousness. The study summarised the different experiences in climate action in selected universities from different parts of the world, which showed the importance of sharing experiences and efforts at the regional or international levels. It showed that the vast majority of surveyed students believe that climate change is happening and humans have a lot to do with it; at the same time, they believe that their universities are not doing much at their policy level. The study also showed that the perception of students towards climate change clearly varied by region such that South America, Africa, and Asia scored the lowest, while Europe, North America, and Oceana scored higher. The authors suggested that universities are yet to fully incorporate climate related issues into their programs, more efforts in respect of policy-making are needed, and these policies should address issues related to vulnerability, especially among poor communities.
Climate change increases gender inequality, decreases the capacity of women to be financially independent, and has an overall negative effect on women's social and political rights, especially in highly agricultural-based economies. However, the study of gender in climate change is not confined to women. It also means not only applying a binary male/female analysis method to quantitative data sets, but also scrutinizing discursive constructions that form climate change-related power relations [27]. The Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, ratified by 185 countries, established a global goal for adaptation to climate change, and it also acknowledges the importance of gender equality and calls for climate action to be gender-responsive [28]. In many countries women are under-represented in decision-making in areas relevant to climate change adaptation. Therefore, the research acknowledges that in order to ensure that investments are targeted where they are needed most, effective adaptation should consider the differing needs of women, men, and marginalised groups.
This was further verified that women commonly face higher risks and greater burdens from the impacts of climate change in situations of poverty, and the majority of the world's poor are women [29]. There are evidences that women play an important role in supporting households and communities to mitigate the effects and adapt to climate change [30,31]. David [17] established that gender is being introduced into the climate debate at an increasing rate. Geographers and feminist scholars are highlighting that climate change is felt unevenly among social strata that has been disadvantaged and marginalised with bearings along gender, race, and class lines. The author further stated that the absence of an inter-sectional lens in the discourse on gender and environment causes the development of gender to be mediated by predominantly white western bodies in climate negotiations.
Low [32] reviewed the gender literature on climate change and REDD+ projects to elaborate on gender-specific subordination of women. The author concluded that intersectional feminist perspectives showed that indigenous and marginalised women play a crucial role in engaging with climate change. The study argues that the genderenvironment-climate interconnection is more complex and that greater attention is paid to a nuanced, context-sensitive, and power-sensitive examination of women's empowerment and gender equality in the context of climate change.
At the local Palestinian level, the issue of climate change awareness at the university level has not been investigated except as part of academic course work where the level of environmental awareness among students were explored. It revealed that participation in environmental activities or reading environmental subjects among Palestinian students is generally low.
Based on the previous studies, it is concluded that universities in developing countries are somewhat aware of the importance of SDGs and especially climate change. However, minimal work had been carried out to integrate climate change topics into the educational curriculum; this affects students level of awareness. At the same time, the literature has not addressed the issue of gender as related to climate change at the university level. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the level of university students' awareness of, and involvement in, activities and issues related to climate change. The objectives of this research are to examine students' level of awareness, daily behaviour towards climate change, and student societies' and organisations' role in terms of enhancing the understanding of climate change. Since the authors are associated with the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology (FEIT), the research compares between students from the FEIT and other faculties. This all will be put into the gender equality perspective at An-Najah National University (NNU), as a case study for Palestinian universities and in a developing country.
This study entails the activities of the Mediterranean Gender Equality Community of Practice co-created by the Mediterranean Network of Engineering Schools (RMEI), where NNU is an active member, with the support of the EU TARGET project entitled 'Taking a reflexive approach to gender equality at Institutional transformation'. With about 30 Universities-members, the Mediterranean Engineering Schools Network (RMEI) is the most active network on gender equality in the Mediterranean area. Supported by the HORIZON2020 'Taking a Reflexive Approach to Gender Equality for Institutional Transformation' (TARGET) project in conceptualizing gender equality learning and system change, the network has created a Community of Practice that is Engineering-and other STEM-specific considering the systemic view of SDG5 horizontally connected to all SDGs and Climate Change (see Figure 1) [33,34]. This paper is organised as follows. After the introduction and a review of previous work, Section 2 describes the study methodology. Section 3 presented the university background. The results are analysed and discussed in Section 4. Finally, a conclusion of the paper and future work are provided in Section 5.

Study Methodology
This paper aims to study the awareness of undergraduate students on climate change, and the role universities and students' societies play to help spread awareness by taking gender and faculty factors into account. The study was carried out over two consecutive academic years in two stages. This study aims to answer the following research questions by taking faculty and gender factors into account:

•
What is students' level of awareness on climate change? • Are students playing a key role in reducing the effects of climate change? • Are universities and students' societies playing an effective role in terms of enhancing students understanding of climate change?
In addition to the review of selected literature related to the scope of this study, the study was conducted in two stages. The first stage was a preliminary study aimed to exam-ine students' interest in environmental topics and activities, and their daily application to environmental practices. This was conducted through an on-line survey of 200 undergraduate students enrolled at NNU. Students voluntarily answered a questionnaire, which was published via the university portal. Based on results of the preliminary study, the second stage was launched with a more detailed study focusing on climate change aiming to assess students' knowledge and daily behaviour towards climate change. A total of 250 students voluntarily filled in a knowledge test (quiz) and a questionnaire, which was also published via the university portal. Moreover, the role universities and students' societies play to enhance students' awareness of climate change was examined. The data collected using the quiz and the questionnaire was analysed using SPSS [35] with 95% confidence interval.
Furthermore, in order to better understand the results; relationships and causes, focus group sessions were held with 25 undergraduate students. Due to the large number of students, two similar focus group sessions were held, each for approximately two hours. In these sessions, students were again asked the key questions in the quiz and questionnaire. Furthermore, the quiz and questionnaire results were revealed to students, and they were requested to explain these results from their perspective and highlight justifications and causes for some key issues. At the end, students provided recommendations to improve the awareness level among students. This was further supplemented by interviewing the vice president for academic affairs (male) and two faculty deans; the dean of Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology (male) and the dean of Faculty of Educational Sciences and Teachers' Training (female).
The detailed composition of the participants in each stage is presented in the subsequent sections of this study.

University Background
The following is a brief background about An-Najah National University (NNU) and its interest in the SDGs including the climate change and gender equality, with a focus on the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology (FEIT). An-Najah National University is one of the largest universities in Palestine with more than 23,000 students. It offers several bachelor and graduate degree programs in various disciplines. In year 2020, in order to show its commitment and to spread awareness among university's community, NNU posted the 17 SDGs in several key places all over its four campuses in both Arabic and English languages (see Figure 2).
Universities and educational institutions in Palestine are aware of the importance of environmental sustainability, and specifically climate change [36,37]. This is due to the fact that some of the universities ranking system measures universities' research on climate change, their use of energy, and their preparations for dealing with the consequences of climate change [38]. Table 1 shows An-Najah National University performance in Times Higher Education World University Ranking. The ranking assesses universities against 11 out of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The ranking shows that the university is committed to achieving the SDGs and has carried out several initiatives and projects to improve its ranking. For example, the university installed solar panels on campus rooftops to produce alternative energy. Moreover, the university Energy Research Centre worked on installing free solar panels in different villages, schools, and municipalities to generate electricity [39]. Despite the increasing interest in achieving environmental sustainability, the University has minimal integration of climate change topics in educational material, and has yet limited initiatives to help spread awareness among students. The university is also aware of the necessity to achieve gender equality. Female students constitute 64% of the student body. Among its staff, 26% of the academics and 41% of the administrative are females, with an overall percentage of 38.5%. In addition, one of the three vice presidents and two out of eleven deans are females.
Over the past few years, the number of university's female staff sent on scholarship to obtain higher degrees (masters or PhDs) has increased significantly. University records show that currently, 36% of scholars are female, while in the past this percentage was negligible.
As part of its social responsibilities, NNU is active in the gender equality issues. This is generally resembled through workshops, conferences, academic programs, and policies. Colleges, departments, staffs, and students' scientific societies are actively involved in on-campus and off-campus activities as well. The Vice President for International Cooperation's office is active in women empowerment on campus and prepared a plan to better activate the role of women. The university is currently working on a project to strengthen women in scientific research.
Furthermore, NNU offers a master's program in Women's Studies. The university also adopts several policies addressing gender equality, directly and indirectly. For example, the university adopts the following policies and posts them on its web site [40]: Academic Freedom Policy, Access and Participation to Study Policy, Harassment and Discrimination Policy, and Openness and Accessibility Policy. In addition, the Women's Rights Policy has several sub-policies that address the gender equality. Following the endorsement of the RMEI network (Réseau Méditerranéen des Ecoles d'Ingénieurs; French acronym for Network of Mediterranean Engineering Schools) of the Gender Equality Statement (GES) prepared by TARGET (Taking Reflexive Approach to Gender Equality for Institutional Transformation) Project, NNU was the first among the RMEI network to endorse the GES at the Council of Deans level, and posted it on its "policies" web page [41]. NNU has 11 colleges; the largest is the FEIT with 5200 students. Contrary to the common tradition worldwide, approximately half of the student body in the FEIT is female (48.3%). Out of 18 BSc degree programs offered at FEIT, 10 of them have female majorities (above 50%). There are several programs with females being the vast majority. For example, female students of the Telecommunications Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Urban Planning Engineering, and Architectural Engineering programs are all above 75%. The least female enrolment is in the Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronic Engineering programs (2.4% and 7.6%, respectively). Female students in the FEIT are prominent figures among the student bodies and achieved leadership positions in the students' attainment levels in the programs.
The FEIT has several scientific societies that are student chapters of the international mother societies. The societies aim to improve students' soft and technical skills. Female students are also leaders in these societies where they occupy several positions in their administrations ( Table 2). Student societies, among other things, promote diversity; they are diverse in gender, education, income, and expertise. In addition, female students are quite active in the various scientific organisations in and off campus. Furthermore, there are some scientific organisations that directly involve females; Women in Engineering (WIE) of the IEEE [42], Arab Women In Computing (ARABWIC) [43], and Girls in Tech (GIT) [44]. The main aim of these organisations is to decrease the unemployment rate among the engineering females, which is high (53%) according to the Engineers Association in Palestine, and close the gap between the private and academic sectors. Furthermore, several activities held by these societies and organisations dealt with various environmental and sustainability issues. Therefore, it is expected that these student leaderships have greater appreciation and more awareness regarding the climate change issues, which will be investigated in this research.

Preliminary Study
This section presents the preliminary study, which aimed to examine students environmental awareness by their interest in environmental topics and activities, and their daily environmental practices. The study was carried out in 2019/2020 on 200 undergraduate students enrolled at NNU, 20% of students were from FEIT and 58.5% of students were females. Students voluntarily answered a questionnaire, which was published via the university portal. The questionnaire consisted of seven questions. The results of the preliminary study are shown in Table 3. The results clearly indicate that regardless of faculty and gender, the level of environmental awareness among female and male students is unsatisfactory. Students have minimal interest in reading environmental topics, attending environmental events and participating in activities and societies which focus on environment. Moreover, the majority of students do not apply environmental practices such as waste recycling. The preliminary study emphasises the importance of increasing students' environmental awareness. To help achieve this, a detailed experiment was carried as presented in the subsequent sections.

Students' Level of Awareness on Climate Change
The second phase of the study aims to examine students' knowledge on climate change, behaviour towards climate change, and the current role university and students' societies are playing to help reduce climate change.
Lack of awareness is a significant barrier to climate change adaptation in developing countries [45]. Therefore, it is essential to increase awareness by enhancing knowledge to address and form global actions on climate change [46,47]. This section presents students' overall level of awareness on climate change which is measured using a quantitative method through the knowledge test (quiz) that consisted of seven multiple choice questions and was marked out of 100 (see questions in Appendix A), a questionnaire, which consisted of five 5-point Likert scale. After that, a qualitative method was used through the discussions with the focus group and interviews with the key administrative/academic staff.
A total of 248 undergraduate students volunteered to take part in the experiment in 2020/2021 academic year, among which 64.1% were females, 62.1% were from the FEIT, and 37.9% were members of student societies. The students' composition according to their majors is shown in Table 4. Students' level of awareness was measured using a knowledge test and a questionnaire. After that, the research results were discussed with a focus group, which consisted of 25 students, among which 13 students were from the FEIT and 12 students from non-engineering faculties. The focus group consisted of 17 female students and 8 male students, in which 14 out of 25 were members of students' societies.  Figure 3 shows that the quiz mean grade was 42.57% and 50% of students obtained a grade below 40%. This indicates that students overall level of awareness on climate change is low. The focus group emphasised that the low level of awareness is due to the fact that students obtain minimal information on climate change from educational programs. Moreover, most of them agreed that the knowledge they have on climate change is from the school curriculum and prior to joining the university. Further analyses were carried out using independent sample t-test to examine effect of faculty and gender factors on students' level of awareness. Figure 4 shows that there is a significant difference in the mean quiz grade between students in engineering and non-engineering faculties (t = 2.9, p-value < 0.05, CI = 95%). Students in engineering faculty tend to have higher level of awareness (mean = 45.5 out of 100). However, the level of awareness is not satisfactory and significant knowledge gaps exist. Engineering students are generally from among the highest grade point average students in the high school general exam, which might explain their relatively higher level of awareness as compared to other students. The focus group and the two deans agreed with the results and stated that engineering programs tend to be more interdisciplinary and project-based compared with other programs. This helps students improve their knowledge in different sectors including climate change and consequently improve their awareness.
The results also revealed that the level of awareness differentiates between female and male students (see Table 5). Female students had a significantly lower level of awareness compared to male students (t = −2.68, p-value = 0.01, p-value < 0.05, CI = 95%). No significant difference had been found between male students in engineering and nonengineering faculties (t = −0.49, p-value > 0.05, CI = 95%). However, Table 6 shows that female students in engineering had a significantly higher level of awareness compared to female students in non-engineering programs (t = 3.84, p-value < 0.05, CI = 95%). The focus group, as well as the two deans stated that due to cultural issues, female students have limited access to knowledge resources outside the university compared to male students who have higher involvement with the surrounding community and are constantly exposed to issues and obstacles the community face. This might affect female students' level of awareness negatively. The focus group also agreed that being an engineering student tends to have a positive effect on female students' level of awareness compared with no effect on male students' level of awareness. The group argued that females in the engineering are exposed to multidisciplinary problem solving cases compared to nonengineering female students. On the other hand, male students had no difference in the level of awareness, regardless the faculty they are enrolled in; male students have more access to knowledge resources outside the university and have relatively high involvement with the surrounding community.  Students level of awareness on climate change was also measured using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. Table 7, illustrates the median of students' responses to five statements. The results revealed that students do not have a clear definition of climate change (Median = 3). Moreover, they tend to disagree on following and searching for climate change topics. On the other hand, students are aware and agree that individuals' actions are essential to reduce climate change. Moreover, they are willing to learn best practices to help reduce and mitigate climate change. This was reiterated through the focus group sessions. Further analysis were carried out using Mann-Whitney U test as shown in Table 8. The results revealed that there is a significant difference between female students in engineering and non-engineering faculties in terms of following and searching for environment and climate change topics (U = 4060 , p-value < 0.05, CI = 95%). However, no significant difference was found in students' awareness level on climate change between female and male students or between engineering and non-engineering faculties. Regardless of faculty or gender, students tend to have no clear definition of climate change (Median = 3). However, students have good awareness on the importance of individual actions towards reducing climate change. This was also clear in the focus groups. Students were also asked whether they are aware that climate action is one of SDGs. Most of students (61.3%) did not know that climate action is one of the goals. However female students had a higher percentage (65.4%) than male students (53.9%). The focus group had similar awareness regarding the climate action; they stated that they had noticed the SDGs posts across the university campuses, but had minimal knowledge about SDGs and climate action as one of SDGs goals.
The overall results obtained in this section revealed that students had low level of awareness on climate change. The results are consistent with the results in [48], which stated that more work is needed in educating engineering students on climate change and integrating climate change into higher education. Moreover, universities should offer undergraduate students and especially female students the opportunities to learn more about climate change. Since according to Lee et al. awareness and education on climate change are strongly linked [49].

Students Behaviour Towards Climate Change
Several educational interventions can be used to address climate change lack of knowledge and awareness, both inside [50] and outside of the classroom [51]. However, having knowledge and awareness on climate change does not guarantee action to address the issue in the future [52]. Students must realise that their behaviour contributes to climate change, and it must align with motivation for action to occur [53]. To study the extent of students' awareness on climate change, this section examines students' daily behaviour towards four sectors, which contribute to climate change (transport, food, energy, and materials) [54,55].
Using public transportation for commuting in cities instead of individual vehicles, and walking and cycling help reducing carbon emissions [54,56]. Table 9 illustrates that 55.6% of students use public transportation and only 9.7% use walking and cycling. The results are expected since Palestine lack proper and continuous walking and cycling infrastructure [57]. On the other hand, more than one third of students use private vehicles on a daily basis, which contributes negatively to climate change. Table 9 also shows that students' daily behaviour towards food waste and minimising food loss contributes to reducing climate change. The vast majority of students (91.5%) either keep food for next day or feed it to pets.
Students had similar attitude towards energy since more than 50% of students stated that if affordable they are willing to use solar panels at home. Moreover, 59.27% of students use energy efficient lightening at their households.
On the other hand, more than 60% of students prefer paper books and use paper bags. Although the use of paper bag is environmentally better than using plastic bags; however, using paper books instead of electronic copies is worse; both have a negative effect on climate change and increase carbon emission.
In summary, female and male students tend to have similar behaviour towards climate change. However, awareness sessions should to be carried out to help them understand how their actions contribute to climate change.

The Role Universities and Students' Societies Play in Enhancing Understanding of Climate Change
This section examines the university and students' societies role in enhancing students' understanding on climate change. Table 10 shows that female and male students do not consider the university and students' societies as an essential source of information on climate change. Instead, they use internet, social media, and news to learn more about climate change; this was further confirmed by the focus groups. These results are consistent with Figure 5, which shows that 95.9% of students agreed that they did not enrol in a course at the university that covers environmental issues or climate change topics. The results indicate that the university has a weak contribution towards spreading climate change awareness among students. The focus group agreed that the university has minimal contribution towards spreading climate change awareness since educational programs do not focus on the issue and no educational courses are developed to help spread climate change awareness. The group also stated that their knowledge on climate change was prior to university. This is consistent with the research carried out by Kopnina which stated that unfortunately few universities have recognised the advantages of strategically aligning the curriculum with SDGs. Overall, universities need to pay more attention to SDGs and carefully assess how much assistance they can provide to achieve their goals [58].
In addition, universities need to increase students' awareness by integrating climate change topics into educational curriculum and conducting awareness seminars on climate change, which was reiterated by the focus groups. Improving education on climate change had proved to increase awareness [11]. Moreover, universities worldwide had developed a climate change courses, which resulted in students having more awareness on climate change [59,60]. Figure 6 shows that the majority of students agreed that it is necessary to integrate climate change and environmental issues to university curriculum. Moreover, students agreed that they need training and awareness sessions to help them understand best practices to reduce climate change (median = 4). The results were similar for female and male students since no significant different had been found between students' responses using Mann-Whitney U test (U = 7007.5, p-value = 0.9, CI = 95%). This suggests that female and male students are aware of the seriousness of the matter and are interested in increasing their environmental awareness. The focus group had similar response towards integrating climate change and environmental issues into university curriculum. They strongly agreed that the university should add a compulsory course, which focuses on climate change.  Figure 5. Percentage of students enrolled in a course covering environment or climate change topics. Even-though the educational curriculum has minimal integration of climate change topics, student societies hold several activities, which focus on various environmental and sustainability issues. Therefore, it is expected that these students have higher awareness regarding the climate change issues. In this study 37.9% of students were members of at least one student society at the university. The effect of students' societies on climate change awareness was examined by their performance in the quiz. Table 11 illustrates the overall performance mean for students who are members of student societies and non-members. The difference between the overall performance mean was measured using independent sample t-test. The results revealed that there is a significant difference in level of awareness between students who are members of societies and non-member students (t = −2.63, p-value < 0.05, CI = 95%), with students in these societies having higher awareness. This reflects the importance of activities carried out by these societies. The results also revealed that student societies help female students improve their level of awareness (see Table 12). Female and male students who are members in societies had similar level of awareness (t = −0.2, p-value = 0.87, CI = 95%). Moreover, a significant difference had been found between female students who are members and not members in students' societies (t = 3.04, p-value < 0.05, CI = 95%). On the other hand, a significant difference had been found between male and female students who are not members in students' societies with males having higher level of awareness (t = −0.2, p-value < 0.05, CI = 95%) and no significant difference had been found between male students who are members and not members in students' societies (t-value = 0.103712, p-value = 0.92, CI = 95%). The focus group agreed that societies help student members explore multidisciplinary topics and improve their problem solving and critical thinking skills. This helps students improve their awareness on several issues including climate change. The focus group also argued that culture contributes to the difference in level of awareness between female students who are members and non-members of students' societies. Female students find it difficult to explore and learn outside the university campuses. These societies provide them with a formal diverse educational entity in which they can explore several topics and enhance their skills. This consequently helps them improve their awareness on climate change. The main results of the interviews with the two faculty deans confirmed that regular university programs do not include much knowledge about climate change, and they were not surprised that engineering students have higher knowledge than others and that female students enrolled in students' societies have higher awareness level than other females. As stated, engineering students tend to deal with multi-disciplinary topics and projects; therefore, widening their knowledge horizon. Furthermore, activities held by students' societies touch on several general topics, in addition to being related to main theme of the specific society. As for female students enrolled in these societies, they believe that due to cultural issues, female students find good opportunities to explore several subjects and interact with others through the activities held by these societies. Therefore, this would widen their horizon and general knowledge.
The vice president for academic affairs confirmed that the university is very much interested in applying as many as they can of the SDGs; therefore, posted them in several places on campus to spread awareness first; although the university recognises that much work is still needed in this regard at the university level. Furthermore, the university continuously reviews the "university required courses" and is interested in updating them in light of recent global developments. Recently, the university has formed a "21st century skills" committee; therefore, it is interested in including skills related to the SDGs for students and graduates.

Conclusions
Climate change affects millions of people every year. It causes natural disasters, extreme weather patterns, and/or infectious diseases. Therefore, spreading climate change awareness becomes essential. Universities play an essential role in spreading environmental awareness. However, minimal research had been carried out to understand students' levels of awareness and daily behaviour towards climate change, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this paper presents a study, which investigates the awareness level of An-Najah National University students, Palestine on climate change for the first time. This is also envisioned as a case study for developing countries.
The study was carried out in two stages on 448 undergraduate students. The first stage was a preliminary study that included 200 students and aimed to examine students' general interest in environmental topics and activities, which revealed that they had minimal interest in environmental topics and practices. The second stage, which was more detailed, focused on climate change and was conducted on 248 students taking into consideration gender, faculty and involvement in students' societies. This was supported by focus group sessions and interviews with top officials.
Qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied to the collected data and the results revealed that students' awareness levels were not satisfactory with females having lower awareness level. On the other hand, being an engineering student or a member in students' societies had a positive impact on students' level of awareness and practices, especially females. This was attributed to nature of engineering studies of being multi-disciplinary and project-based, and to the fact that students' societies provide amble opportunities to interact and broaden the knowledge horizon. The results revealed that female students who are enrolled in the engineering faculty or members of students' societies had a significantly higher level of awareness compared to female students who are enrolled in other faculties or not members of these societies. This was attributed to cultural issues such that female students get better opportunities through these societies to explore and interact with others on various topics.
The overall conclusion is that for An-Najah National University, which is considered as a typical Palestinian university, gender equality did not seem to be an issue; however, students in general had a low level of awareness on climate change regardless of gender or faculty. On the other hand, students' societies contributed positively towards enhancing female students' awareness level. The existing curriculum and the university do not contribute to spreading a satisfactory level of awareness among students.
Although the university has recently showed a clear interest in adopting the SDGs as part of its societal role and responsibility and to improve its international ranking; however, major efforts are still needed to spread the awareness among its students. Furthermore, the university has recently formed various university-level committees to improve its programs and students' attained skills. Therefore, this a golden opportunity for the university to reorient their programs and activities and offer students especially females opportunities to learn more about the SDGs including climate change. It is recommended that a university required course on climate change be introduced at the university level. Moreover, universities should support extracurricular activities held by student societies as these clearly contribute to enhancing students' skills and knowledge in various fields including environmental and climate change issues and proper practices.
In future work, this study will be applied across other universities in Palestine. In addition, several additional factors will be studied, such as the economic and political situation of the country, living place, and academic achievement. Moreover, a study will be carried out to examine the best practices to spread awareness of climate change among university students.

4.
Which of the following phenomena are likely to be caused by climate change?