Post-Syrian War Residential Heritage Transformations in the Old City of Aleppo: Socio-Cultural Sustainability Aspects

: The rehabilitation and sustainable transformation of residential heritage of the Old City of Aleppo (Syria) is one of the most pressing issues to regain the livability of this city. This research paper aims to gain insight into the residents’ conditions and needs by studying/mapping/analyzing the status of the residential heritage and the interventions on it during the aftermath of the city’s devastation. It also intends to provide a better understanding of the residents’ attitude towards living in the Old City, their expectation for its reconstruction and transformation, and the difﬁculties they encountered in the process. In fact, in order to start a collective reconstruction and transformation process, it is important to understand the readiness of the inhabitants and their ﬁnancial capabilities to engage in this process. A combination of research methods was used to explore the above-mentioned issues and their relation to the socio-cultural sustainability. These methods included: gathering data in the ﬁeld (speciﬁcally, Al-Jalloum, Al-Farafra and Al-Aqaba, three neighborhoods in the Old City of Aleppo, were used as case studies), and setting up a questionnaire (Winter 2020) and conducting interviews (Summer 2021) with 39 returnees and their families. AutoCAD and Excel programs were used for data visualization. This research has highlighted the main problems and factors that have affected the interventions on courtyard houses in the Old City of Aleppo since 2012—the outbreak of the Syrian War in Aleppo City. Lack of funds and craftmanship, high costs and long bureaucratic procedures related to the enforcement of the regulations have been identiﬁed as the main causes that discouraged the residents to carry out repairs in a proper way. show


Historic Background
In the 20th century, the traditional courtyard housing in the Old City of Aleppo was characterized by several phases of transformation. The first phase can be identified as starting in the middle of the 20th century; this phase was marked by negligence of maintenance and unregulated renovation of the housing, mainly due to the lack of regulations and a low awareness of the housing's artistic and historical significance. The last part of this period, in the 1970s and 1980s, was marked by urban chaos, with large number of housing being reused for commercial or tourism purposes [1].
The second phase of transformation began in the early 1990s, with the start of the Rehabilitation of the Old City of Aleppo project; in this phase, some regulations were enacted and the interventions were supervised by local authorities. This phase was marked by a decrease in both housing division and housing reuse for new purposes [2]. In the beginning of the 21st century, in the years preceding the Syrian Civil War, some houses were destroyed and replaced with modern high-rise apartment blocks. The traditional

Background on Sustainable Housing
The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the Brundtland Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987: "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" [11]. The root of this concept is embodied in sustainable development as a multidimensional concept that links environmental protection with economic, social and cultural issues, with emphasis on the need for people to preserve the environment for future generations.
Housing is one of the basic social conditions that determine the quality of life and welfare of people and places [12]. Housing has been identified as an essential asset to the well-being and development of most societies, which is linked to livelihood, health, education, security and social stability [13,14]. According to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgraded slums should be ensured by 2030 [15].
Sustainable housing has been defined as housing that is economically viable, socially acceptable, technically feasible and environmentally compatible [16]. Different researchers compiled sustainability criteria for residential buildings based on environmental, economic and social performance [16].
In this research, focus is laid on the social and cultural sustainability. The concept of social and cultural sustainability of housing has been defined by the following points: 1. Affordability, dignity and resilience of housing; 2. Social and spatial justice; 3. Empowerment, participation and inclusion; 4. Social infrastructure and facilities; 5. Residence as Sustainability 2021, 13, 12213 3 of 17 coping strategies; and 6. Adaptable housing for present and future needs [12,17]. Therefore, social sustainability of housing is not just about producing better quality houses and environments, but also about fostering community capacity, building bonds and trust between responsible leadership and citizenship, and engaging people in the process of city building making them aware of their right to be involved and make decisions. It is clear that sustainable development, to be successful, needs the involvement and participation of citizens, not only of the government.
The priorities in the design of more sustainable housing are dependent on the specific social context. In developing countries, the priorities in the residential buildings sector are quite different from the ones of the developed countries, since there are still basic needs to answer, especially in the post-war situation. In the case of Aleppo after the war, poverty is the main challenge to sustainable development [18]. For example, the main concern of the population is the right to housing, whereas the energy-saving in buildings is not a priority, as energy consumption is already low due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure. Therefore, in this situation, providing sustainable housing is mainly about ensuring a better quality of life for occupants and promoting a better balance between the individual needs (including the social dimension) and the environmental and economic dimensions of the sustainable development. In developing countries, social, cultural, environmental and economic facets of housing are not always addressed in an integrated fashion. For example, affordable housing is commonly considered on a cost basis, while environmental and social issues including people's preferences, lifestyles and cultural aspirations are addressed separately or totally ignored [12].

Research Objective and Approach
The main objectives of the research are the following: -Document the current situation, after the destruction due to the war. This facilitates the recovery and restoration of residential heritage, as, with the availability of reliable documentation, even totally destroyed houses and entire neighborhoods can be reconstructed. -Gain insight into the difficulties encountered by the residents in the reconstruction process as well as into their needs and expectations. This is the starting point for a socially sustainable, participated reconstruction of residential heritage.
The research approach consisted of: -Selection of case-studies neighborhoods; -Survey of the buildings and neighborhoods, including questionnaire and interviews with the inhabitants.
The research approach is described in detail in Section 3.

Selection of Case-Studies
Case studies were identified based on the authors' prior knowledge and field work conducted in Aleppo. The selection of case studies in this research is not aiming to be exhaustive but is designed to provide examples of a wide range of housing sizes (small, medium, large and palaces) [4], with difference historic and artistic values [19] and which underwent different types of intervention.
The neighborhoods on which focusing the study were: Al-Jalloum, Al-Farafra and Al-Aqaba. These were selected based on:

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Location in the Old City of Aleppo, within the city walls ( Figure 1).

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Presence of infrastructure, such as main roads, as this makes the neighborhoods economically viable parts of the Old City. • Presence of houses with different level of destruction after the war, to be able to account for different possible interventions.
• Presence of different functions, such as workshops and commercial activities already in the period, to be able to account for possible solutions to preserve the residential function. Before the Syrian War, residential buildings were occupied by crafts, industry and commerce. This proves the neighborhood was lively and diverse.

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Presence of distinctive elements of historical value in large houses and palaces, in order to consider houses with high historical value next to more "diffuse" heritage.

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Presence of houses with different types of interventions, ranging from the addition of a bathroom and a toilet in small and medium houses to subdivision or interventions intended to reuse the large houses and palaces for tourism purposes.
function. Before the Syrian War, residential buildings were occupied by crafts, industry and commerce. This proves the neighborhood was lively and diverse.

•
Presence of distinctive elements of historical value in large houses and palaces, in order to consider houses with high historical value next to more "diffuse" heritage.

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Presence of houses with different types of interventions, ranging from the addition of a bathroom and a toilet in small and medium houses to subdivision or interventions intended to reuse the large houses and palaces for tourism purposes.
Among the studied neighborhoods, Al-Jalloum is the closest to the "Al-Madina Souq", in the southwest of the Old City "inside the wall". The street pattern in this part of the city is-untypically for the Old City-rectangular and of Roman origin, dividing the neighborhoods into regular blocks.
The neighborhood of Al-Farafra is characterized by neglection and modification of use of residential building into workshops and warehouses; this change of function occurred most probably because they are located next to the commercial center.
The neighborhood of Al-Aqaba is the oldest one in Aleppo (Al-Nawah); it still maintains its traditional urban fabric and its original buildings, except for the addition of few modern buildings [20].  Among the studied neighborhoods, Al-Jalloum is the closest to the "Al-Madina Souq", in the southwest of the Old City "inside the wall". The street pattern in this part of the city is-untypically for the Old City-rectangular and of Roman origin, dividing the neighborhoods into regular blocks.
The neighborhood of Al-Farafra is characterized by neglection and modification of use of residential building into workshops and warehouses; this change of function occurred most probably because they are located next to the commercial center.
The neighborhood of Al-Aqaba is the oldest one in Aleppo (Al-Nawah); it still maintains its traditional urban fabric and its original buildings, except for the addition of few modern buildings [20].

Survey of the Buildings and Neighborhoods, including a Questionnaire and Interviews with Inhabitants
A survey was conducted to evaluate the population's housing situation in the Old City of Aleppo following the Syrian War. Both the situation inside the house buildings themselves, and in relation to neighborhoods were considered. Next to a survey of the state of conservation of the buildings, the attitudes of the residents towards living in the Old City, their wishes and interests concerning the reconstruction, and their readiness and financial capacity to participate in it were assessed by a questionnaire and interviews with residents.
In total, 79 houses were surveyed in the three mentioned neighborhoods, using pictures and physical inspection of the building, supported by questionnaires and interviews to residents. The number of houses surveyed in each neighborhood varies (Table 1) and it depends on the number of occupied and accessible houses and on the availability of the inhabitants to participate to the survey. The survey comprised two survey campaigns.
In the first survey campaign, inspection of the housing, sketching plans and photographing the site were all part of the first field visit to the studied areas. Next to these, a simple questionnaire in Arabic was prepared and distributed to the residents. Because of the frequent subdivision of houses in more units, it was never clear in advance how many households a house would comprise; there could be a single or several housing units in the same house, some being inhabited, some others empty. The questionnaire was conceived by the authors to ensure a rapid assessment of the residents' demands for social services as well as the difficulties they face. Within the framework of ERASMUS+ Mobility Project, Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences (OWL UAS) and the University of Aleppo (UA), undergraduate students from the University of Aleppo, Faculty of Architecture, helped in distributing the questionnaire to the residents in the period between November and December 2020.
The questionnaire comprises, next to questions about personal information (gender, age and occupation, including the number of years of residence in Old Aleppo), questions about five main points: • Ownership and license application; • Relation between inhabitants and house; • Problems with the physical condition of the house and infrastructure, and reconstruction obstacles; • Reconstruction priority for improvement; • Residents' satisfaction towards housing.
The questionnaire contains mainly multiple-choice questions, aiming at clarifying the attitudes of people towards the Old City, the situation of the house after the war, and the problems and obstacles faced by the inhabitants. Besides this, it inquires to which extent inhabitants would support a reconstruction process with their own means. In addition, the satisfaction level with the current housing situation was measured using a 5-point Likert scale: 5 (not at all satisfied), 4 (not satisfied), 3 (moderately satisfied), 2 (satisfied) and 1 (very satisfied).
Since the number of filled-out questionnaires was not statistically relevant, a second survey campaign was carried out in August-September 2021, supported by the Director of the Citadel of Aleppo, district mayors and two members of the RAHA Company for Ancient Cities. During this second campaign open interviews with a selection of six additional residents were conducted. As the social life of men and women in the Old City has always been subject to a certain segregation, care has been taken to interview both men and women.
It should be mentioned that due to the post-war circumstances, it was not always possible to access the houses, and the survey had to be adapted to the situation and required approvals from the security services. The plans of the houses were redrawn using the AutoCAD software, based on both actual measurements and the cadastral and/or other available plans.

State of the Houses after the War
During the investigation in the three neighborhoods of Al-Jalloum, Al-Farafra and Al-Aqaba, a total of 79 houses were visited.
The survey showed that many houses were either destroyed or abandoned. In these cases, obviously, no questionnaire or interview with the inhabitants was possible, as during the war they were forced to abandon their houses and relocate somewhere else in the city or even outside it. Other houses were modernized or partly rebuilt by returnees; however, the reconstruction was shown to have occurred without an appropriate reconstruction licence from responsible authorities. Figure 2 shows the plans of the studied houses, redrawn also thanks to manual measurement techniques, simple sketches, pictures and notes of observations made during inspections.

Documentation and Damage Due to the Syrian War
Among the 15 houses surveyed in Al-Jalloum neighborhood, 3 were classified "totally destroyed" and 1 was under reconstruction at the moment of the visit. Three houses were classified as "not affected". Only one house was classified "partially damaged" (Figure 3).
Among the 11 houses surveyed in Al-Farafra neighborhood, 6 houses were classified as "totally destroyed", and 5 were classified "not affected".
Among the 53 houses surveyed in Al-Aqaba neighborhood, 16 houses were "totally destroyed", while 8 houses were classified "partially damaged". The 29 remaining houses were classified as "not affected" (Figure 4). This overview shows that the destruction of external walls, partition walls, rooms or ceilings occurred at most houses in the studied neighborhoods. The majority of the houses were empty and had been robbed.
The survey showed that some of the houses had recently adopted a different function and was reused as e.g., a roastery building, a hotel, a factory, a charitable organization, a shop, etc. ( Figure 5). Other houses proved to be empty ( Figure 6).
The survey showed that residents made changes to their homes to meet their current needs; the questionnaire and interviews confirmed that these changes were mostly made without seeking permission from the appropriate authorities. Example of these interventions are: addition of the roof of the inner courtyard, raising the height of the building above the permitted urban limit, use of modern building materials, subdivision of the property into several parts to be used for different activities. The splitting of the property is frequently done at the expense of the inner courtyards.
The reasons of these changes are the following: a. Need of additional space (enlarging). This is visible for example in the addition of wings to the existing house. b.
User comfort and improvement of the quality of life: In some of the traditional houses that were visited, a bathroom, a toilet, and a kitchen had been added, and active heating and cooling systems and electricity by solar energy had been installed. Among the 15 houses surveyed in Al-Jalloum neighborhood, 3 were classified "totally destroyed" and 1 was under reconstruction at the moment of the visit. Three houses were classified as "not affected". Only one house was classified "partially damaged" (Figure 3). Figure 3. A house that was completely destroyed, Cadastral number 558 (a); a house that was severely damaged, Cadastral number 568 (b); a house that was not affected, Cadastral number 576 (c); Al-Jalloum neighborhood, Old Aleppo, winter 2020, Source: C. Kousa and students' work.
Among the 11 houses surveyed in Al-Farafra neighborhood, 6 houses were classified Among the 15 houses surveyed in Al-Jalloum neighborhood, 3 were classified "totally destroyed" and 1 was under reconstruction at the moment of the visit. Three houses were classified as "not affected". Only one house was classified "partially damaged" (Figure 3). Among the 11 houses surveyed in Al-Farafra neighborhood, 6 houses were classified as "totally destroyed", and 5 were classified "not affected". Among the 53 houses surveyed in Al-Aqaba neighborhood, 16 houses were "totally destroyed", while 8 houses were classified "partially damaged". The 29 remaining houses were classified as "not affected" (Figure 4). This overview shows that the destruction of external walls, partition walls, rooms or ceilings occurred at most houses in the studied neighborhoods. The majority of the houses were empty and had been robbed. The survey showed that some of the houses had recently adopted a different function and was reused as e.g., a roastery building, a hotel, a factory, a charitable organization, a shop, etc. ( Figure 5). Other houses proved to be empty ( Figure 6).  were empty and had been robbed.
(a) (b) (c) The survey showed that some of the houses had recently adopted a different function and was reused as e.g., a roastery building, a hotel, a factory, a charitable organization, a shop, etc. ( Figure 5). Other houses proved to be empty ( Figure 6).  The survey showed that residents made changes to their homes to meet their current needs; the questionnaire and interviews confirmed that these changes were mostly made without seeking permission from the appropriate authorities. Example of these interventions are: addition of the roof of the inner courtyard, raising the height of the building

Social Distribution of the Panel
Most of the respondents to the questionnaire and the interviews are male (78%) and the predominant age is older than 55 years. There is a wide range of professions represented. There are nine different professions with a total of 39 families ( Table 2). The largest group of professional activities is related to commercial (14 persons), including trade of food, clothes, etc. The closeness of these neighborhoods to the markets justifies this. Among the crafts, the construction sector is another important branch in which interviewees work. There were one construction worker, one electrician and two carpenters among the participants. The presence of workers in the construction sector in the Old City could be of special interest for the reconstruction process, as, for example, these people could be contracted for reconstruction works, providing income for members of the target group. Another group (four persons) is constituted by government department employees. Out of the nine women interviewed, five are housewives. Some respondents mentioned: "Parents refuse to send their daughters to school as there are no secondary schools in the area." Three women, working at Aleppo University and basic education schools in modern neighborhoods, report to be unable to move easily due to a shortage of public transportation. Because of this lack, most people work within

Social Distribution of the Panel
Most of the respondents to the questionnaire and the interviews are male (78%) and the predominant age is older than 55 years. There is a wide range of professions represented. There are nine different professions with a total of 39 families ( Table 2). The largest group of professional activities is related to commercial (14 persons), including trade of food, clothes, etc. The closeness of these neighborhoods to the markets justifies this. Among the crafts, the construction sector is another important branch in which interviewees work. There were one construction worker, one electrician and two carpenters among the participants. The presence of workers in the construction sector in the Old City could be of special interest for the reconstruction process, as, for example, these people could be contracted for reconstruction works, providing income for members of the target group. Another group (four persons) is constituted by government department employees. Out of the nine women interviewed, five are housewives. Some respondents mentioned: "Parents refuse to send their daughters to school as there are no secondary schools in the area." Three women, working at Aleppo University and basic education schools in modern neighborhoods, report to be unable to move easily due to a shortage of public transportation. Because of this lack, most people work within the boundaries of the Old City, either in their houses or elsewhere in the Old City.
Regarding the ownership, 91 percent of the residents are owners; the rest are tenants.
Residents were questioned about their reasons for not leaving the traditional houses. The results show that the majority (56%) of inhabitants in Al-Jalloum neighborhood prefer to stay, as they are satisfied with their current house (Table 3). Differently, inhabitants of Al-Farafra and Al-Aqaba neighborhoods report more often to stay because they cannot afford moving or because of the family living in the same area. Table 3. Reason for not leaving the Old City based on the location of respondents. All respondents reported that the cost of rebuilding their houses is the main problem they experience. They did not receive housing reconstruction funds. As a result, they used their own private funds and chose to renovate only those parts of their houses that were in more urgent need. Almost all families would be interested in a loan to finance urgent measures in their houses. However, this is not possible, as all banks in Syria refuse to give a mortgage with the only guarantee of a severely damaged house.

Problems with the Condition of the House
All interviewees in the studied areas reported problems, caused by the Syrian War. Seventy-five percent of the inhabitants in Al-Aqaba neighborhood complained about the lack of security in neighborhood streets: inhabitants have a sense of fear of theft, crime or kidnapping that is widespread in post-war societies. Sixty-nine percent of the inhabitants in Al-Jalloum neighborhood complained about the house's destruction; the problems most frequently mentioned were structural problems, above all damaged roofs and walls. Besides this, they mentioned that the house needs modern facilities and repairs, which the resident could not afford (Table 4). The inhabitants often complained about having to cross the inner courtyard to get from one room to the other and about the lack of space; they often had solved the first problem by covering the courtyard and the second by adding a floor to the buildings.

Problems with Public Infrastructure
Besides the bad condition of the houses, respondents complain about the lack or bad performance of the public infrastructure (Tables 5 and 6). The bad performance of the electrical system seems to be the most important problem. Next to this, roughly one out of four of the interviewees mentioned the problem of insufficient quantities of drinking water. Other problems were the lack of dedicated waste places and the spread of waste on the roads. The lack of services in terms of transportation, fuel and heating materials and fixed phones were also mentioned as recurrent problems. Moreover, residents feel unsafe.

Satisfaction Levels
Regarding the level of residents' satisfaction with their houses in terms of meeting needs and achieving sustainability, the following conclusions can be drawn based on the survey.
In the category of health and comfort, many residents (67% of respondents in the Al-Farafra neighborhood) report a low satisfaction with the protection from the weather in the courtyard houses. This is in line with the complain about having to cross the inner courtyard to get from one room to the other. Often this has been already solved by the resident by covering the courtyard.
The highest satisfaction level is reported for ventilation and noise protection (67% of the residents of Al-Farafra are happy with this). The courtyard seems to be effective in providing ventilation. Residents are also quite satisfied with thermal comfort and visual comfort (56% of resident in Al-Jalloum neighborhood mentioned this). This can possibly be explained by the fact that the Al-Jalloum neighborhood has preserved its original spatial structure, without major changes to the street and to the spatial alternation of built and empty areas. This area of Al-Jalloum neighborhood is also the most harmonious in terms of floor height, with most buildings being two floors up and only a few being one or three floors up (Figure 8). No markets nearby e Waste management w 5 The lack of fixed phones p Security s 6 No markets nearby e Non-renewable resource n 7 The lack of services p Transportation T 8 The lack of cleanliness w 9 Power outage due to damaged electrical facilities p 10 Insufficient quantities of drinking water p 11 No markets nearby e 12 Insufficient availability of electricity p 13 The lack of electricity p 14 The lack of transportation t 15 The house rent a 16 The cost of living a 17 The limited income that is not enough a 18 The lack of security s 19 The lack of water p 20 The lack of electricity p 21 The lack of electricity p 22 The lack of electricity p 23 The lack of electricity p 24 The lack of electricity p 25 The lack of electricity p 26 The lack of electricity p 27 The lack of heating materials and fuel n 28 The lack of electricity p 29 The lack of water sometimes p 30 The lack of electricity p 31 The lack of transportation t 32 The lack of electricity p 33 The lack of heating materials and fuel n 34 Insufficient quantity of potable water p The lack of electricity p 42 The spread of waste on the roads w In the category of accessibility, 88% of the respondents in Al-Farafra are not satisfied with availability of parks and public spaces, while 67% of the respondents in Al-Aqaba are not satisfied with the availability of schools nearby. Unfortunately, this latter issue most commonly causes girls to drop out of school (Figure 9). and empty areas. This area of Al-Jalloum neighborhood is also the most harmonious in terms of floor height, with most buildings being two floors up and only a few being one or three floors up (Figure 8). In the category of accessibility, 88% of the respondents in Al-Farafra are not satisfied with availability of parks and public spaces, while 67% of the respondents in Al-Aqaba are not satisfied with the availability of schools nearby. Unfortunately, this latter issue most commonly causes girls to drop out of school ( Figure 9). In the category of functional quality of the housing, the majority of respondents in Al-farafra (63%) and in Al Aqaba (50%) neighborhoods are very satisfied with the privacy provided by the house. These results can be possibly explained because the spatial organization of the traditional house's elements around the inner courtyard provides the desired privacy (in this area, there are no high-rise buildings nearby that are overlooking it) ( Figure 10).  In the category of accessibility, 88% of the respondents in Al-Farafra are not satisfied with availability of parks and public spaces, while 67% of the respondents in Al-Aqaba are not satisfied with the availability of schools nearby. Unfortunately, this latter issue most commonly causes girls to drop out of school ( Figure 9). In the category of functional quality of the housing, the majority of respondents in Al-farafra (63%) and in Al Aqaba (50%) neighborhoods are very satisfied with the privacy provided by the house. These results can be possibly explained because the spatial organization of the traditional house's elements around the inner courtyard provides the desired privacy (in this area, there are no high-rise buildings nearby that are overlooking it) ( Figure 10). In the category of functional quality of the housing, the majority of respondents in Al-farafra (63%) and in Al Aqaba (50%) neighborhoods are very satisfied with the privacy provided by the house. These results can be possibly explained because the spatial organization of the traditional house's elements around the inner courtyard provides the desired privacy (in this area, there are no high-rise buildings nearby that are overlooking it) (Figure 10). When considering cultural sustainability, in the category of heritage considerations, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for "allowable intervention level", i.e., the possibility of carrying out intervention on a house. This is valid for all three neighborhoods to a similar extent: Al-Jalloum (67%), Al-Aqaba (63%) and Al-farafra (56%). This complaint can be possibly explained by the strict regulations and guidelines and the bureaucratic process preventing housing alterations. As a result, inhabitants made changes to their homes to match their needs (such as covering a part of the inner courtyard, raising the building height above the permitted urban limit, and utilizing new building materials) without the proper permits.
A high satisfaction level (56%) is reported in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood for the "historical environment characteristics", i.e., the presence of large houses and caravanserais. This reflects the appreciation of the inhabitants for this historic neighborhood, which is the oldest one in Aleppo, still keeping its historical monuments and traditional urban fabric. (Figure 11). In the context of economic sustainability, in the category of life cycle cost, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for the cost of house maintenance (100% in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood and (78%) in Al-farafra neighborhood). This response can be explained by the lack of financial resources ( Figure 12). When considering cultural sustainability, in the category of heritage considerations, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for "allowable intervention level", i.e., the possibility of carrying out intervention on a house. This is valid for all three neighborhoods to a similar extent: Al-Jalloum (67%), Al-Aqaba (63%) and Al-farafra (56%). This complaint can be possibly explained by the strict regulations and guidelines and the bureaucratic process preventing housing alterations. As a result, inhabitants made changes to their homes to match their needs (such as covering a part of the inner courtyard, raising the building height above the permitted urban limit, and utilizing new building materials) without the proper permits.
A high satisfaction level (56%) is reported in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood for the "historical environment characteristics", i.e., the presence of large houses and caravanserais. This reflects the appreciation of the inhabitants for this historic neighborhood, which is the oldest one in Aleppo, still keeping its historical monuments and traditional urban fabric. (Figure 11). When considering cultural sustainability, in the category of heritage considerations, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for "allowable intervention level", i.e., the possibility of carrying out intervention on a house. This is valid for all three neighborhoods to a similar extent: Al-Jalloum (67%), Al-Aqaba (63%) and Al-farafra (56%). This complaint can be possibly explained by the strict regulations and guidelines and the bureaucratic process preventing housing alterations. As a result, inhabitants made changes to their homes to match their needs (such as covering a part of the inner courtyard, raising the building height above the permitted urban limit, and utilizing new building materials) without the proper permits.
A high satisfaction level (56%) is reported in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood for the "historical environment characteristics", i.e., the presence of large houses and caravanserais. This reflects the appreciation of the inhabitants for this historic neighborhood, which is the oldest one in Aleppo, still keeping its historical monuments and traditional urban fabric. (Figure 11). In the context of economic sustainability, in the category of life cycle cost, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for the cost of house maintenance (100% in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood and (78%) in Al-farafra neighborhood). This response can be explained by the lack of financial resources ( Figure 12). In the context of economic sustainability, in the category of life cycle cost, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for the cost of house maintenance (100% in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood and (78%) in Al-farafra neighborhood). This response can be explained by the lack of financial resources ( Figure 12).
In the context of environmental sustainability, in the category of waste, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for recycling and use of backfill for reconstruction (67% in Al-Jalloum neighborhood and (63%) in Al-farafra neighborhood) This is motivated by the lack of waste recycling equipment in the Old City of Aleppo. In the category of materials and resources, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for the availability of electricity (100% in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood). This response can be understood, as both electricity transfer stations in the Old City of Aleppo are currently out of order (Figures 13 and 14). In the context of environmental sustainability, in the category of waste, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for recycling and use of backfill for reconstruction (67% in Al-Jalloum neighborhood and (63%) in Al-farafra neighborhood) This is motivated by the lack of waste recycling equipment in the Old City of Aleppo. In the category of materials and resources, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for the availability of electricity (100% in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood). This response can be understood, as both electricity transfer stations in the Old City of Aleppo are currently out of order (Figures 13 and 14).

Conclusions
The long duration of war has made a huge impact on the residential sector in the Old City of Aleppo. The survey of the Old City of Aleppo reported in this paper shows that the damage ranges from partial damage to total destruction of houses and it is propor-  In the context of environmental sustainability, in the category of waste, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for recycling and use of backfill for reconstruction (67% in Al-Jalloum neighborhood and (63%) in Al-farafra neighborhood) This is motivated by the lack of waste recycling equipment in the Old City of Aleppo. In the category of materials and resources, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for the availability of electricity (100% in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood). This response can be understood, as both electricity transfer stations in the Old City of Aleppo are currently out of order (Figures 13 and 14).

Conclusions
The long duration of war has made a huge impact on the residential sector in the Old City of Aleppo. The survey of the Old City of Aleppo reported in this paper shows that the damage ranges from partial damage to total destruction of houses and it is propor-  In the context of environmental sustainability, in the category of waste, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for recycling and use of backfill for reconstruction (67% in Al-Jalloum neighborhood and (63%) in Al-farafra neighborhood) This is motivated by the lack of waste recycling equipment in the Old City of Aleppo. In the category of materials and resources, the lowest satisfaction level is reported for the availability of electricity (100% in Al-Alaqaba neighborhood). This response can be understood, as both electricity transfer stations in the Old City of Aleppo are currently out of order (Figures 13 and 14).

Conclusions
The long duration of war has made a huge impact on the residential sector in the Old City of Aleppo. The survey of the Old City of Aleppo reported in this paper shows that the damage ranges from partial damage to total destruction of houses and it is propor-

Conclusions
The long duration of war has made a huge impact on the residential sector in the Old City of Aleppo. The survey of the Old City of Aleppo reported in this paper shows that the damage ranges from partial damage to total destruction of houses and it is proportional to the intensity of the clashes witnessed by the neighborhood. Similarly, infrastructure and public services, such as electricity, public transport, etc., are reported to be lacking or insufficient.
Following the end of the war in 2016, the Old City witnessed several interventions on the residential housing, often consisting of the addition of floors, roof structures, reconstruction of damaged part with new materials, etc. Most of these interventions were carried out without proper licenses. The strict regulations, and the costly and time-consuming procedures for obtaining permits made it hard or impossible for the residents to follow the legal process. The examined case studies in the three neighborhoods show that the primary goal of the residents' interventions was not the preservation of architectural and cultural heritage, history or identity, but it was limited to emergency repairs. Unfortunately, this has a consequence that significant historical architectural elements were replaced or destroyed during these repairs, such as windows and doors, and original building material.
The lack of a strategic plan resulted in ad hoc interventions, different from house to house. This approach was effective in bringing back people, but not in preserving the heritage value of these traditional houses. This underlines the need to start thinking about how the policy could approach post-war reconstruction differently and in a more sustainable way.
The urgency of this need is stressed by the threat of abandonment of the Old Aleppo city by its inhabitants. Most residents of all ages plan to leave their houses in the coming years; this decision is only postponed by their present bad economic situation. Poverty and difficult access to credit for renovation, together with diffuse destruction and lack of public infrastructures, are all factors increasing the risk of abandon of the Old City by the current inhabitants.
Funding: This research received travel support from Gerda Henkel Stiftung "Patrimonies".
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement:
The data presented in this study was carried out as part of a PhD research at Delft University of Technology and Technische Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences and Arts. It was conducted under the responsibility of Christine Kousa and supervision Uta Pottgiesser and Barbara Lubelli.