The Online Education System: COVID-19 Demands, Trends, Implications, Challenges, Lessons, Insights, Opportunities, Outlooks, and Directions in the Work from Home

: The aim of this exploratory research is to identify how working from home and the consequent social isolation interfered in teachers’ work and students’ learning and to identify the challenges, difﬁculties, advantages, opportunities, demands, trends, implications, outlooks, lessons, directions, and feelings of students and teachers in the teaching processes during the COVID-19 pandemic period. To reach its aim, the authors of this paper developed searches and scientiﬁc databases and they also sent an email questionnaire to Rio de Janeiro city schools. The descriptive analyses were made by descriptive statistics (proportions, rates, minimum, maximum, mean, median, standard deviation, coefﬁcient of variation—CV). The results show that working from home and the consequent social isolation interfered in the students’ and teachers’ feelings and sensations and highlight the words “frustration”, “hope”, and “strangeness”. From the sample, 96.4% of the teachers afﬁrmed that working from home and the social isolation interfered in their work and 97.4% of the teachers afﬁrmed that working from home and the consequent social isolation interfered in the students’ learning. This research is the starting point to boost discussions on the subjects of COVID-19, working from home, social isolation, and education. This paper will support researchers in the development of future studies related to the subjects. challenges, difﬁculties, advantages, opportunities, demands, trends, implications, outlooks, lessons, directions, and feelings of students and teachers in the teaching processes during the COVID-19 pandemic


Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic period has brought unprecedent challenges and opportunities for teachers and students. They have had to adapt themselves to new teaching modalities and to face the work from home and the consequent social isolation that interfered in their emotions and feelings. This instability disturbs teachers' work and learning conditions. For Bodenheimer and Leidenberger [1], the COVID-19 pandemic has changed worldwide human practices, while Dente and Hashimoto [2] noted that the COVID-19 has brought uncertainty in many sectors like, goods, services, and innovation.
In addition to the health implications, the COVID-19 pandemic brought restrictions that result in daily activity interruption like travel, sports, arts, entertainment, restaurant, retailer, and public service reductions, and schools' closures [3][4][5][6][7], aiming to promote social isolation and forcing people to work from home. The strategy was implemented with the idea of avoiding contagion, but authors associate the social isolation and the consequent
Schooling has been among the most affected activities by the COVID-19 pandemic. According to UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) [56], 130 countries have closed their schools because of the pandemic. This has affected 990,324,537 students, i.e., 56.6% of all students enrolled in formal education [56].
The COVID-19 pandemic brought significant opportunities for education [42] such as the introduction of new technologies to its methodologies. Abuhammad [15] revealed four challenges for distance learning during the COVID-19 period: personal, technical, logistical, and financial. The author states that a great number of parents believe that distance learning should never be a substitute for in-person lessons. For Owolabi [57], the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the nature of formal education. To meet new requirements and guarantee the success of this new school, improvements in infrastructure, technology, assessment, quality assurance, teaching material and resources, and teaching pedagogy are necessary. Industry 4.0 concepts and technology could be the key to this change [7,50,57,58].
Armstrong-Mensah et al. [16] showed that, even with distance learning, students are motivated to complete their assignments. In addition to that, to overcome the new demands imposed on traditional schools, teachers are creating assignments to communicate with the students and their parents through Internet platforms to offer the best education that is possible during the COVID-19 pandemic period [18]. For Uka and Uka [43], the online system was a challenge to institutional leadership, teachers, and students. For Shyu [59], valuing politics, education, and health services is a way of providing equity to all.
For Walwyn [21], not only will the format of universities and schools change, but also everything else after the COVID-19 pandemic has been defeated. One positive point of the COVID-19 pandemic is that it has led humanity to reconsider its responsibility towards the pandemics [60]. For Galvani et al. [61], the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most significant for mankind in the 21st century, and it is an opportunity to build a fairer, more cooperative, and more sustainable world [1,62,63]. The Brazilian educational system, which already suffered from neglect, received a great blow during the COVID-19 pandemical period as mentioned by the Brazilian higher education institution the Getulio Vargas foundation [64]. The setback in Brazilian education due to the COVID-19 pandemical period is estimated at four years and the greatest victims were the elementary school students [64]. It was also noticed that, although some students are fine with this situation, most are having difficulty studying at a distance, they are anxious, sad, and unmotivated. They miss school, friends, and teachers [65].

Data Collection and Population
The definition of the study population is based in the total number of teachers from kindergarten, elementary, and high schools in Rio de Janeiro city. Data from the 2018 School Census [66] showed that Rio de Janeiro has 66,999 teachers, distributed in 3934 schools, 2010 being private, 1439 municipal, 457 state, and 28 federal schools. With the impossibility of interviewing the entire population, the authors of this paper sent an email questionnaire to the schools from Rio de Janeiro asking their teachers to answer the questionnaire (Appendix A). The schools' email addresses were found through the Internet. A group of 116 teachers answered the questionnaire, 42% being from municipal, 35.7% from state, 11.6% from private, and 10.7% from federal schools. The data analysis of this paper considered the Questions 1,2,3,4,9,16,17,18,19, and 39 of the questionnaire submitted and answered by teachers from Rio de Janeiro city schools, that refer to how working from home and the consequent social isolation interfered in the teachers' work and students' learning, according to teachers' perception, and to identify the main challenges, difficulties, advantages, opportunities, demands, trends, implications, outlooks, lessons, directions, and feelings of students and teachers in the teaching processes during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
The statistical evaluation of this paper was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 22.0. Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corporation). The descriptive analyses were carried out with descriptive statistics (proportions, rates, minimum, maximum, mean, median, standard deviation, coefficient of variation-CV). Statistical significance was assumed at the 5% level. To check the association between two qualitative variables, comparing the frequency distribution of a qualitative variable in independent groups, the Chi-square test was used. When the Chi-square test was inconclusive, Fisher's exact test was used instead. In the inferential analysis of quantitative variables, the hypothesis of normality of the distribution was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. The distribution of a variable was considered normal when the two normality tests concluded this way. Student's t-test was used for the distributions of two independent groups when the variable followed normal distribution in all groups. For variables that had the hypothesis of normality rejected in at least one of the groups, and for ordinal variables, the comparison of two independent groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. The distributions of a quantitative variable from more than two independent groups were compared by ANOVA if the variable under test followed a normal distribution in all groups, or by the Kruskal-Wallis test when the variable under test did not follow normal distribution in all groups. The methodology was based on Triola [67], Favero et al. [68], and Medronho et al. [69].
In addition, the authors of this paper developed a descriptive analysis of all the teachers' responses, analyzing the association of the answers by the teachers' sex, age, length of experience, the type of learning, the type of school, the education level, and the subject area. Table 1 shows the main characteristics of the teachers. As can be seen in Table 1, in the distribution of the type of school for female and male teachers, p-value = 0.001 of the chi square test, comparing the frequencies, it was observed that the main differences between the groups are in the frequency of teachers in the municipal school, which is higher in the female group, and in the frequency of teachers in the federal school, which is higher in the male group. The frequencies of elementary school teachers (higher in the female group) and the frequencies of high school teachers (higher in the male group) were also different. When the subjects taught were evaluated, none of them were associated with the sex of the teacher (all p-values greater than 5%).
The teachers' age and the professional experience followed normal distribution in the female and male subgroups (showed p-values greater than 5% in Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk normality tests). the distributions of these variables in independent groups were compared by Student's t-test. Student's t-test did not show any significant difference between the mean age and the mean length of teachers' experience in the female and male subgroups (p-values greater than 5%). The teachers' age was on average 47.8 years old and they had on average 20.4 years of teaching experience. The age variability was low (CV < 0.20), but the length of professional experience showed high variability among teachers (CV > 0.4).
When comparing the age distributions of teachers by type of school they teach in, the Kruskall-Wallis test showed no significant difference between the age distributions of teachers of different types of school (p-value = 0.233). When comparing the distributions of time of experience by type of school they teach, the Kruskall-Wallis test showed a significant difference (p-value = 0.023). In a post hoc analysis using the Tukey test, it was concluded that teachers at federal schools were significantly less experienced than in the other types of schools.

Results and Discussions
The data analysis of this paper considered Questions 1,2,3,4,9,16,17,18,19, and 39 of the email questionnaires submitted and answered by teachers from Rio de Janeiro schools. The questions referred to how working from home and the consequent social isolation interfered in teachers' work and students' learning, according to teachers' perceptions, and to identifying the challenges, difficulties, advantages, opportunities, demands, trends, implications, outlooks, lessons, directions, and feelings of students and teachers in the teaching processes during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

Procedure and Sample
Considering the question of how working from home and the consequent social isolation interfered in teachers' work and students' learning during the COVID-19 period, the results showed that for 3.6% of the teachers, working from home and the consequent social isolation did not interfere in their work. For the remaining 96.4%, the main interferences of social isolation in the teacher's work were the lack of contact and interaction with the student (40.5%), the negative influence on student learning (9.5%), the accumulation of domestic tasks (8.6%), the increased workload (7.8%), the lack of resources for some students to access the online class (6.9%), and the increase of anxiety and depression (6.0%). The results showed that social isolation and remote teaching offered families the opportunity to take on their educational role. Parents are working hard to the point of being exhausted to help their children academically and maintain the entire routine of the house, reconciling household chores with formal work or their home office.
Considering the students' learning, for 2.6% of the teachers, working from home and the consequent social isolation did not interfere with student learning; for the remaining 97.4%, the main interferences in their learning were the students' difficulty accessing the technologies used (13.8%), the stress, the psychological state, the depression or the emotional distress of the students (13.8%), the absence of face-to-face contact with the teacher (11.2%), the restriction of exchanges between students (9.5%), the low participation of students in classes (6.0%), the absence of routine, habit, or maturity of studying alone (5.2%), and the effect of distance in the dialogue and impossibility of discussion (5.2%). It was also noticed that, although some students are fine with this situation, most are having difficulty studying at a distance; they are anxious, sad, and unmotivated. They miss school, friends, and teachers.
Considering the question of identifying the difficulties, advantages, and feelings of students and teachers in the teaching processes during the COVID-19 pandemic, 29 different difficulties were mentioned by the teachers. The most relevant difficulties mentioned by more than 5% of the teachers were the difficulties with technology (34.5%), the problems in accessing the media, the Internet, and the digital resources (29.3%), the lack of full participation, interest, and commitment of the students (10.3%), digital exclusion (10.3%), the impossibility of reaching all the students (7.8%), the lack of feedback from the students (6.9%), the lack of interest or willingness of the family to help the students (6.9 %), the adaptation of the students to distance learning (6.9%), the social distance, the lack of contact and affection (6.0%), the social and economic conditions and lack of resources of families (5.2%), the online system (5.2%), and the absence of materials to carry out a diversified pedagogical practice (5.2%). Table 2 shows the frequency distribution of the number of difficulties pointed out by each teacher. Most of the teachers, 60.3%, cited only one difficulty, but one of the teachers declared "all existing difficulties", considering the 29 difficulties mentioned. As mentioned, the second relevant difficulty faced by the teachers was related to problems with Internet access and digital resources, which represents 29.3% of data collected from the questionnaire. According to the research presented by Painel TIC COVID-19 [70], during the COVID-19 pandemic period, the Internet reached a higher volume of access. The problem with the Internet and technology access accentuated inequalities in education.
In the sample, 10.3% of the teachers declared that they were able to overcome the difficulties and challenges in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic period, without reservations. The remaining 87.9% of the teachers declared that they were not able to overcome the difficulties and challenges in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Table 3 shows the frequency distribution of teachers' actions and practices trying to overcome and adapt themselves to the difficulties and challenges in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic. The variety of actions and practices were high (34 different actions) and the most cited actions, with frequencies greater than 5%, were the use of more popular and simple tools like social networks, Facebook, and WhatsApp (9.5%), and asking for help (10.3%). The teachers mentioned that they asked for help from other colleagues, pedagogical coordination, children, spouses, and friends. To make pedagogical adaptations 3 2.6 To make families aware of the importance of accompanying their child 3 2.6 To make video lessons 3 2.6 To use Zoom 2 1.7 To use hybrid teaching 2 1.7 To ask the help of the coordination 2 1.7 To learn to learn 2 1.7 To start online chats and guidelines 2 1.7 To research and to seek for colleagues help 2 1.7 To encourage students 2 1.7 To receive a pedagogical notebook 2 1.7 To make tutorials 2 1.7 To encourage students by sending emails 2 1.7 To start meetings on Meet 2 1.7 To invest private resources 2 1.7 To offer printed material 2 1.7 To invest in explanatory classes 1 0.9 To work with interdisciplinarity 1 0.9 To use other teaching strategies such as applications (SOCRATIVE, Kahoot!, etc.) 1 0.9 To invest in personal and professional qualification 1 0.9 To have classes in WhatsApp 1 0.9 To share life and health care experiences from childhood to current ages 1 0.9 To use new resources and new strategies 1 0.9 To not look at email and WhatsApp at certain times of the day 1 0.9 To search for videos to send to the students 1 0.9 To make more learning assessments 1 0.9 To use various tools 1 0.9 To send theoretical papers 1 0.9 To produce handouts 1 0.9 Table 4 shows the frequency distribution of the number of actions taken by teachers trying to overcome and adapt themselves to the difficulties and challenges in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic. Typically, the teachers cited only one action (44.8%) and only 17 teachers (14.6%) declared more than one action trying to overcome and adapt themselves to the difficulties and challenges in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is worth mentioning the proportion of teachers who have taken no action regarding the difficulties they have encountered during their online teaching (40.5%). It was not possible to explain this phenomenon, because there was no object in this questionnaire to question the teachers on it. Even with so many difficulties and challenges in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic, the teachers were able to cite facilities and opportunities that they found in the teaching practice during the period, the most important of which, mentioned by more than 5% of the teachers, were the opportunity to study, the free courses available, the opportunity to learn and to expand knowledge about the use of technologies and thus obtain professional improvement (26.7%), and the practicality and ease of digital tools (12.9%), as can be seen in Table 5. Table 5. The frequency distribution of facilities and opportunities found in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

The Facilities and the Opportunities N %
The opportunity to study, take free courses, learning about the use of technologies and professional development 31 26.7 The practicality and the use of digital tools 15 12.9 The social isolation 4 3.4 The time 3 2.6 The flexibility in making working time 3 2.6 The bibliography material on the Internet 2 1.7 The help from colleagues 2 1.7 The use of WhatsApp 2 1.7 The municipality of Rio makes auxiliary material for classes available every week 1 0.9 The contact with students 1 0.9 The opportunity for future hybrid education 1 0.9 The theoretical issues 1 0.9 The online classes on Meet 1 0.9 The opportunity of maintaining virtual contact with the students 1 0.9 The lesson preparation is better than before 1 0.9 The speed in the preparation of the classes and the fact that the work is being done at home 1 0.9 From the questionnaire, 60.7% of the teachers affirmed that they took advantage of the opportunities found in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic, while 39.3% affirmed that they did not take advantage of the opportunities found in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic period. For 80.7% of teachers, the main ways of taking advantage of the facilities and opportunities found in the teaching process during the COVID-19 pandemic period were using resources, digital strategies and various technologies that were not used in classroom teaching and improving practice (18.8%), obtaining training, learning, and developing new skills (7.8%), and researching (6.9%).
Considering the frequency distribution of the students' difficulties and challenges with the new teaching modalities practiced in the COVID-19 pandemic period, for 5.2% of the teachers there were no difficulties for the students. The remaining 94.8% of the teachers pointed out as the dominant difficulty the lack of resources to access and monitor online education (64.7%). In addition to this difficulty, more than 5% of the teachers mentioned as student difficulties and challenges the lack of motivation and interest (13.8%), the difficulty in organizing a study routine (12.1%), the need for help (11.2%), the lack of support, encouragement, and responsibility of the families (8.6%), the difficulty or lack of technological knowledge (6.9%), the difficulty adapting to the new (5.2%), and the lack of family structure (5.2%).
When the authors of this paper asked about the students' facilities and opportunities with the new teaching modalities practiced during the COVID-19 pandemic period, for the most of the teachers, there were no facilities and opportunities for students (48.3%). Among the few facilities and opportunities recognized for students, listed in Table 6, the opportunity to obtain new technological knowledge (21.6%) and the access to different forms of learning and audiovisual resources (15.5%) stand out. Table 6. The frequency distribution of the students' facilities and opportunities with the new teaching modalities during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

Students' Facilities and Opportunities N %
There is no facility or opportunity 56 48.3 The opportunity to obtain new technological knowledge 25 21.6 The access to different forms of learning and audiovisual resources 18 15.5 The family participation 5 4.3 The research training 4 3.4 The autonomy development 4 3.4 The time flexibility 4 3.4 The comprehensive knowledge 3 2.6 The video lessons 3 2.6 The online tests 2 1.7 The not needing to go to the teaching unit 2 1.7 The ability to intern 1 0.9 The participation in virtual meetings 1 0.9 The dedicated teachers and organized school 1 0.9 Table 7 shows the frequency distribution of teachers' feelings and sensations in this period of working from home and the consequent social isolation. The dominant feelings in the teachers' statement, cited by more than 50% of them, were frustration (cited by 62.1% of teachers) and hope (cited by 51.7%).  Table 8 shows the frequency distribution of teachers' perception on the students' feelings during the COVID-19 pandemic. The dominant feelings of students in the teachers' statement were strangeness (quoted by 61.2% of the teachers) and frustration (cited by 58.6%). The great demand and challenge were to keep the students' motivation and interest during the COVID-19 pandemical period and to help them overcome the feeling of strangeness and frustration over the period. Everyone was taken by surprise so there was no time for transition to the new reality.
In terms of directions and trends, the authors of this paper believe that it is possible to take advantage of learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period by bringing positive experiences to the post COVID-19 pandemic period. The offer of online courses and the use of social networks to reduce the distance caused by the social distancing imposed by COVID-19 are among the strategies to be maintained. This research has shown that even during the COVID-19 pandemic period and with the social isolation and all the additional difficulties presented in the period, the teachers and the students made all the effort to do their job well. Some teachers used their own resources in this regard. There is hope that at the end of this period of uncertainty and insecurity, standards will be changed, and it will be an opportunity to rethink education, especially regarding issues of quality, equality, and the access to different forms of learning and audiovisual resources.

Conclusions
This exploratory research had as main purpose to identify how working from home and the consequent social isolation interfered in teachers' work and students' learning and to identify the challenges, difficulties, advantages, opportunities, demands, trends, implications, outlooks, lessons, directions, and feelings of students and teachers in the teaching processes during the COVID-19 pandemic period. According to the data collected in this research, 96.4% of the teachers affirmed that working from home and social isolation interfered in their work and the main interferences were the lack of contact and interaction with the students and the negative influence on students' learning. For the students' learning, 97.4% of the teachers affirmed that the main interferences were the students' difficulties in accessing the technologies used, the stress, the psychological state, and the depression or the students' emotional distress.
Considering the difficulties, advantages, and feelings of students and teachers in the teaching processes during the COVID-19 pandemic period, the most relevant difficulties were the problems in accessing the media, the Internet, the lack of full participation, interest, and commitment of the students, the impossibility of reaching all the students, the lack of feedback from the students, the lack of interest or willingness of the family in helping the students, the students' adaptation to distance learning, and the lack of contact and affection.
Even with difficulties and challenges, the teachers detected facilities and opportunities in the COVID-19 pandemic period. It is worth highlighting the opportunity to study, to take free courses available, and to learn and expand knowledge about the use of technologies. Considering the students' facilities and opportunities, most of the teachers highlighted that there were no facilities and opportunities for them.
Considering the teachers' feelings and sensations in the COVID-19 pandemic period with working from home and the consequent social isolation, the most significant feelings were frustration and hope. For the students, the most significant feelings were strangeness and frustration.
It is a fact that the social isolation made the interaction between students and teachers difficult, but on the other hand, opportunities were also observed in the COVID-19 pandemic period. To maintain what was positive is what is expected in the post COVID-19 pandemic period. Increasing the offer of online courses, stimulating the interaction between teachers and students though Facebook, WhatsApp, emails, and explanatory videos, and the offer of a better Internet access service are some strategies, since Internet access was the main difficulty observed in this study. What is expected is that the education continues to fulfill its role of guaranteeing full individual development, preparing them for citizenship, and qualifying them for the job market.

Limitations and Future Work
The impossibility of interviewing all the teachers from Rio de Janeiro and knowing the students' opinions from the perspective of teachers can be considered the major limitations for this study. Moreover, this was an exploratory study, and it did not aim to confirm the results that were generated. For future studies, the idea is to expand this exploratory research to other Brazilian regions and to Brazilian universities. Another point for the future agenda is to discuss in depth the results presented in this paper, especially regarding the acceptance of the online education system and students' and teachers' feelings and sensations during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Another idea is to verify the effects of the post-COVID-19 pandemic in education and to verify students' opinion for themselves.

Acknowledgments:
We would like to express our gratitude to all the teachers and professors who, despite their busy schedules, collaborated with us and to all the professionals who worked hard to reduce the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest with the topic addressed. The discipline that I teach and that I would like to use as a parameter for this research is (write only one discipline, for example: administration, biology, law, economics, physical education, nursing, mechanical engineering, philosophy, physics, history, informatics, mathematics, music, nutrition, Portuguese, social work, theology, tourism): 32-The percentage of my students with DECREASED learning who were familiar with this (these) technology(s) and this (these) methodology(s) adopted in the pandemic is (0% unfamiliar and 100% familiar): 33-The percentage of my MAINTENANCE learning students who were familiar with this (these) technology(s) and this (these) methodology(s) adopted in the pandemic is (0% unfamiliar and 100% familiar): 34-The percentage of my students with INCREASED learning who were familiar with this technology(s) and this methodology(s) adopted in the pandemic is (0% unfamiliar and 100% familiar): 35-The percentage of my students with DECREASED school performance who were familiar with this technology(s) and this methodology(s) adopted in the pandemic is (0% unfamiliar and 100% familiar): 36-The percentage of my students with MAINTENANCE of school performance who were familiar with this (these) technology(s) and this (these) methodology(s) adopted in the pandemic is (0% unfamiliar and 100% familiar): 37-The percentage of my students with INCREASED school performance who were familiar with this (these) technology(s) and this (these) methodology(s) adopted in the pandemic is (0% unfamiliar and 100% familiar):