Resilience of Tourists’ Repurchase Intention during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Shared Accommodation Sector

: The economy has suffered unprecedentedly during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the shared accommodation sector. This study aims to discover the pandemic consumer behavior model for the recovery of the sector as well as investigate the economic resilience of tourists’ behavior to prevent and control the normalized pandemic. Most of the resilience literature discussed the level of economic and industry revitalization. There are relatively few studies on the individual level of tourists’ resilience. Therefore, we applied the adjusted theory of planned behavior with pandemic-related intrinsic factors to construct the research model, which is analyzed by the SEM approach. The results show that perceived risk affects tourists’ perceived value, trust, and behavioral attitude when repurchasing shared accommodation during the pandemic. The repurchase intention is indirectly affected by the behavioral attitude and perceived value. We concluded that the perceived risk of the pandemic could be resilient with respect to the perceived value, trust, and behavioral attitude for the repurchase intention of the shared accommodation for the sector to recover.


Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic (the pandemic) has triggered significant turbulence world wide. Being affected by the pandemic, cities were locked down, and citizens were forbidden to travel across regions as usual. All sectors of the national economy have been harmed, especially the tourism industry, one of the significant industries suffering the most. According to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism statistics, China had suffered at least a 40% fall in revenue, reaching nearly 250 million domestic trips and YUAN 280 billion in revenue during the Spring Festival Holiday of 2020 [1]. The tourism industry has been hit hard by the pandemic and resulted in a decline in the tourist economy, including the shared accommodation sector. However, with the effective control of the pandemic and the resilience policy in China, the tourism industry and the shared accommodation sector have regained consumption even in the pandemic era. An urgent issue for the shared accommodation industry is as follows: How to minimize the negative pandemic impacts and further promote the sector development. The sharing economy offers a significant economic contribution, and social innovation originated from Airbnb [2]. Pandemic recovery strategies from the sharing sector can be effective for resilience. The resilience theory was applied in this study, which was developed in the early 1970s to model fluctuations in ecological systems and later applied to linked social-ecological systems. Moreover, it has been explored in various anthropogenic contexts, including applications to tourism [3]. Therefore, in this study, the resilience tourism of the demand side, from the cause of tourists' perceived risk of the pandemic to the effect of the repurchase intention with other influential factors, was explored.
Compared with traditional hotels, the shared accommodation features diversified suppliers, rich accommodation forms, and a marvelous interaction between the owner and visitor. Moreover, the platform plays a significant role in integrating idle house resources, improving the utilization rate and supply efficiency of idle social resources. Due to the existing pandemic impression, the shared accommodation still faces extraordinary uncertainty. Tourists act more cautiously and rationally than ever before due to the perceived risk of sharing behavior. Will tourists revisit the shared accommodation when traveling during the pandemic? What factors will affect tourists' behavior to revisit the shared accommodation? The perceived risk and concerning factors of revisiting the shared accommodation were studied to recover the sector. The shared accommodation is an emerging sector in the tourism industry, which has played an essential role in economic recovery [4].
The travel accommodation industry should pay attention to consumers' behavior for resilient strategies during the normalization of the pandemic. This case study investigated China's tourist behavior for economic resilience at the prevention and control of the normalized pandemic. In China, the pandemic has been effectively controlled, and the economy is in a state of gradual recovery. People's travel intentions have been increased. However, their travel attitudes are more cautious than in the past due to the normalized pandemic. Therefore, we investigated the repurchase behavior of shared accommodation with the following factors: Perceived risk, trust, perceived value, and behavioral attitude that are significant in consumer behavior and based on the most representative theory that discusses behavioral intentions, which is the theory of planned behavior (TPB) proposed by Ajzen and Fishbein [5]. TPB has become an effective analysis tool for explaining and predicting tourists' intention and behavior. We explore the factors that influence the behavioral attitude and ultimately affect the intention to repurchase the shared accommodation in the post-pandemic era.
This study begins with discussions of the shared accommodation research gaps under the normalized pandemic conditions. Then, it is followed by literature reviews on the tourists' behavioral model in the shared accommodation sector in the Chinese context amid the pandemic. We establish a research model to explore the factors influencing tourists' repurchase intention through quantitative approaches. The results present the research model of perceived risk, perceived value, trust, behavioral attitude, and finally, repurchase intention. The conclusions summarize the resilience strategies from the consumer behavior perspective of tourists.

Literature Review
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant impacts on the tourism industry, including the shared accommodation sector, facing uncertain operation difficulties. This study explores resilience approaches by triggering the repurchase intention of shared accommodation from the tourism consumer behavior of perceived risk, perceived value, trust, and behavioral attitude. The shared accommodation sector emerged in the sharing economy, which is different from traditional accommodations, even though there are mix operations of each other. The shared accommodation is a non-standard lodging for landlords or housing operators who rely on the Internet to share idle houses, space, and facilities to obtain economic benefits. Under the pandemic, the perceived risk is the tourists' subjective expectations of losses when purchasing shared accommodations. The perceived value is the overall evaluation of the benefits and costs. Trust refers to the confidence in using the shared accommodation. Behavioral attitudes are the positive or negative evaluations of shared accommodation. Repurchase intentions are defined as the willingness to purchase shared accommodation services again. These five constructs are then discussed in the psychological process of buying the shared accommodation amid the pandemic.

Repurchase Shared Accommodation
The active subjects of shared accommodation are mainly millennial users such as "post-80s" and "post-90s", and most of them are tourists enjoying family trips and leisure trips [6]. The tourism industry can be recovered by triggering the consumption of these young generations. However, the consumer behavior of tourists is the key to economic recovery during the pandemic. The tourists' repurchase intention of shared accommodation is influenced by intrinsic behavioral factors [7][8][9][10], including perceived risk, perceived value, attitude, and trust [11,12]. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) can be adjusted as the theoretical basis with some essential behavioral factors to study the repurchase intention of shared accommodation. According to TPB, the behavioral attitude determines the behavioral intention. The behavioral attitude is an individual's assessment of his behavior [13]. The more positive the attitude, the greater the behavioral intention. From the research, Sweeney and Soutar [14] found that the perception of commodity value is helpful for consumers to form a positive repurchase attitude. Moreover, we found that perceived risk, perceived value, and trust could affect the repurchase intention [15][16][17][18][19].

Factors Influencing the Traveling Behavior during the Pandemic
Travel is considered an essential human activity to connect individuals and the world [20]. However, the perceived risk of the pandemic is a primary concern for traveling. The perceived risk is a consumer's subjective perception of risk and loss [21] that other intrinsic factors can balance. The perceived value, trust, and behavioral attitude can counterfeit the negative effect of perceived risk for the behavioral intention of traveling [22][23][24][25][26]. Zeithaml [27] argued that customers' perceived value is the consumers' subjective perception from a consumer psychology perspective. There are fruitful research findings on the antecedent variables and consequence effects of perceived value. It is found that the perceived risk negatively impacts the perceived value [28,29], then the perceived value impacts the behavioral intention [30,31]. Corbitt et al. [23] indicated that the perceived risk is the antecedent of trust, indirectly affecting the behavioral intention. Trust becomes a significant factor to determine the purchase intention [32]. Trust impacts the consumers' attitudes and behaviors [33] and becomes the main factor affecting the users' willingness to provide or use sharing services [34]. To sum up, for the perceived risk, trust, and perceived value with the TPB construct, the behavioral attitude and repurchase intention can shape a model to analyze the tourists' consumption behavior for the shared accommodation [35].

Tourists' Behavioral Model during the Pandemic
To explore the tourists' behavioral model of shared accommodation during the pandemic, the following literature was explored and demonstrated: The greater the risk perceived by consumers, the smaller the perceived value [28,29]. Tourists judge the gains and losses by comparing the conditions of service alternatives according to their perceived risks and pay more attention to the losses. Tourists assess whether the risk of shared accommodation service is high, the mental cost is high, and the return is low, which harms the perceived value.

Hypothesis 1a. Perceived risk negatively affects the perceived value.
Corbitt et al. [23] mentioned that if consumers perceive a product or service with high risk, their trust in it will decrease. In other words, trust is influenced by tourists' perceived risks.
Hypothesis 1b. Perceived risk negatively affects the trust.
The shared accommodation has developed in China for a short time without sound corresponding laws and regulations. Tourists do not have a good sense of shared accommodation products and services. Therefore, their doubts about the shared accommodation with perceived risks are inevitable. For example, tourists might worry about the hidden health and safety issues, as well as personal safety. Tourists might confront the cumbersome check-in and check-out procedures, broken facilities, and leakage of personal information. The normalized pandemic has further affected tourists' risk perceptions and brought in tourists' negative attitudes towards the shared accommodation. Corbitt et al. [23] pointed out that the lower the perceived risk, the better their acceptance of online shopping. Zhao and Wang [26] analyzed perceived risk as the main factor influencing shared electric vehicles. The results showed that when consumers perceive a higher risk of the shared electric vehicle, their acceptance will be lower.

Hypothesis 2. Perceived risk negatively affects the behavioral attitude.
Guttentag [36] concluded that the shared accommodation sector could provide unique and authentic accommodation experiences, for example, creative facilities. The housing styles are various, which can meet the diverse needs of travel consumers. The social attribute of shared accommodation is more potent than typical hotels. The host of shared accommodation can be customized to assist guests and establish a closer relationship with guests. Tourists perceived a higher value, which is concerned with these unique attributes and generated positive behaviors and attitudes of shared accommodation [37]. The literature shows that the higher the perceived value, the higher the positive behavioral attitude [38].

Hypothesis 3. Perceived value positively affects the behavioral attitude.
Regarding the relationship between trust and behavioral attitude, the literature revealed that trust could positively impact behavioral attitude [39]. If tourists trust the shared accommodation platform, landlord, and products, they will positively interact with the sharing ecosystem. According to the planned behavior theory of Ajzen and Fishbein [13], the behavioral attitude directly influences the beha vioral intention. The more positive the attitude, the stronger the behavioral intention.

Hypothesis 5.
Behavioral attitude positively affects the repurchase intention.
Tourists are less likely to repurchase the product when they perceive higher risks. The higher the perceived risk, the lower the willingness of their repurchase intention [40]. Hypothesis 6. The perceived risk negatively affects the repurchase intention.
Petrick [30] proposed a model for determining the tourists' repurchase intentions. He found that the perceived value influences the repurchase intention. Ranjbarian and Pool [19] indicated that the higher the perceived value, the greater the possibility of the repurchasing service. Chiu et al. [15] studied the fact that trust has a positive effect on the online repurchase intention. Moreover, Liang et al. [17] confirmed that the consumers' trust has a positive impact on the repurchase intention.

Hypothesis 8.
Tourists' trust positively affects the repurchase intention of shared accommodation.

Model Completion
Based on the literature review, the research model is expressed in Figure 1. Moreover, we proposed the hypotheses regarding the mediating effects to complete the research model (1). Chang and Wu [22] found that perceived risk indirectly affects the purchase intention through the behavioral attitude. Based on the study of Airbnb consumer repurchase intention, Mao and Lyu [41] pointed out that perceived risk can only directly and significantly affect the attitude, while it indirectly affects the repurchase intention (2). Hypothesis 10. Perceived value has a mediating effect between the perceived risk and repurchase intention of shared accommodation.
Xu et al. [42] pointed out that the mediating effect of perceived value between perceived risk and behavioral intention is significant (3).

Hypothesis 11.
Trust has a mediating effect between the perceived risk and the repurchase intention of shared accommodation.
Corbitt et al. [23] showed that perceived risk is the antecedent of trust, which indirectly affects behavioral intention through trust. Mou, Cui and Kurcz [43] proved that consumers' trust in cross-border online shopping could partially mediate between perceived risk and purchase intention.

Modeling and Measurement Instrument
The research model contains five variables, which were measured according to the scales and questionnaire items reviewed in the previous literature. The wording of the questionnaire items was adjusted according to the practical situations of shared accommodation.
We referred to the measurements of Featherman and Pavlou [44] for the perceived risk. The perceived value scale originated from Zeithaml [27] as well as Gallarza and Saura [45]. For the trust scale, we referred to the scale of Gallarza and Saura [45] and the measurement indicators in the trust of shared vehicle consumers. For the behavioral attitude scale, we mainly drew on the scales of Ajzen and Fishbein [13] and Yoon [46]. The study adopts the scales of Parasuraman et al. [47] and Chiu et al. [48] to measure the repurchase intention. The measurement scales are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Measurement items and sources of tourists' repurchase intention.

Number
Measured Variable

PR1
During the pandemic, sharing accommodation may have hidden health and safety hazards and cannot guarantee my safety

PR2
During the pandemic, I will feel worried when buying sharing accommodation products

PR3
During the pandemic, others will think that it is unwise for me to buy sharing accommodation products

PV1
During the pandemic, I still think it is cost-effective to buy sharing accommodation products

PV2
Taking all factors into consideration, I think sharing accommodation products are still worth buying

PV3
Although I perceive certain risks, I feel that the benefits of purchasing sharing accommodation products outweigh the risks TR1 I think sharing accommodation platforms and house owners can provide me with hygienic, safe, as well as reliable products and services

TR2
I believe that sharing accommodation platforms and house owners will fulfill their promises to consumers TR3 I believe that sharing accommodation platforms can provide me with a reliable house owner and protect my privacy

TR4
I believe that the house owners deal with sincerity

BA1
During the pandemic, I think it is necessary to promote sharing accommodation products

BA2
During the pandemic, I trust sharing accommodation products more than traditional hotels

BA3
During the pandemic, I prefer sharing accommodation products to traditional hotels

RI1
During the pandemic, I will continue to choose sharing accommodation products when traveling

RI2
During the pandemic, I prefer to choose sharing accommodation products when traveling

RI3
During the pandemic, I may always choose shared accommodation products when traveling Notes: PR: Perceived risk; PV: Perceived value; TR: Trust; BA: Behavioral attitude; RI: Repurchase intention.

Data Collection and Processing
During the survey, the questionnaire was delivered by a survey platform of wjx.cn to collect data with a random sampling approach, which ensures the representative of the surveyed groups and softens the influences of a specific region, age, and education level of the survey objects. Data were collected in the fourth quarter of 2020. A total of 540 questionnaires were distributed and 442 valid samples were confirmed after screening, with 81.9% effective samples. The SPSS26.0 and Mpluse8.3 softwares were applied to analyze the data and test the integrated model's research hypothesis, as shown in Figure 1. The structural equation model (SEM) helps researchers identify the causal relationship between the potential variables by observing the variables [49].

Results of the Analysis
The sampling distribution is shown in Table 2 and the representative is well for generalization. The sample profile shows that the young generation is the main customer of the shared accommodation [6]. The Cronbach's α values of the five variables, including perceived risk, perceived value, trust, behavioral attitude, and repurchase intention were 0.874, 0.846, 0.856, 0.899, and 0.911, respectively, while the combined reliability (CR) values were 0.876, 0.850, 0.857, 0.905, and 0.913, respectively. This indicates the good reliability of the measurement scales. The minimum value of the standardized factor loading was 0.712, exceeding the factor loading standard of 0.6, while the minimum value of AVE was 0.596, exceeding the standard value of 0.5. In their research, Fornell and Larcker [50] believed that the combined reliability value should be greater than 0.7, while the AVE value should be greater than 0.5, which are the ideal values. Therefore, the measurement scale had good convergence validity, as shown in Table 3. The test results of the discrimination validity of the scale are shown in Table 4. The square root of the AVE of each latent variable was greater than the correlation coefficient among the latent variables, showing good discrimination.  The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results show the measurement validity with the model fitting index. The results show that χ2/df = 2.204, CFI value, and TLI value were 0.978 and 0.972, respectively, which were greater than the critical value of 0.9. Moreover, the results show that RMSEA and SRMR were 0.054 and 0.025, which were smaller than the critical value of 0.08. Therefore, the measurement model could be deemed as having a good model adaptation.
To test the impact of perceived risk on the perceived value, trust, behavioral attitude, and repurchase intention, the results show that χ2/df = 3.995, CFI value, and TLI value were 0.949 and 0.936, respectively, while RMSEA and SRMR were 0.082 and 0.075, indicating that the model had an excellent adaption. The path coefficients between the variables of the model are shown in Figure 1 and Table 5. Seven hypotheses were supported, and two hypotheses were not supported.
The Bootstrap method was applied to test the mediating effects. We examined the mediating effects of perceived value, behavioral attitude, and trust between perceived risk and repurchase intention. Table 6 shows that the H 9 and H 10 were verified. The perceived value and behavioral attitude had mediation effects between perceived risk and repurchase intention. H 11 was insignificant, meaning that trust does not indirectly affect perceived risk and repurchase intention. To sum up, the hypotheses were supported except for H 6 , H 8 , and H 11 , as shown in Table 7. Figure 2 also presented research model results: hypotheses supported with solid lines and not supported with dash lines.

Discussion
In the pandemic period, the tourists' perceived risk of shared accommodation negatively affects the perceived value. It is consistent with the results that consumers perceive a high risk. They will naturally think that the shared accommodation's cost-effectiveness is low [28]. Moreover, we found that the perceived risk of shared accommodation negatively affects trust. It confirms the claims of Corbitt et al. [23]that when consumers perceive a high risk in shared accommodation, their trust will be negatively influenced.
Moreover, the cause of the perceived risk triggers the negative effect of tourists' behavioral attitude. However, the tourists' perceived value and trust have been proved to affect the behavioral attitude positively. Behavioral attitude is an important variable in the theory of planned behavior and positively affects the repurchase intention. The results comply with the original model hypothesis of planned behavior theory. Furthermore, the behavioral attitude has a mediating effect, which is the fact that the indirect effect of behavioral attitude between perceived risk and repurchase intention is consistent with the literature [22]. The result of perceived risk, with no direct effect on the repurchase intention, has identified the full mediation effect of the behavioral attitude.
The impact of perceived value on the repurchase intention has been widely confirmed [51]. Our study confirms that the higher the perceived value of shared accommo-

Discussion
In the pandemic period, the tourists' perceived risk of shared accommodation negatively affects the perceived value. It is consistent with the results that consumers perceive a high risk. They will naturally think that the shared accommodation's cost-effectiveness is low [28]. Moreover, we found that the perceived risk of shared accommodation negatively affects trust. It confirms the claims of Corbitt et al. [23] that when consumers perceive a high risk in shared accommodation, their trust will be negatively influenced.
Moreover, the cause of the perceived risk triggers the negative effect of tourists' behavioral attitude. However, the tourists' perceived value and trust have been proved to affect the behavioral attitude positively. Behavioral attitude is an important variable in the theory of planned behavior and positively affects the repurchase intention. The results comply with the original model hypothesis of planned behavior theory. Furthermore, the behavioral attitude has a mediating effect, which is the fact that the indirect effect of behavioral attitude between perceived risk and repurchase intention is consistent with the literature [22]. The result of perceived risk, with no direct effect on the repurchase intention, has identified the full mediation effect of the behavioral attitude.
The impact of perceived value on the repurchase intention has been widely confirmed [51]. Our study confirms that the higher the perceived value of shared accommodation, the stronger the repurchase intention. Perceived value has played a significant role in the impact of tourists' repurchase intention of shared accommodation during the pandemic. Perceived value directly affects the repurchase intention and has a mediating effect between perceived risk and repurchase intention.

Conclusions
The primary causality of perceived risk and repurchase intention of shared accommodation products during the pandemic has a practical implication for the economy and the tourism industry recovery. The pandemic has significantly impacted the shared ac-commodation sector. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, China's shared accommodation market decreased by 72.1%, the total number of bookings decreased by 65%, the number of receptions decreased by 63%, and the average room rate decreased by 16% from January to May 2020 [52].
Although perceived risk does not directly impact tourists' repurchase intention of shared accommodation during the pandemic, the indirect impacts of behavioral attitude and perceived value can construct concerning strategies to promote the repurchase intention. Perceived value plays a crucial role in the repurchase intention by directly affecting the repurchase intention and has an indirect effect between perceived risk and repurchase intention. Therefore, enhancing tourists' perceived value is worth the effort during the pandemic. Behavioral attitude has an important position on the recovery of shared accommodation, as well. The results verify the direct and indirect effects of tourists' behavioral attitude on repurchase intention. Behavioral attitude is intensely subjective and represents people's preferences, which directly affects the repurchase intention. Moreover, it carries the indirect effect between perceived risk and repurchase intention through its mediation effect of lowering the pandemic's perceived risk.

Theoretical Contribution
TPB is a well-known model for consumer behavior. This study adjusted the model with perceived risk, value, and trust to fit tourists' behavior on the shared accommodation for sharing economy theories. When the tourism industry encounters major emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic, tourists, as the main body of the tourism industry, play a significant role in the resilient strategies. The research model has contributed to the micro-level of economic resilience. Most of the studies focus on discussing issues from the macro-level of tourism economy and industrial development. Moreover, our study of the consumer behavior of tourists is essential for economic resilience.

Managerial Implications
An integrated model of tourists' repurchase intention of shared accommodation during the pandemic is constructed with perceived risk, perceived value, trust, and behavioral attitude. People are optimistic about the tourism industry's long-term development with a reasonable control of the pandemic. However, the global pandemic situation is still at risk.
Tourists are still cautious about the choice of tourism accommodation products, especially the shared accommodation. Their perceived risk requires high standards, such as hygiene, safety, and privacy. The lower perceived risk balanced with perceived value and trust helps the behavioral attitude and repurchase intention. Therefore, sound policies and security systems are the basis for reducing tourists' perceived risk and encouraging the repurchase intention. The pandemic has caused challenges to the tourism industry, operators, and house owners of shared accommodation platforms. To recover the tourism industry, stakeholders must promptly adjust their strategies to ensure the product's security and improve health and safety facilities between buyers and sellers.
Even though there are vaccines, the pandemic is still at risk. The survived institutions in the tourism industry should have strategies to trigger tourists' positive perceived value and behavioral attitude. Small-and medium-sized accommodation operators need to ensure quality and take advantage of sharing economy platforms to seek co-operation with network companies for the maintainenance of tourists' perceived value and behavioral attitude. The tourism industry can use new media for product promotion with the creative cultural and intellectual property for tourists' perceived value. Tourism administrative departments and platform enterprise operators can collaborate to build a trustworthy accommodation environment. Then, the pandemic perceived risk can be balanced by tourists' perceived value, trust, and behavioral attitude for the repurchase intention of shared accommodation.

Limitations and Further Research
The research only discusses the cause-effect relationship to the behavioral intention without the effect of behavior in the TPB, due to the model simplification. The difficulties of investing tourists' actual travel behaviors amid the pandemic are also challenging to test the effect of TPB behavior. However, most of the previous studies have confirmed that behavioral intentions directly impact behavior as the antecedent cause of tourists' behaviors. As the point of this study, we discuss the impact of the perceived risk of the pandemic. Moreover, the data used in this study are cross-sectional data. It has been a while since the outbreak of the pandemic. Tourists' perceptions of variables such as the perceived risk of shared accommodation products may vary. Therefore, longitudinal data in different periods could be collected to test the results. Furthermore, the measurement scales in this study are referred from the literature with good reliability and validity. However, other factors could be considered, such as customer satisfaction that could influence the repurchase intention during the normalized pandemic. The impact of perceived risk on the repurchase intention may have other potential moderation and mediation variables that need further exploration to improve the research model. Data Availability Statement: The datasets generated during and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.