Experience Sharing on Virtual COOP Training to Mechanical Engineering Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in December 2019, brought about a paradigm shift in the lifestyles of people worldwide due to the imposed constraints and lockdowns aimed at containing the spread of the infection. Each and every aspect of our lifestyle such as eating, travelling, socializing and learning was affected by this pandemic. Even the education sector was not untouched due to this pandemic, which caught the various stakeholders of this industry, such as the students, faculty and the administration, unaware. The education of a complete generation of kids and adults all over the world required some drastic adjustments so that their learning process would continue unaffected. Even though distance learning and online teaching have been around for a long time in the education sector, its importance was felt during this last year because of the role it played in the transfer of knowledge to students during the lockdowns wherein the students did not have access to physical classrooms and schools. Faculty, students and the administration developed new innovative ideas to adjust to this new change in teaching/learning styles and made the transition for all stakeholders a smooth and an enlightening experience. One such change had to be made in the delivery style of the cooperative program (COOP) for Mechanical engineering students at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM). COOP is a 9-credit hour course that a student with a junior standing in the Applied Mechanical Engineering program (AME) has to take and pass. It requires the student to spend about seven months in the industry to learn applications in a practical environment and solve practical problems with the aid of the theoretical knowledge gained by him in the courses. However, due to the sudden lockdown in March 2020, most of the industries downed their shutters, which left these poor students halfway stranded through their COOP course. Hence, in order to cater to these students, the administration came up with the idea of substituting physical training with virtual training without compromising on the quality of the education. Comprehensive procedures on the various modules designed and delivered under this new virtual training program, the mode of instruction used, the assessment methods implemented and the experiences of the students are presented in this paper, which can be of tremendous help to various stakeholders.


Introduction
In a COOP program, which lasts for a duration of 7 months, students are supposed to be working in an industrial environment. COOP is a 9-credit hour course that a student with a junior standing in the Applied Mechanical Engineering program (AME) has to take and pass. They are provided training in the various departments under the supervision of a mentor in the industry. During this period, the students are also required to look out for some good mechanics-oriented case studies so that they can conduct a complete root cause analysis in order to understand failure modes and suggest solutions to prevent the same outcomes in the future. Moreover, the student is also required to work on one design case study, which should involve a good amount of design components. At the end of their 7-month period of COOP training in the industrial setup, they are required to submit a final report and to provide a presentation about their accomplishments in the ME department. However, the students who had started their COOP training in the beginning of the second semester of 2020 (January 2020) had only completed a period of 8 weeks in the physical mode when the COVID-19 pandemic struck the world.
The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in December 2019, brought about a paradigm shift in the lifestyles of the people worldwide due to the imposed constraints and lockdowns aimed at containing the spread of the infection. Each and every aspect of our lifestyle such as eating, travelling, socializing and learning was affected by this pandemic. Even the education sector was not untouched due to this pandemic, which caught the various stakeholders of this industry, such as the students, faculty and the administration, unaware. The education of a complete generation of children and adults all over the world required some drastic adjustments so that their learning process could continue unaffected. Even though distance learning and online teaching have been around for a long time in the education sector, its importance was felt during this last year because of the role it played in the transfer of knowledge to the students during the lockdowns wherein the students did not have access to the physical classrooms and schools. Faculty, students and the administration developed new innovative ideas to adjust to this new change in terms of teaching/learning styles and made the transition for all the stakeholders a smooth and an enlightening experience. One such change had to be made in the delivery style of the cooperative program (COOP) for the Mechanical engineering students at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM). As mentioned above, it requires the student to spend about seven months in the industry to learn applications in a practical environment and solve practical problems with the aid of the theoretical knowledge gained by the student in the courses. However, due to the sudden lockdown in March 2020, most of the industries in KSA downed their shutters, which left these poor students halfway stranded in their COOP course. Although the companies had to close down due to the lockdowns, the students still continued with their COOP training in an online mode until their 18th week.
Hence, in order to cater to these students so that they complete the total duration of the 28 weeks of their COOP training, the administration came up with the idea of substituting physical training with virtual training without compromising on the quality of the education. Comprehensive procedures on the various modules designed and delivered under this new virtual training program, the mode of instruction used, the assessment methods implemented and the experiences of the students are presented in this paper, which can be of tremendous help to the various stakeholders.

The New Virtual Training Program
A new virtual training program was designed to remedy the 10 weeks lost by students in their physical COOP training program. By this stage, the students would have already completed a period of 18 weeks but that too was stopped during the intermittent physical phases due to the administered lockdowns. Thus, they could hardly experience the chance to work on some good engineering case studies, including a design case study that was the requirement for passing a COOP course. Hence, keeping in mind all of these constraints, the new program was designed to train the students in different aspects so that they could receive holistic and comprehensive training without compromising on quality. Hence, the 10 weeks of virtual training was divided into three phases as follows: a Imparting soft skills; b Design case study; c Engineering failure analysis case studies. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the various skills that were planned to be imparted to the students within this virtual training program. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the various skills that were planned to be imparted to the students within this virtual training program.

Soft Skills
In view of the holistic development of various skills relative to a mechanical engineering student to which he is exposed to when he enters the industry for the COOP training program, the category of soft skills was included in the virtual training program. Soft skills were imparted at the instructor level during a one-to-one interaction with the students in an online class and also at the university level, which was performed through various presentations and seminars by experts in the field. At the instructor level, the first week was completely dedicated for imparting soft skills, such as making effective presentations, delivering presentations efficiently and writing engineering case studies in an effective manner. A hybrid strategy of synchronous and asynchronous learning was adopted so that the students are taught and then assessed in these skills. Table 1 presents the schedule of the first week of this hybrid strategy.

Soft Skills
In view of the holistic development of various skills relative to a mechanical engineering student to which he is exposed to when he enters the industry for the COOP training program, the category of soft skills was included in the virtual training program. Soft skills were imparted at the instructor level during a one-to-one interaction with the students in an online class and also at the university level, which was performed through various presentations and seminars by experts in the field. At the instructor level, the first week was completely dedicated for imparting soft skills, such as making effective presentations, delivering presentations efficiently and writing engineering case studies in an effective manner. A hybrid strategy of synchronous and asynchronous learning was adopted so that the students are taught and then assessed in these skills. Table 1 presents the schedule of the first week of this hybrid strategy. Table 1. Various topics covered along with the mode and assessment method followed during the first week of imparting soft skills to the students.

Day
Mode Topic Assessment Method 1

Synchronous-Online Lecture Making Effective Presentation Slides
Asynchronous-Every student makes a presentation following all the guidelines shown to them during the lecture and submit the same for assessment.

Synchronous-Online Lecture Delivering Presentations Effectively
Asynchronous-Every student delivers and records his presentation that he prepared in the previous step and sends the youtube link for assessment.

Synchronous-Online Lecture Introduction to Case Studies and a how to present a case study effectively
Asynchronous-Every student selects a case study, categorizes it, writes a report following the guidelines shown to him, and submits it for assessment.

Presentation Skills
Making good presentations in addition to delivering them in a professional and an effective manner is one of the most important silks required by an engineering student when he ventures into the industrial world. Even though the students are required to make and deliver numerous presentations for their course projects, they have never been given formal training at any level of their studies. Hence, introducing this component in the first week was very effective, as gauged by the responses of the students.
The first lecture was dedicated to training students in making good presentations. Guidelines to be followed during the making of the presentation in terms of the selection of Sustainability 2021, 13, 11401 4 of 16 slides color, scheme, fonts and font size were shown. Arrangements of the slides focusing on a few mandatory slides such as the title slide, presentation outline slide and the conclusion slide and rules to be followed for bulleting and numerical lists were presented. The amount of content on each slide and the most important components of a good presentation such as introduction, methodology, results/discussion and bibliography were discussed with the students. Based on the guidelines shown in this lecture, the students were required to make a 10 min presentation including all the important components on any engineering topic of their interest and to submit the presentation for assessment. Students selected varied interesting topics, did a good amount of research and prepared the presentations.
It was made clear to the students that making an effective presentation is just the half work completed because the second half, which is more challenging, is to deliver the presentation in an effective manner so that the intended message is conveyed to the targeted audience. Hence, the focus of the second lecture was to teach the students how to deliver their presentations effectively. Questions such as how to get dressed, how to practice, how to maintain eye contact with the audience, how to answer questions, how to show confidence, how to maintain correct body posture, etc., were addressed and discussed elaborately. The students were required to deliver and record their presentations, which they had prepared in the first assignment, and to upload them on YouTube so that they can be assessed and proper feedback can be provided for further improvement.
The third component that the students were taught under the soft skills category was the case studies. It is very important for a mechanical engineering student to differentiate between different types of case studies, categorize them and present them in a professional manner. It is worthy for a mechanical engineering student to have this skill in his toolkit before he ventures out into the industry. Hence, in this lecture, students were exposed to different types of case studies (historical, design and real) and the guidelines to identify them. Procedures to identify, write and present a case study in an effective manner were discussed. Students were required to select a case study and submit a short report following all the guidelines in order to be assessed and to receive timely feedback.

Design Skills
One of the most important components of a physical COOP training for the students was to identify, work and present a case study with a substantial design involved. Hence, this component was included in the virtual training program so that the students can be exposed to a comprehensive design process and work on a case study involving a good amount of design skills. The objective of this module was to impart the skills needed to design a product from conceptualization to prototype building, even during these challenging times. In online environment, students miss the ability to communicate their thoughts with different kinds of audiences. However, these skills are developed quite naturally when the students attend physical training in industries as they have to communicate with different people such as higher management, their colleagues/peers or technicians/engineers. Hence, to overcome this challenge, it was decided that the students would work in teams with a team leader who would be changed on a regular basis. Table 2 shows the different modules and modes of delivery that were undertaken during online teaching of the design skills component.

Introduction to the Design Process and Formation of Teams
In this online lecture, the students were introduced to the complete design process as shown in Figure 2. The teams were formed, and a leader for each team was appointed with their specific duties listed out. Students were shown the importance of communication among themselves if they wanted to successfully design a product. The theme given to the students for designing was based upon the COVID-19, and they were asked to come up with some creative ideas of designing a product that would help in curbing the spread of COVID-19. Each team would be presenting two to three initial ideas, and then the best design would be selected based upon a feasibility study.

Synchronous-Online Session
Brainstorming of different ideas to design a product for preventing the spread of COVID-19 Asynchronous-Every team researches, brainstorms and presents atleast two to three ideas of product designs to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Synchronous-Online Session A feasibility study of the selected idea/product
Asynchronous-Every team, presents the feasibility study of the selected project in terms of design, cost and fabrication

Synchronous-Online Lecture Guidelines to write a design proposal
Asynchronous-Every team submits a comprehensive proposal for designing and fabricating the selected product.

Synchronous-Online Session Design analysis of the proposed idea/product
Asynchronous-Every team conducts a comprehensive design analysis on the proposed idea/project and comes up with a final design for the product.

Synchronous-Online Session Prototype development / Final presentation
Asynchronous-Every team develops a "dirty" working prototype of the product and make a final presentation to the whole class.

Final Report Submission
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18     Figure 3 shows the tasks assigned to the teams at the end of this lecture. The title of the project was given as, "Design of a product/machine in prevention the spread of COVID-19".

Brainstorming and Narrowing Down on One Product Design
Different teams proposed a set of ideas, such as the design of contactless elevator buttons, the design of gloves with sensors, the design of contactless opening of the doors, the design of contactless sanitizer dispensing machines, etc. However, after thorough brainstorming and after conducting a feasibility study, which included the constraint of building a prototype with COVID-19 restrictions, the teams proposed the following ideas, COMMUNICATION Figure 3. Details of assignment-1 given to the students.

Brainstorming and Narrowing down on One Product Design
Different teams proposed a set of ideas, such as the design of contactless elevator buttons, the design of gloves with sensors, the design of contactless opening of the doors, the design of contactless sanitizer dispensing machines, etc. However, after thorough brainstorming and after conducting a feasibility study, which included the constraint of building a prototype with COVID-19 restrictions, the teams proposed the following ideas, as shown in Table 3, and submitted a well written proposal by following all the guidelines shown to them. Table 3. Titles of the design projects that the student selected for the design case study. Every team conducted a thorough feasibility study for their suggested projects and justified their creative ideas in terms of functionality, ease of design and manufacturability and cost. They conducted a good design analysis by using SolidWorks and cosmos in order to provide shape and dimensions to their ideas. Ultimately, each of the teams developed their respective prototypes by using raw materials found in their homes and presented their final presentations. Figure 4 shows the conceptualized and the developed prototypes by the various teams.

Summary
Throughout the design process, the teams engaged in effective communication and discussion about the various aspects of their ideas in order to make sure that their idea is realized into a working prototype. The highlight of the developed prototypes is that all of them were built within the confines of their homes by using scrap material at their disposal, adding another dimension to their creative efforts and ideas. All the projects focused on the idea of preventing the spread of COVID-19, which not only helped the teams in realizing their creativity but also helped them in increasing their knowhow about this dangerous virus during their extensive research on the topic. Within the module of design skills, the teams practiced writing effective proposals by pondering the following four questions: Scope-what do you intend to design; Significance-why do you intend to design; Methodology-how do you intend to design; Timeline-when do you intend to finish the design? The students learnt about the procedures for conducting feasibility studies of their design in terms of cost, functionality, ease of manufacturing and overall usage relative to the community.

Failure Analysis
The failure analysis module was included in the virtual training program in order to equip students with this very important tool, which will help them in conducting engi-

Failure Analysis
The failure analysis module was included in the virtual training program in order to equip students with this very important tool, which will help them in conducting engineering failure analysis of components in their careers in different industries. Case studies on failure analysis are included as one of the major components of physical COOP training wherein the students are required to work on at least two engineering case studies and present a complete analysis of the same. However, to compensate for this missed opportunity due to the COVID-19 situation, the failure analysis module was designed for the students in the virtual training program. Table 4 shows the various topics included within this module. As observed from Table 4 and Figure 5, the topics covered within this module focused mainly on equipping students with this very important tool of guidelines and procedures to be followed for conducting effective failure analyses. Asynchronous-Every team conducts an extensive literature review on any one assigned industry to find out the most common failures in the equipment/machinery within that industry.

Synchronous-Online Session General Procedure for Failure Analysis
Asynchronous-Every team will research on one step of the failure analysis procedure and present to the class all the different tools that are used.

Synchronous-Online Session Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA)
Asynchronous-Each team will conduct an extensive literature review on one of the assigned RCFA technique and make a comprehensive presentation to the class.

& 5
Final Assignment: Each team is supposed to select one mechanical component from the common list of components/equipment that they come across in their selected industry in Assignment-1 and present a comprehensive research on the different failure modes of these components. They will also select two industrial case studies and present them elaborately in the class after getting an approval from the instructor.

General Procedure of Failure Analysis
Students were taught about the steps that are followed for conducting effective failure analyses, such as the following:  Figure 5. List of assignments given to the students within the failure analysis module.
As observed from Table 5, the teams performed a thorough review about the different components assigned to them in order to present the various types of the common failures encountered by each one of them. Moreover, they selected some very interesting case studies in order to present them comprehensively to the class.

Root Cause Failure Analysis Techniques
Student were introduced to two methods for approaching failures. One is Reactive Management. The other is the Proactive Management. Reactive management refers to quickly reacting in order to solve the problem by treating its symptoms, while proactive management tends to treat the root cause of the problem by using well-established techniques (RCFA Techniques), which assist in determining the root cause. The different techniques that were introduced to the students included the following:

Final Assignment
As observed from Figure 5, the students were assigned a comprehensive final assignment wherein they had to apply all the theoretical knowledge they had gained during the previous lectures in order to solve real failures in machines and components. Each team was assigned a certain component/equipment on which they were supposed to conduct an extensive literature review and explain to the class the most common modes of failures in those components and how to prevent them. Each team also had to select at least two real case studies from the literature and present the RCFA to the class along with a final report.
As observed from Table 5, the teams performed a thorough review about the different components assigned to them in order to present the various types of the common failures encountered by each one of them. Moreover, they selected some very interesting case studies in order to present them comprehensively to the class.  The module equipped trainees with failure analysis general procedures and root cause failure analysis skills. In addition, the module explored failures in many mechanical equipment/components (e.g., pumps, turbines and bearings) in different industries (including oil and gas, petrochemical refining and others). Students used the general failure analysis procedure to analyze a failed component. The students were then introduced to two methods for approaching failures. One is Reactive Management. The other is Proactive Management. Reactive management includes quickly reacting in order to solve the problem by treating its symptoms, while proactive management tends to treat the root cause of the problem by using well-established techniques (RCFA Techniques) that assist in determining the root cause. The students practiced all the RCFA techniques, including the five WHYs technique, Fishbone Technique, Pareto Chart, Fault-Tree-Analysis, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and Scatter Diagram.

Testimonials of the Students
The following is the testimonial of a student who had attended the virtual training program with respect to its effectiveness and the disadvantages as compared to physical training, "Despite the challenges of virtual training (VT), the combination of physical training (PT) and VT formed one unique experience. If we focus on VT alone, VT was one successful experience. It may not substitute PT at the moment, but it can complement it though (Table 6). In my opinion, despite the fact that VT will never match PT, it has great potential of evolving over time in a completely different track. We might see the implementations of several technologies (Such as Graphics, artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), Internet of things (IoT), and others) to bring VT to a different level that has never been reached by PT. The comparison between the VT and the PT programs, maybe linked to Video Games vs. Traditional Games comparison. Video games are now considered the most favorable way of gaming. Collaboration with video games developers/designers to improve virtual learning experience is the ideal development track to follow".
However, a short survey was also conducted at the end of the VT program among the students by posing the following questions and the responses of the students as presented in Table 7:

Accommodation
Accommodation issues were also eliminated by VT

Working hours
In VT we have demonstrated higher efficiency, that is, less time, and more work

Overall
Currently, I strongly recommend combining PT with VT for all UG students as they are complementing each other. VT should be a prerequisite to PT However, a short survey was also conducted at the end of the VT program among the students by posing the following questions and the responses of the students as presented in Table 7: I strongly recommend collaborating with video games community as they have proven their success in designing operating, and maintaining effective communication platforms

Accommodation
Accommodation issues were also eliminated by VT

Working hours
In VT we have demonstrated higher efficiency, that is, less time, and more work

Overall
Currently, I strongly recommend combining PT with VT for all UG students as they are complementing each other. VT should be a prerequisite to PT However, a short survey was also conducted at the end of the VT program among the students by posing the following questions and the responses of the students as presented in Table 7:

Q1.
Give your comments about the Soft Skill sessions conducted in the initial part of the I strongly recommend injecting more visual aids to maximize the simulation of physical training. Again, if we could only collaborate with video games graphic designers, we can bring VT to a completely different level

Safety/Health/Environment
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 18

Accommodation
Accommodation issues were also eliminated by VT

Working hours
In VT we have demonstrated higher efficiency, that is, less time, and more work

Overall
Currently, I strongly recommend combining PT with VT for all UG students as they are complementing each other. VT should be a prerequisite to PT However, a short survey was also conducted at the end of the VT program among the students by posing the following questions and the responses of the students as presented in

Accommodation
Accommodation issues were also eliminated by VT

Working hours
In VT we have demonstrated higher efficiency, that is, less time, and more work

Overall
Currently, I strongly recommend combining PT with VT for all UG students as they are complementing each other. VT should be a prerequisite to PT However, a short survey was also conducted at the end of the VT program among the students by posing the following questions and the responses of the students as presented in

Accommodation
Accommodation issues were also eliminated by VT

Working hours
In VT we have demonstrated higher efficiency, that is, less time, and more work

Overall
Currently, I strongly recommend combining PT with VT for all UG students as they are complementing each other. VT should be a prerequisite to PT However, a short survey was also conducted at the end of the VT program among the students by posing the following questions and the responses of the students as presented in Table 7:

Q1.
Give your comments about the Soft Skill sessions conducted in the initial part of the VT; Q2. Give your comments about the Experimental Design Case Study conducted in the second part of the VT; Accommodation issues were also eliminated by VT

Working hours
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 18 Table 6. Comparison of physical and virtual training environments as presented by the students.

Communication/Accessibility/ Monitoring
I strongly recommend collaborating with video games community as they have proven their success in designing operating, and maintaining effective communication platforms

Visuals/Sensing/Observing
I strongly recommend injecting more visual aids to maximize the simulation of physical training. Again, if we could only collaborate with video games graphic designers, we can bring VT to a completely different level

Safety/Health/Environment
VT provides much safer work/learning environment for trainees against risks and hazards, especially if PT is in factories, plants….etc

Transportation
Traffic jams, and car parking are some examples of transportation issues that were eliminated by VT

Accommodation
Accommodation issues were also eliminated by VT

Working hours
In VT we have demonstrated higher efficiency, that is, less time, and more work

Overall
Currently, I strongly recommend combining PT with VT for all UG students as they are complementing each other. VT should be a prerequisite to PT However, a short survey was also conducted at the end of the VT program among the students by posing the following questions and the responses of the students as presented in Table 7:

Q1.
Give your comments about the Soft Skill sessions conducted in the initial part of the VT; Q2. Give your comments about the Experimental Design Case Study conducted in the second part of the VT; In VT we have demonstrated higher efficiency, that is, less time, and more work

Overall
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 18 Table 6. Comparison of physical and virtual training environments as presented by the students.

Communication/Accessibility/ Monitoring
I strongly recommend collaborating with video games community as they have proven their success in designing operating, and maintaining effective communication platforms

Visuals/Sensing/Observing
I strongly recommend injecting more visual aids to maximize the simulation of physical training. Again, if we could only collaborate with video games graphic designers, we can bring VT to a completely different level

Safety/Health/Environment
VT provides much safer work/learning environment for trainees against risks and hazards, especially if PT is in factories, plants….etc

Transportation
Traffic jams, and car parking are some examples of transportation issues that were eliminated by VT

Accommodation
Accommodation issues were also eliminated by VT

Working hours
In VT we have demonstrated higher efficiency, that is, less time, and more work

Overall
Currently, I strongly recommend combining PT with VT for all UG students as they are complementing each other. VT should be a prerequisite to PT However, a short survey was also conducted at the end of the VT program among the students by posing the following questions and the responses of the students as presented in Table 7: Give your comments about the Soft Skill sessions conducted in the initial part of the VT; Q2. Give your comments about the Experimental Design Case Study conducted in the second part of the VT; Q3. Give your comments about the Failure Analysis Sessions conducted in the last part of Currently, I strongly recommend combining PT with VT for all UG students as they are complementing each other. VT should be a pre-requisite to PT Table 7. Summary of the responses received by 9 students with respect to their impression about the VT Program.

Q1
Q2 Q3 Q4 It helps me a lot to be aware about my personal skills rather than work skills.
Was great chance to find a problem and to analyze it then provide a solution.
Gives us a brief about RFCA. Improve our search skills and prepare a presentation and deliver it.
It was comprehensive and informative session.
The prototype part might be considered as a challenge in some cases.
It is very important, and it is excellent add. I think it should be added to the students before they start training despite the current situation.
Nothing can replace physical training benefits. However, for the current situation it was very good program.
These sessions were very helpful, and they trained me on how can you make a professional presentation and deliver it in a proper manner.
In this design case, I learned how you can utilize your engineering background to help find solutions to some serious problems that the world is facing such as COVID-19 pandemic and also how you can work among teams and try to see how other people think and see their prospective.
I really have learned very important skills in this case study which includes how to conduct failure analysis on any failure that you could face in mechanical equipment in future and how to find permanent solutions to this problem in order for it not to be repeated again.
It was a very helpful program to be honest, and I think I would not learn all these skills and conduct case study in a proper manner if we continue the physical training program, at least for my self. I would like to thank you a lot Doctor Mohammed; you really really utilized the VT in a great way.

Good Great Great
Physical training is better Very helpful I have benefited a lot.
I think coronavirus helped us to learn and benefit more, but in term of GPA, I think this course will damage our GPA since your grading system has no mercy and in physical training we had better chances to achieve higher grades.
I really appreciate the Soft skill section, and I have learned great things such as how to construct and deliver a good presentation as well, which I think is one of the very important subjects in terms of how to construct a good case study and how to present it. This is the part that I think most student would appreciate because i was lost in terms of looking for methods on how to start researching about a case study and how to start looking for a case study.
I think this part has led us to better exposure of mechanical engineering. We applied most of our knowledge and we put in huge efforts.
In conclusion, I think this course has led to better understanding of mechanical engineering and I think this course should be a mandatory course for all future COOP or summer training students. To compare between VT and PT, I believe they complement each other because VT course will prepare us before going to the PT so we will be able to know what we are looking for. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Abdul Samad for his great effort in this course and for taking his time to answer us whenever we needed him to help us, so Thank you Dr. Abdul Samad Excellent and gave me nice skills. Excellent, I have learnt a lot of information about design case study. Excellent, I really enjoyed it.
Actually, in the beginning I thought that the VT would not be enough, but it was a really nice experience. It gave me most of the information I needed.
It was good. Feasibility study session was great.
The nature of this case study was unique, supported by the fact that it was real and so tangible. Students wouldn't engage in such design experience in their academic life. One point is that I wished there was more technical/mechanical engineering feedback.
These sessions were the most effective, influential, and important. It was so important that I cannot believe that I was about to graduate without a background in failure analysis! or even going to COOP without such experience and knowledge.
In VT: -Communication was harder whether with teammates or with instructor.
-Working hours aren't fixed: This also complicates the communication process as it makes it difficult to communicate with teammates.
As observed from the students' responses, the VT program in general turned out be a very effective alternative program in igniting the student's interest and motivating them to learn the different soft/design/technical skills during the pandemic. The results of the student responses can be briefly summarized as follows with respect to the various modules conducted during the VT.

Soft Skills Module
It can be concluded that the objectives of this module were very well achieved going by the students' responses and the assessment methods implemented in this module. All the students were very appreciative of this module as it helped them to develop much needed presentation skills and skills in terms of writing and presenting a case study. The soft skills module set the stage for the VT program as the students needed to use the skills they learnt in this module in the subsequent two modules of design and failure analysis. The success of the soft skills module was very well reflected in their presentations and case study analysis. Based on the comments from the students, this module seems be to be very important and, hence, can be made mandatory for students undertaking a COOP training program irrespective of the environment (VT or PT) in which it is conducted.

Design Case Study Module
Students perceived the design case study module very positively as they were extremely appreciative of the techniques they learnt in this module. As put forth by one of the students, they experienced very few chances in terms of showcasing their engineering creativity during their academic life, and this module helped them to learn and put to test their capabilities in designing and developing a product, which would help in solving real life problems and make the life of the community safer and comfortable. The various working prototypes developed by the students as solutions to maintaining hygiene during the COVID-19 pandemic as a part of this module are testimonials to the grand success of this module.

Failure Analysis Module
This module was also well received by the students and much appreciated. As suggested by one of the students, this module can be made mandatory for all the mechanical engineering students even if they are undertaking the COOP PT program, as this would equip them with some good technical/engineering skills in terms of conducting thorough failure analysis of mechanical components in the industrial environment. The variety of case studies researched and presented by the students on the failure analysis of different mechanical components highlights the success of this module in terms of achieving its objectives.

Overall VT Program as Compared to the PT Program
The students in general provided some very positive comments about the VT program, which shows its acceptance by the student community. Even though the students were of the opinion that the PT program has its own charm in terms of hands-on-experience, all of them agreed with the effectiveness of the VT program in terms of delivering the much needed skillset to the students before they venture into the PT program in the industries. As suggested by one of the students, the VT program in its current form can complement the PT program, and they may be excellent tools when taken together in terms of honing the skills of the students prior to entering the industry.
As highlighted by the students, the VT program has its own advantages such as learning important skills in the comfort of their homes under the skillful guidance of an expert at their own pace, without worrying about driving, accommodation and parking issues (to name a few). Furthermore, according to the students, the VT program provided a very safe environment than compared to the PT without compromising on the quality of training and learning.
However, most of the students have stressed on the point that the VT program as a standalone training program may have to evolve over a period of time to incorporate the various elements of PT in different formats. Various methods have to be devised to overcome this very important challenge. The incorporation of captivating visual aids, animations or interactive lab sessions would help in making the VT sessions more intriguing and interesting. Increased collaborations with the gaming community and graphic designers/developers and the use of advanced tools such as machine learning/artificial intelligence can further help in overcoming these challenges. These steps may definitely help in implementing the VT program as a standalone module in teaching engineering students. However, in its current form, it may be an excellent supporting module for the students to equip themselves with some excellent skills before venturing out into the PT program in the industry.

Lessons Learnt
Thus, the one question that pops out of this entire exercise is "Can the VT program sustain itself as a standalone training program for engineering students?" A simple answer to this question is "Yes, it can, given that it is designed efficiently".
However, at the outset, it is accepted that online teaching/virtual training has its own advantages and disadvantages and understanding these can help all stakeholders in developing efficient strategies, resulting in effective delivery and a smooth learning experience [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].

•
One of the major advantages of online teaching is the numerous resources other than traditional textbook materials that are at the disposal of the teachers, which helps them in delivering the lectures efficiently to the students [3]. With the advent of technology such as augmented reality [10], virtual reality [11] and artificial intelligence [12], the opportunities of developing resources for effective virtual training are numerous. It is important to develop these resources in order to engage students effectively and to impart the necessary training in such trying times. • The other advantage that was realized by the virtual training program is the flexibility of the students to learn things at their own pace at any place and any time. Moreover, online teaching suits a variety of learning styles, giving options to students with varying intellect to learn in a conducive atmosphere. However, virtual training comes with its own set of challenges such as sense of isolation felt by the students and the instructors alike, lack of continuous focus on the screen, lack of teacher training to handle unprecedented situations and, most importantly, technological issues, which demands very robust background support [13][14][15][16][17].

Recommendations
There is a paradigm shift from teacher-centered to student-centered activities during the twenty-first century, and if we plan to experience the same shift, then the knowledge, construction and skills gained needs to happen for the learners and by the learners themselves. To assure the users and future users a means through which hybrid learning practices and applications are sustained for long-term educational impact across time, an appropriate plan for the management of hybrid learning practices is needed [18][19][20]. In engineering education, many authors have shown that the appropriation of scientific practices is a sophisticated, cognitive and metacognitive process that demands practice and a certain level of scaffolding [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].
Hence, virtual training can be effective if used in tandem physical training and not as a standalone module in the current form, as stated by many students. However, if used effectively as a supplementary module along with the physical training module, it may be an effective tool for the students to learn in a conducive atmosphere during such challenging times.
A hybrid model wherein it is a blend of physical and a virtual training would be very helpful for the students to grasp the fundamentals of engineering easily. Virtual training shall include online synchronous learning sessions, which require real time relationships between the learners and the instructor wherein the learners are constantly being challenged with different engaging and dynamic tasks, more collaboration and open discussions. It should also include asynchronously developed content and tasks as well as online sessions, which are synchronously used to blend and adapt. It is about the knowledge and skills transferred to the students and not about the technology used.

Conclusions
As the saying goes, "Unprecedented situations demand unprecedented solutions". The COVID-19 pandemic caught the entire world unaware, with huge impacts on every walk of life. Although online teaching/learning has been in existence for a long time, the COVID-19 pandemic brought the advantages and disadvantages of this system into the open. University administrations, teaching faculty and students who once kept online teaching at bay had to resort to this model during this unprecedented situation. The versatility and flexibility of the online teaching model along with its limitations were completely exposed during these challenging times. Similarly to many educationalists all around the world, we at KFUPM also adopted this versatile teaching model in delivering virtual training to students during lockdown times. The overall experiences by the university administration, faculty and the students alike were excellent and productive during the virtual training program. However, as the students have rightly pointed out, VT can never replace PT, but it can help in enhancing the learning of the students if it is combined or made a prerequisite for PT. Moreover, the complete VT experience can be enhanced by the usage of evolving technologies such as the virtual reality, artificial intelligence, etc., to name a few.