Key Barriers of Digital Transformation of the High-Technology Manufacturing: An Evaluation Method

: It is acknowledged that quality of life is related to economic development in a country or region. The impact of the ongoing transfer to the digital economy on economic growth, sustainable development, and quality of life has been a recent academic focus, ﬁnding that the development of digitalisation of the economy and society is happening at a comparable pace. Yet, despite the availability of governmental support and overall strategic orientation of top managers, there is evidence of low digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness across economic sectors. Therefore, the object of the research is the digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness, which can be assessed on both industrial and organisational levels. The authors carried out an expert poll that has shown low digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness on the industrial level (average readiness of 2.18 across estimated industries). For this reason, the focus subject of the research is the evaluation method for determining barriers of digital transformation on organisational level. The review of the academic literature and available digital maturity assessment models has shown the lack of metrics for barrier evaluation. The objective of the research is to develop a method for digital-transformation barrier evaluation. An analytical research method is used to develop a ready-to-use method in a form of a questionnaire that can be applied to measure an overall digital-transformation barrier level and identify problem areas for a manufacturing enterprise. The developed method is approbated in two large industrial companies. The overall barrier equals 39.3% for a power engineering company, which is a deterrent barrier. The overall barrier equals 75.0% for a machine-building company, which is a limiting barrier. The results of approbation correspond with results of the expert poll: the power engineering company has a lower barrier level, which is in line with the engine building and turbine engineering industry showing higher levels of readiness to adopt digital technologies. This ﬁnding supports the hypothesis about the rationality of the author’s method.


Research Background
It is acknowledged that quality of life is related to economic development in a country, region, etc. Various studies measure the quality of life using Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or introduce new indicators [1]. The influence of economic development on the standard of living of citizens was considered in [2]. The relations between the GDP energy intensity and the quality of life were studied in [3].
The impact of the ongoing transfer to the digital economy on economic growth and quality of life has been a recent academic focus. The specific features of the digital and cyber economy influence human living standards, evaluate the current changes in human living standards under the influence of technological transformation, and outline the conditions under which the changes will have the most positive outcomes for quality of life [4]. Digital transformation of the manufacturing sector and services, healthcare and education, and financial sector and other economic sectors is followed by positive developments in quality of life [5]. Mobile applications help the population solve issues of sharing knowledge and experience and information, purchasing and selling goods, facilitating communication between people regardless of their location, providing an opportunity to pay for housing and communal services as well as fines and taxes with minimum time, and speeding up the process of solving the population's transportation problems [6]. In [7], the authors offered a schematic diagram of data collecting and processing in the start-to-finish automated production-and-marketing chain of activity within the agricultural sector. The achievement of these goals will allow increasing the agricultural sector contribution into Russian economy to boost export revenue and to schedule and aggregate data streams for creation of start-to-finish chains and technologies from the agricultural production stage to consumption, with a deep integration into allied industries of the digital economy. The positive impact of digitalisation is identified for economically developed and rich regions. In contrast, for less developed regions, this impact could entail digital risks [8]. All in all, the authors conclude that the development of digitalisation of the economy and society is happening at a comparable pace [9].
Digital technologies are one of the key trends of sustainable and innovative development [10], having a strong and often disruptive impact on business strategies and business models [11]. The essence of a business model is in defining how the enterprise delivers value to customers, entices customers to pay for value, and converts those payments to profit [12]. Digital technologies tend to be a key element that ensures the global competitiveness of modern products and services [13]. The importance of digital technologies development and diffusion is stated in national strategic plans for innovative and sustainable development [14]. Key administrative and legislative barriers that exist on the governmental level are also recognized. Roadmaps for overcoming such barriers are being developed and implemented. However, despite the availability of governmental support and overall strategic orientation of top managers, there is evidence of low digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness across economic sectors, which is further looked into in the present research.

Literature Review
On the organizational level, the introduction of digital technologies is divided into three stages: digitization, digitalisation, and digital transformation [15]. Various strategies and business models that manufacturing enterprises pursue in digital transformation were discussed in [16]. Reaching each stage successfully requires specific organizational structure, growth and transformation strategy formulation, certain assets, and human resources in SMEs and large corporations [17,18].
It is acknowledged that an important part of digital transformation lies in tackling the barriers [19,20]. In order to tackle the barriers, which arise when adopting digital technologies, the first step is to identify them within the firm. In [21], the study aimed at identifying the general barriers on the basis of 46 expert interviews. Key identified barriers include missing skills, technical barriers, individual barriers, organizational and cultural barriers, and environmental barriers. Yet, the authors did not touch the subject of barrier measurement while developing agenda for further research. In [22], such barrier groups were identified as systems and technologies, processes, people and competence, culture, and strategy. In the article [23], corresponding barrier groups were discussed (technological, financial, organizational, governmental, psychological, and process barriers) while adding a new barrier, which is a financial barrier. The importance of this barrier was highlighted in [19] since it is proved that greater perceived economic and financial barriers do not induce firms to adopt more incentives. In [24], the authors focused on the discussion of the barriers to digital transformation before, during, and what may continue after the COVID-19 pandemic. Both [24,25] offered a new strategy discipline to overcome barriers but left the barrier assessment task out-of-loop.
The transformation journey and its status are generally measured using specific metrics aggregated into the digital maturity assessment model. Many maturity models have been developed over the last years, both by practitioners and research [26]. A vast review of existing models is available in which 18 models were identified and evaluated concerning their validity of measurement [27]. The authors focused on reviewing assessable digital maturity models from prior research as well as identifying models that have not been studied previously. The authors' review is structured into the source, scope, and barrier evaluation metrics analysis (whether the tools to elicit barriers (1) are represented, (2) allow direct or indirect evaluation, (3) or are not represented). The review took a qualitative approach to available models. In Table 1, the available digital maturity assessment models are listed. The authors identified 18 models with different scopes and authorship. The models were reviewed in terms of barrier evaluation metrics availability. The authors' review of the available digital maturity assessment models showed that only five models (of the identified 18) have indirect barrier evaluation metrics. These five models (Digital Maturity Assessment by Protiviti Inc., Digital Maturity Assessment by NHS, Maturity Models for Hospital Information Systems, Maturity diagnostic questionnaire by Autodesk, and Digital Service Units-Maturity Model) allow identifying particular barriers within the scope of the model. However, they do not contain questions aimed directly to identify barriers. The rest of the identified models do not contain tools to reveal and evaluate barriers, making the development of the method for determining barriers in digital transformation a relevant task.

Reaserch Objective
The object of the research is the digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness, which can be assessed on both industrial and organisational levels. The authors carried out an expert poll that showed low digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness on the industrial level (average readiness of 2.18 across estimated industries). For this reason, the focus subject of the research is the evaluation method for determining barriers of digital transformation on organisational level. The experts' review of the available digital maturity assessment models (see Section 1.3 of the article) showed that only five models (of the identified by the authors 18) have indirect barrier evaluation metrics. The reviewed models do not contain a method to identify barriers to digital transformation.
The article is aimed at developing the method for determining barriers hindering digital transformation. The tasks of the research include: To assess digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness (see Section 3.1); obtained results are to be compared to the results of the method for determining barriers approbation in task 2; 2.
To develop the method for determining barriers in digital transformation (see Section 3.2).
The authors put forward the hypothesis about the rationality of the authors' method. The method was tested on high-tech machine-building enterprises; the directions for further research were formulated.
The review of the academic literature and available digital maturity assessment models has shown the lack of metrics for barrier evaluation, revealing significant research gap. Therefore, the objective of the research was to develop a method for digital transformation barrier evaluation. The authors put forward the hypothesis about rationality of the authors' method.
The novel method suggested by the authors is approbated in two large industrial companies. The overall barrier equals 39.3% for a power engineering company, which is a deterrent barrier. The overall barrier equals 75.0% for a machine-building company, which is a limiting barrier. The results of approbation correspond with results of the expert poll: the power engineering company has a lower barrier level, which is in line with the engine building and turbine engineering industry showing higher levels of readiness to adopt digital technologies. The identified limiting barrier for the machine-building company is in line with the lower levels of readiness to adopt digital technologies in other the machinebuilding industries, as derived from the expert poll. These findings support the hypothesis about the rationality of the authors' method.
The paper aims to present the research to academics and practitioners and is divided into the following Section 2: Materials and methods, offering a description of the methods used to perform the digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness assessment on industry level and methods for the development of the method for determining barriers in digital transformation; Section 3: Results and Discussion, offering results representation and analysis; Section 4: Conclusions, offering the implications of the research, limitations, and suggestions for further research.

Digital/Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Adoption Readiness Assessment
To measure the level of digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness across economic sectors, the expert poll on advanced digital technologies was carried out. [46]. The results regarding digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness were processed for the first time for purposes of the present research. A total of 135 experts from both academic and business fields participated in the poll. Three conditions were considered during the sample design: The first condition was the need to integrate the efforts of the main participants in the digital economy: scientific communities (35% of the sample), business communities (62% of the sample), and governmental structures (3% of the sample).
The second condition was high requirements for the professional competencies of experts: more than half of the participants (53% of the sample) have an academic degree (Ph.D.). A total of 70% of the respondents belong to representatives of the managerial level of organizations, 14% are engineering and technical specialists, 9% are research scientists (non-manager), and 7% are analytic specialists.
The third condition was the representativeness of various areas of industrial production: the sample includes representatives of more than 12 industries.
The experts were to evaluate the digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness across manufacturing industries: Other manufacturing industries.
The poll was designed in the form of a questionnaire. Each expert evaluated each industry on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates low readiness and 5 high readiness to adopt digital technologies. The mean value across expert evaluations was calculated to determine the average result for each industry.

Development of the Method for Determining Barriers in Digital Transformation
The method development for determining barriers in digital transformation was conducted by formulation of the most common key areas within the enterprise, which might comprise digitalisation barriers. For this purpose, an analytical method was used. Diverse IT maturity of production cooperation participants.
Manufacturing industry representatives validated the ten formulated areas in manufacturing technologies. These ten areas were translated into 14 questions and presented in a questionnaire that can supplement and add diagnostic value to any available digital maturity assessment model. The number of questions attributed to the area depended on the intended level of accuracy of evaluation achieved by one or more evaluation questions. The authors concluded that such areas as financial resources, qualified specialists and IT personnel, and regulatory framework can constitute various relevant barriers. Therefore, more than one question was formulated for each area.

Digital/Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Adoption Readiness Assessment
Digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness assessment (see Figure 1) showed average readiness of 2.18 across estimated industries, which is a low-level readiness. The most advanced and knowledge-intensive industries, such as aerospace, engine building, and turbine engineering, show higher readiness to adopt digital technologies (3.22 and 2.58, respectively). However, all the values received in the expert poll are below the 4.00 mark, which indicates significant barriers the enterprises face in their digital transformation journey. Diverse IT maturity of production cooperation participants.
Manufacturing industry representatives validated the ten formulated areas in manufacturing technologies. These ten areas were translated into 14 questions and presented in a questionnaire that can supplement and add diagnostic value to any available digital maturity assessment model. The number of questions attributed to the area depended on the intended level of accuracy of evaluation achieved by one or more evaluation questions. The authors concluded that such areas as financial resources, qualified specialists and IT personnel, and regulatory framework can constitute various relevant barriers. Therefore, more than one question was formulated for each area.

Digital/Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Adoption Readiness Assessment
Digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness assessment (see Figure 1) showed average readiness of 2.18 across estimated industries, which is a lowlevel readiness. The most advanced and knowledge-intensive industries, such as aerospace, engine building, and turbine engineering, show higher readiness to adopt digital technologies (3.22 and 2.58, respectively). However, all the values received in the expert poll are below the 4.00 mark, which indicates significant barriers the enterprises face in their digital transformation journey.

Development of the Method for Determining Barriers in Digital Transformation
A combined quantitative and qualitative approach to assessment is offered: a quantitative evaluation of barrier has a qualitative interpretation for each question (see Table  2). An overall quantitative evaluation can be calculated using formula (1).

Development of the Method for Determining Barriers in Digital Transformation
A combined quantitative and qualitative approach to assessment is offered: a quantitative evaluation of barrier has a qualitative interpretation for each question (see Table 2). An overall quantitative evaluation can be calculated using Formula (1).  There is a barrier (the presence of critical restrictions/special requirements for software (related to the terms of licensing agreements/requirements for ensuring the protection of information constituting a state secret/selection of developers of IT products (using imported software products)/requirements for compatibility within a single information space, etc.)), hindering the implementation of measures for the digitalisation of the enterprise: 2 The barrier is local in nature (the presence of restrictions/special requirements for software within the framework of individual services and departments impede the implementation of measures for the digitalisation of the enterprise): 1 There is no barrier (no restrictions/special requirements for software (related to the terms of licensing agreements/requirements for ensuring the protection of information constituting a state secret/selection of developers of IT products (using imported software products)/requirements for compatibility within a single information space, etc. There is a barrier (lack of funds to support digital production technologies): 2 The barrier is local in nature (financial resources are sufficient to support digital production technologies at the level of individual services and departments): 1 No barrier (financial resources are sufficient to support enterprise-wide digital manufacturing technologies): 0  The barrier is present (the transfer of information of limited access is carried out through "air" channels (on electronic media)): 2 The barrier is of a local nature (there are channels of secure access to information bases in individual services and departments; the regulations for the transfer of information of limited access within the framework of individual services and divisions were approved): 1 There is no barrier (there are channels of secure access to information bases for all participants of information exchange; regulations for the transfer of information of limited access throughout the enterprise are approved): 0  There is a barrier (the main/key participants in industrial cooperation cannot carry out information exchange in the required digital format): 2 The barrier is local in nature (information exchange in the required digital format can be carried out by less than half of the main/key participants in industrial cooperation): 1 There is no barrier (most of the main/key participants in industrial cooperation can carry out information exchange in the required digital format): 0

Results in Other Specialized
The questionnaire consists of 14 questions. The respondents are supposed to assign values: 0, 1, or 2, following interpretation. The interpretation allows to identify key barriers and to calculate the average barrier using Formula (1).
The average barrier is interpreted: • Insignificant if the relative generalized barrier is less than 35%; • Deterrent if the relative generalized barrier is in the range from 35% to 70%; and • Limiting if the relative generalized barrier is more than 70%.
A test of the method was conducted with participation of two large industrial companies: a power engineering company and a machine-building company. In both cases, the representatives of the IT division of the company filled in the suggested forms.
The overall barrier equals 39.3% for a power engineering company, which is a deterrent barrier. The overall barrier equals 75.0% for a machine-building company, which is a limiting barrier.
The key areas, which constitute barriers for each company, can be derived from the questions with evaluation (2) and (1).

Assesment's Results
Conducted research identified low digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness assessment. Since the digital transformation of the manufacturing sector and services and other economic sectors is followed by positive developments in quality of life, it should be a priority to enhance the readiness of the enterprises to adopt digital technologies.
Such enhancement starts with the identification of barriers that hinder digital transformation on the enterprise level. The enterprise level is so crucial to assess because many governmental incentives are aimed at barriers, which exist on regulatory and administrative levels, and help enterprises adopt new technologies by offering grants, consulting services, etc. However, each case of transformation starts with a particular enterprise. Moreover, each enterprise suffers from individual barriers that should be identified and eliminated in order to succeed. The experts' review of the available digital maturity assessment models showed that most of them do not imply barrier-identification tools and metrics.
The novel method suggested by the authors is approbated in two large industrial companies.
The overall barrier equals 39.3% for a power engineering company, which is a deterrent barrier. Eleven areas have a local-in-nature barrier.
The overall barrier equals 75.0% for a machine-building company, which is a limiting barrier. Key problem areas include: • Outdated manufacturing technologies with low levels of automation.

•
The complexity of integrating digital technologies with existing IT systems in the enterprise. • Availability of special software requirements. • Lack of qualified specialists for the implementation and use of digital production technologies.

•
Lack of a coherent digital manufacturing policy. • Insufficient elaboration of the issue of transferring limited-access information through secure-access channels. • Insufficient elaboration of the regulatory framework in the field of information interaction.
The results of approbation correspond with results of the expert poll: the power engineering company has a lower barrier level, which is in line with the engine building and turbine engineering industry showing higher levels of readiness to adopt digital technologies. The identified limiting barrier for the machine-building company is in line with the lower levels of readiness to adopt digital technologies in other machine-building industry derived from the expert poll (see Figure 2). Insufficient elaboration of the regulatory framework in the field of information interaction.
The results of approbation correspond with results of the expert poll: the power engineering company has a lower barrier level, which is in line with the engine building and turbine engineering industry showing higher levels of readiness to adopt digital technologies. The identified limiting barrier for the machine-building company is in line with the lower levels of readiness to adopt digital technologies in other machine-building industry derived from the expert poll (see Figure 2). These findings support the hypothesis about the rationality of the authors' method. The article's offered method for determining digital transformation barriers can be used in combination with identified digital maturity assessment models. Such combination will strengthen the starting point for digital transformation strategy formulation and implementation and is aimed to enhance digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness of enterprises.
The authors recognize the limited approbation scope of the method.  These findings support the hypothesis about the rationality of the authors' method. The article's offered method for determining digital transformation barriers can be used in combination with identified digital maturity assessment models. Such combination will strengthen the starting point for digital transformation strategy formulation and implementation and is aimed to enhance digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness of enterprises.

Conclusions
The authors recognize the limited approbation scope of the method.

Conclusions
The article is aimed at developing the method for determining barriers hindering digital transformation. The authors put forward a hypothesis about rationality of the authors' method. The method is tested on high-tech machine-building enterprises; the directions for further research are formulated.
Scientific results obtained and discussed in the article include: 1. Digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness assessment results showed low digital/advanced manufacturing technologies adoption readiness (average readiness of 2.18 across estimated industries).

2.
The method for determining barriers in digital transformation was developed and approbated in two large industrial companies. The overall barrier equals 39.3% for a power engineering company, which is a deterrent barrier. The overall barrier equals 75.0% for a machine-building company, which is a limiting barrier.
The results are relevant for both academics studying new technologies adoption and practitioners in manufacturing industries. In the academic field, the research gap concerning barrier assessment has been identified and articulated. Theoretical results can be used to further build on and propose more elaborate or industry-specific methods for digital maturity assessment and barrier evaluation. The developed method can be used to gather more empirical data from various industries to study in detail the level of barriers.
Practitioners are offered a ready-to-use barrier-evaluation method. For the most complete assessment, the method can be supplemented with digital maturity assessment models proposed by PWC (1 Embankment  Limitations of the research include narrowing the focus to manufacturing industries and the limited approbation scope of the method. Further research can be focused on gathering more data through suggested questionnaires in combination with any available digital maturity assessment model to rest and revise the method. Another important direction is a theoretical basis for decision-making and strategy formulation steps concerning identified barriers.