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Article

Recent Discovery of Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson in Italy: Characterization of ALS-Resistant Populations and Sensitivity to Alternative Herbicides

1
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
2
Department of Planning, Design, and Technology of Architecture (PDTA), University of Rome Sapienza, 00196 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Emanuele Radicetti
Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7003; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137003
Received: 13 May 2021 / Revised: 14 June 2021 / Accepted: 18 June 2021 / Published: 22 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Weeds and Herbicide Resistance)
Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson (Amaranthaceae Juss.) is a dioecious noxious weed, native to the Americas, which infests summer crops. It causes high crop losses, and rapidly evolves resistance to herbicides. In Europe, A. palmeri was recorded mostly as a casual alien, but in 2018 it was reported infesting a soybean field in Italy, and the next year two more populations were found in the same area. Experiments were conducted on these three populations to evaluate the resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, to determine the main resistance mechanisms involved and assess the efficacy of alternative herbicides with different sites of action than ALS. The three populations were confirmed cross-resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides (thifensulfuron-methyl and imazamox). Gene sequencing identified a Trp to Leu substitution at position 574 of ALS gene in resistant plants, proving that the main resistance mechanism for the three populations is target-site related. The presence of other resistance mechanisms cannot be excluded. Metobromuron, metribuzin and glyphosate are still effective on these populations. View Full-Text
Keywords: herbicide resistance; palmer amaranth; alternative herbicides; soybean herbicide resistance; palmer amaranth; alternative herbicides; soybean
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  • Externally hosted supplementary file 1
    Doi: 10.17632/zjwvrbtbyt.1
    Link: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/zjwvrbtbyt/1
    Description: This repository contains all the electropherograms (ABI format chromatogram file, ab1) obtained by Sanger sequencing carried out for the paper entitled “Recent discovery of Amaranthus palmeri (Amaranthaceae) in Italy: characterization of ALS-resistant populations and sensitivity to alternative herbicides”. Three A. palmeri (Palmer Amaranth) populations were found in soybean fields in Italy, were ALS-resistance was suspected. Bioassay test revealed that all the three populations were cross-resistant to thifensulfuron-methyl and imazamox, due to a point mutation at position 574 of ALS. DNA of 15 plants per population, survived to the field dose of thifensulfuron-methyl, was extracted and primers AMA-2F (5’-TCCCGGTTAAAATCATGCTC-3’ / AMA-2R (5’-CTTCTTCCATCACCCTCTGT-3’) were used to amplify the region surrounding the position 574. Amplicons were purified and primers AMA-2R was used for Sanger sequencing. In order to facilitate data interpretation, the sequences have been renamed as: Population-code_plant#_CODONS CODONS might be W for tryptophan (wild type) and L for leucine (mutated). WL refers to heterozygous genotypes. Population codes are the same used in the paper. Sequences should be reverse complemented.
MDPI and ACS Style

Milani, A.; Panozzo, S.; Farinati, S.; Iamonico, D.; Sattin, M.; Loddo, D.; Scarabel, L. Recent Discovery of Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson in Italy: Characterization of ALS-Resistant Populations and Sensitivity to Alternative Herbicides. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7003. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137003

AMA Style

Milani A, Panozzo S, Farinati S, Iamonico D, Sattin M, Loddo D, Scarabel L. Recent Discovery of Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson in Italy: Characterization of ALS-Resistant Populations and Sensitivity to Alternative Herbicides. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7003. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137003

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milani, Andrea, Silvia Panozzo, Silvia Farinati, Duilio Iamonico, Maurizio Sattin, Donato Loddo, and Laura Scarabel. 2021. "Recent Discovery of Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson in Italy: Characterization of ALS-Resistant Populations and Sensitivity to Alternative Herbicides" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7003. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137003

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