New Governance Path through Digital Platforms and the Old Urban Planning Process in Italy

Current acceleration in digital practices, unexpected challenges in our social and spatial interactions, and sudden limitations in our physical spaces, mark unpredictable changes in our old normal. A different normal—as generated nowadays from the global pandemic 2020—is setting out, indeed, a mixed physical/virtual framework of the modification humanity is undertaking in being pushed into a new “digital age”; or better, as many scholars are saying, into the New Normal. A new normal in which the balance between physical and virtual interactions became in vantage of the second one in just one year, by increasing, at the same time, both the quantity and the quality of exchanging digital data. It is drafted a bi-dimensional enlarging that re-calls and stresses moreover the value of certain qualitative multi-data-based analyses aimed in reading the people’s common-sense to extrapolate wishes and needs within their daily lives; as the sentiment analysis applied to the urban planning processes wants to do. In synthesis, the bigger number of qualitative data coming from the web (from Socials mainly) became more affordable and more reliable (due to the new larger number of digital flows) in shaping new ways for a more effective public participation within the conventional planning process. In the pages of this article authors, through different but shared viewpoints, propose a possible answer to the topic of a new “Governance 3.0” addressing the attempt of a change of those consolidated paradigms within which the spatial dimension—in which we live and we act day by day—is shaped through planning processes consolidate over the years. Analyzing the relationship between Technocracy and Democracy, as defined by Khanna, it is argued that it is possible to realize new forecasts and to acquire a more democratic and participatory (inclusive) dimension of Governance, thanks to new digital technologies by exploring the general unconscious “feeling” of people, through anonymous data collection from Socials and similar platforms and without any direct or indirect interference with it. The Sentiment Analysis can “define automatic tools able to extract subjective information from texts in natural languages, such as opinions and sentiments, in order to create structured and actionable knowledge to be used by either a decision-support system or a decision-maker.


The New Role of Digital Platforms
The development of new digital platforms and tools applied to urban planning can contribute to modifying the usage patterns of the city and, overall, the governance processes of urbanized territories, whereas the spatial effects on planning are still mainly linked to analogical instruments and physical processes. Furthermore, the reduction of both dimension and time necessary to evaluate those effects of the pushed-on digital practices stand in parallel to the decrease of time and the spaces dedicated to physical encounters, such as they have been reshaped for more than one year ago due to the wave of global post-emergency condition and its current pandemic-related urban effects. Indeed, whether on one side we are experiencing those set of not-medical answers, as expressed mainly in the real urban life by social and spatial limitations; on the other hand, new, or refurbished, digital platforms have hugely accelerated and expanded both our social and spatial virtualization by amplifying the networks of our relationships (any kind of it) owing to the suddenly raised answer and the increased usual availability and spreading of devices and sensors. In other words, new data fluxes are adding to the traditional analogical fluxes, of both people and goods; and both fluxes together made more complex the current framework of understanding the urban organization and management. All this is also due to the establishment of new digital practices, which attempt is to go beyond the reductive sensory system approach (quantitative path) in search of a more humanized interpretation (qualitative path). Moreover, considering that technologies (in particular, the digital ones) may generate futures with no roots-where upgrading technical implementations produce heaps of undeletable rising residues that hide the past [1]-one might feel the threat of an overly technical approach, even more, when it extends its inherent necessity in the planning of its obsolescence to the city and the society [2].
Without falling back to the Luddite radicalism (the Luddites were a secret oath-based organization of English textile workers in the 19th century, a radical faction that destroyed textile machinery as a form of protest. The group are believed to have taken their name from Ned Ludd, a weaver from Anstey, near Leicester. They protested manufacturers who used machines in what they called "a fraudulent and deceitful manner" to get around human standard labor practices) [3,4], the extension of digital technology, even in the city planning field, are renovating twentieth-century anxieties, especially when it threatens in imposing a total control of functional data produced by the society and the individuals. The hypermnesic intent of leaving nothing out and of memorizing everything reminds us Funes-the known Borges' character-whose unsustainable precise memory, intended as vaster waste storage [5], is being dangerously updated by the global digitalization, which is giving an economic value to data through the neo-liberal big data concentration [6]. Besides, the evolution, the free availability and the spread of "personal sensors" technologies introduce new enforceable areas associating themselves with the human in its physicality [7]. In this way, relational possibilities expand, as anticipated in the visionary drifts on post-human singularities [8], and faced nowadays through current due-to-pandemic experience but risking becoming foreshadowed in "replacement mode" of reality [9].
The practical importance of this new approach is, therefore, a direction in new issues scientific exploration that put a strain on the closer relationship between technological innovation and real development, which allows to re-modulate urban fabrics and urban cycles through continuous relationships updating and continuous value verification that can be assessed through open data-management platforms [10], in favor of practices physicality linked to the traditional settlements, to the centrality of building volumes, urban fabrics and open spaces [11]. Consequently, a new system of reciprocal relationship is pushed on among the city, the society, and the technology, through a new citizenship deal. Then, digital city-management through the interconnection of instruments (personal devices, sensors, apps, interfaces, platforms), as well as of objectives and actions promoted by the public and private bodies (companies, communities, individuals) can help to find new competitive advantages by pursuing processes of systematization of knowledge strictly connected to the city managers policies [12].
The focus of the present research stands on how digital technologies are redesigning the new conceptual keys in which the traditional static language of old urban planning tools, and on how a new set of analyses driven by "digital" can offer the "hook" to current contemporaneity through the increase in the understanding of the huge spreading of new interfacing geo-data. There are currently various digital methods and tools aimed at fostering broad public participation through the use of digital applications, which today are so particularly useful as underlined by the global pandemic experience. GIS, sometimes integrated with other digital tools, such as BIM, in order to obtain integrated tools for holistic city management through semantic mapping (such as CIMS-City Information Modeling System and similar, not yet uniquely defined) are now in the advance application phase in some interesting urban experiments. As a useful reference, we recommend the works of Kahila [13][14][15][16]. This may allow new paths of objective's predictions and real needs analysis, also owing to a continuous circular verification of the state of the city's knowledge framework, as implementable by exploring the general unconscious "sentiment" of normal people, through the anonymous data-collection and without any direct interference with it. Even if, the efficiency and effectiveness of such kind of innovations would be weighed against ethical, legislative, legal, and procedural burdens. Therefore, the "sentiment" analysis-already developed into other field but exportable within the urban discipline [17]-it may be considered as the onset of hybrid practices where the digital and the analogical find that desired compromise to make the "urbs" more attractive and inclusive (participated), while the "civitas," connected to the Web, can contribute to optimizing the needed facilities and services of the real "polis" driven toward a new social/spatial re-organization.
Aristotle's thought, according to whom the city is a political thought translated in spaces, becomes thus actualized, even by considering that the contemporary city is still currently a "scattered totality" [18] that nowadays is carried on together to the sudden digital acceleration post-2020 effects.

Planning Between Technocracy and Governance
The development of digital technologies applied to urban planning can contribute to changing the use models of the city and the governance processes of urbanized territories: the "smart city" directs investments in both tangible and intangible communication infrastructures, concerning the human and social capital, to achieve a better quality of life and long-term sustainability in urban development. The goal of a new urban construction process of urban space could be also expanded to include more demanding objectives such as better relationships among decision-makers and citizens with a reference to "democracy, technology, technocracy." The keywords' debates have to be directed toward research that identify the actual relations that still exist among them because none of them remotely could be able to control a sustainable urban development and a coherent definition of the urban spaces with the desired quality of level of life.
Parag Khanna [19][20][21][22][23] in his recent text "Technocracy in America" said that technocracy is the keyword, which instantly explicates the novelty of the topic about the governance of cities, in the USA. The author analyses various forms of governance (representative democracy, direct or not, ideological leadership, dictatorships, technocracy, etc.,) and argues that a technocratic government should be based on an experts' analysis and long-term planning, rather than on typical improvisations of populism. He emphasizes that, often, forms of government based on representation prevail over the ones based on the administration of public affairs, which could quickly meet the necessary services to citizens using certain data. In this way, he argues the necessity to give the same weight to "figures and democracy." Governments should respond to the needs of citizens effectively, with long-term scenarios, bringing together democratic inclusiveness and "technocratic" efficiency.
In western democracies, the phenomenon of urban governance has always been accompanied by numerous analyses and by the collection of city and territorial data, scarcely used in actual realizations. First, ruling classes are less prepared and willing to change their decision-making behavior and therefore rely on traditional applications that guarantee more profitable mediation among the political parties. Without a democratic profile in the process, both smart city planning and design can be invalid. The meaning of cities through increasing forms of urban efficiency and human capital is no longer sufficient to clarify the deeper meaning of democracy. "Digital transformation as an ecosystem . . . it cannot be done, harbinger if not governed, of . . . terrible discrimination . . . . of great violation of rights . . . divesting monopolies . . . " [24].

The Goal of the Research: Reshaping the Old Urban Planning Process
The objective of the research, the early results of which are described in this article, is focused on the needed deep updating of the plan-forming process taking care of the new digital platforms (and related new openings), even to prevent and to manage in advance the opposition of the interested urban actors (stakeholders).
Indeed, any projects that make substantial changes to the spatial planning are more likely to encounter opposition from stakeholders in local communities, therefore, they risk extending the implementation time excessively, to the point of running the risk of having an old project being implemented for both the technology used and, even worse, no longer matching the needs raising from the territory.
The proposed methodology in this study intends to intervene directly in identifying the development strategies for the city directly from the citizens and, therefore, on the deliverable of the needs expressed from the community and its territory.
In particular, this study proposes the adoption of the "Sentiment Analysis" [25,26] tool to innovate the old planning process in Italy as an implementable flexible model (but not fully standardized). The adoption of the sentiment analysis, never tried before in the urban planning field, could guarantee the identification of the real needs of the local communities upstream and, therefore, could lead to the success of the intervention in a shorter time.
The term sentiment analysis (SA) indicates the process of surveying the opinions of users, on specifically selected topics, directly from a large amount of data already available on the web. The idea is to use the vast amount of data found on blogs and social media -especially Facebook and Twitter-to analyze the feelings (i.e., people's moods) on any chosen topic. It is therefore a system that might be capable of managing, interpreting, and synthesizing everything that is expressed on the web, because of a set of logarithms human behavior-centered, and not merely numerically based [18].

The Conventional Old Urban Planning Process in Italy
When we talk about urban planning, in Italy, we still think of the "General city Plan" (acronym: PRG) so as if the physical, immaterial, and virtual transformations of the territory were governable, still exclusively, through conventional analogical land-use planning, that legacy of those-controversial but the winner-modern movement's principles and ideas of the city [27]. In its original purpose, urban planning was not only the practice of regulating land use but a vaster set of practices: those of continuous and conscious change in the state of both the land and the city [28]. These practices are implemented, with different degrees of awareness, by different urban actors; among others: the politicians, the individual citizens, the city managers, the representatives of civil society, the economic actors, both the formal and informal groups of interest, concerning some general or niche topics, etc.
The complexity of social systems has accentuated the interdependence of local actors and weakened the representation of parties and trade unions, while direct forms of social representation have been strengthened, such as neighborhood committees, environmental movements, consumer groups, youth movements, non-governmental organizations, third sector producers, and others that pursue specific objectives that aim to influence the territorial government policies. The participatory urban planning implies that local institutions are oriented toward a new concept of territorial governance that tends to involve all the actors (open governance) following an open, adaptive, and reversible system model. At the traditional venues of the elected as municipal, regional and district councils, formal and informal forums for comparison and orientation can be added, such as social roundtables, neighborhood laboratories, direction boards, strategic plans, which aim to directly compare the territorial interests at stake, subsequently delegating to representative democracy the task of acknowledging or rejecting the indications taken (bottom-up approach).

The New Emerging Perspective
Since the 1990s, many of the European cities have bet on shared planning, shifting the attention toward the art of listening [11] of the different involved urban actors: "Urban planning thus becomes an important opportunity to publicly discuss the political choices" [29]. The question that urban designers and city administrators have been asking themselves, in an increasingly pressing way in recent years, is whether spatial planning and urban governance can be participated in, and how.
Spatial planning and territorial governance would represent an opportunity for a cultural, and not just political and economic, debate on the future vision of the city and its territory. Formally, in Italy, most of the codified spatial design procedures guarantee citizens the possibility of presenting post-observations about the undergoing plan, but almost always in the last phase following the drafting of the final project. It is therefore a form of closing consultation, after the identification of both the plan's guidelines and even the drafting of the same plan. Without prejudice to the guaranteed footstep in terms of citizens' rights, the most enlightened administrations have often noticed those limits of the normative process in the level of effective involvement of the "last users" of any urban transformations, sometimes by experimenting, with spontaneity and self-regulation, adaptive forms of deliberative participation at the city scale.
Although most of the European practices-labelled as pioneering cases in terms of effective participation in the transformations of the city by citizens-are very different from the standard procedures envisaged in Italy by the conventional urban instrument, the PRG; the point should be emphasized that the participatory approach to governance can also be expressed within most of the current regions' legislative frameworks. Indeed, the current model of participation in urban and territorial planning has progressively shifted over the last twenty years from representative democracy to deliberative democracy.
In western contemporary democracies, a limited but growing number of public choices are made through processes that show remarkable similarities to the ideal situation, such as described by the theorists of deliberative democracy. To refer to these practices, terms such as «concertation», «partnership», «participation», «consultation», «governance» are usually used.
This is a normative model, proposed by political philosophers, which sets out the conditions that must be met for a "good" democratic process to take place.
The conditions are essentially two: the first is that all those involved in the consequences of the decision might take part on an equal footing; the second is that the interaction between the participants might be based on comparing impartial topics.
Institutions can approach deliberative participation essentially in two ways: the first is to release a real proxy, leaving the solution of the problem/s to the direct negotiation between the subjects involved and resuming, in some ways, the options that will arise from this comparison; the second is to attribute a purely advisory value to the results of the comparison, by reserving the last word, but by binding it, in some way, "dangerously" to those results.

Participatory Planning
At this point one might ask why institutions give up, partially or temporarily, to resolve the issue according to the canonical procedures, choosing to play the role of promoters of a confrontation and guarantors of its correctness. This happens when they understand that they do not have enough strength or legitimacy to resolve and to manage the dispute, or to find a satisfactory mediation for all the parties. When they fear, that is, they are unable to find favor by some social groups and in any case when they intend to manage or prevent conflicts.
Other forms of participation, consolidated in practice, are those that aim to find ideas and suggestions from those directly involved, obtaining the non-secondary effect of the empowerment of local actors, fundamental to build a common strategic horizon and to engage all actors in the final success of objectives.
These forms of local concertation have become widespread over the last twenty years, especially in Italy, with the "Patti Territoriali," the strategic planning and participatory urban planning.
In these cases, the involvement of a plurality of actors in the definition of plans, programs, or projects, also derives from the need to establish integrated policies-i.e.,: to tackle complex problems-from multiple points of view at the same time, overcoming the separation between disciplines or between administrative sectors. The model of deliberative democracy is essentially based on two crucial aspects that determine, depending on how they are interpreted in practice, the full success of the model: inclusion and deliberation.

Inclusion
"A deliberative procedure is legitimate only if all the interests, opinions, and positions present in the company are included in the deliberative process" [30]. But how can this noble prescription indeed be put into practice? Perhaps because a complete application is impossible in practice and probably neither desirable, because an overcrowding may compromise the quality of the resolution, but it is not impossible to imagine approaching it with some grades of approximation.
Based on the analyzed experiences, inclusion is not presented primarily as a democratic value, rather as a guarantee of legitimacy and effectiveness. The principle of inclusion can be guaranteed through two different methods: by drawing lots or by involving stakeholders. The first methodology aims to make plain citizens discuss specific issues of public interest, offering them the opportunity to meet with experts. Sometimes the objective is simply to detect the opinions of the participants and to show how they have changed during the deliberative process; this is the case of deliberative opinion polls proposed and implemented by James Fishkin (1991Fishkin ( , 1997 [31,32]. Other experiences instead have the more ambitious goal of providing recommendations to policymakers. The planungszelle (Garbe, 1986; Dienel et Renn, 1995) have been organized for years in Germany to allow citizens to express themselves on specific planning problems, mainly on a local scale. The On the other hand, however, this formula, although it manages to guarantee the distribution of preferences in the population, does not represent its intensity and could even exclude the most extreme points. It is no coincidence that the experiences related to the use of this technique have generally ended with reasonable and balanced recommendations. Finally, on a statistical level, the sample used (usually 15 to 20 people) cannot be representative.
The second methodology, stakeholder's participation, consists of constituting an assembly composed of representatives of the main points of view.
In this technique, even the most extreme positions, which can be compared with the opposite ones, can find a place. In these cases, the dialogue could not succeed but, a solution reached in such conditions would be endowed with a very strong legitimacy. For example, the "Patti Territoriali" are often accompanied by "territorial animation" activities from which they try to understand which local users can be involved in the consultation. Strategic plans are often preceded by various types of diagnostic investigations, aimed at ascertaining the nature of the problems and the identity of the possible participants. Urban redevelopment projects begin to take shape, mostly through research-listening surveys managed through different techniques that focus on the themes and users with which to work [29].
Moreover, the active research of the participants can, in turn, not be enough, because there may be interests that have no chance of making their voice heard anyway. It is above all the case of the concern of future generations, which however should be considered in any project that has environmental implications, or almost all.

Deliberation
According to theories of deliberative democracy, a decision is legitimate if it is the result of "a dialogic process in which the participants compare their reasons in order to resolve problematic situations" [33], this type of technique in Italy is called concertation. The consultation tool is used, for example, for the definition of a plan. The term, very generally, indicates that the parties will try to reach an agreement. However, this is not an aggregation process; the use of majority voting is the point of failure of the technique. In these cases, they prefer to deal with it to reach a shared solution. The strategic plans and the "Agenda 21" processes have a composition sufficiently varied to allow communication based on topics, but they are strongly exposed to the risk of an opportunistic integration, in which the final result from the juxtaposition of the requests formulated by all the participants. Territorial pacts and other forms of concertation for local development tend even more clearly toward the negotiating pole, since the participants are less numerous and the interests at stake are stronger. In some areas, rather than arriving at the vote, one even prefers to dissolve the table.
"Negotiate and argue" [34] are two distinct processes on the analytical level. In negotiation, the parties tend not to need to justify their positions, rather they try to implement a "balance of their interests" and to give life to a compromise. In the deliberations, the parties reach instead to a "rationally reasoned consent." The negotiated agreement (or compromise) is accepted by the parties for respectively different reasons. The agreement that emerges from the resolution rests on reasons that convince all the parties, in the same way [35]. "The first is placed within the strategic action, the second within the communicative action" [29].
The advantage of deliberation, therefore, is not only that in which the parties can find a position of excellent Pareto, but it is mainly the opportunity that the comparison can produce an innovative mutually advantageous solution. The result coming from the arenas can fluctuate between negotiation and deliberation.

A First Opening toward a Re-Elaboration of the Conventional Planning Process
Currently, according to the legislation in force in Italy, for projects or plans that make important changes to the urban layout, it is the Mayor and his Executive who choose the development strategies of the city and therefore commissions the internal or external technicians (planner) to draft the scheme of a preliminary project of the plan.
On that preliminary project, the Town Council, as a body composed of elected representatives of citizenship, expresses its opinion and suggestions before drafting the final project ( Figure 1). On that preliminary project, the Town Council, as a body composed of elected representatives of citizenship, expresses its opinion and suggestions before drafting the final project ( Figure 1). It is understood that the Italian legislation provides at any stage the possibility for the citizen to highlight any violations of the law. Italian law has, as its fundamental principle, equality between citizens and, therefore, even the law on urban planning protects and follows this principle. It is understood that the Italian legislation provides at any stage the possibility for the citizen to highlight any violations of the law. Italian law has, as its fundamental principle, equality between citizens and, therefore, even the law on urban planning protects and follows this principle.
However, in recent years, the need to involve citizens already from the beginning of the process for the drafting of the plan has been highlighted, through various forms of proposed participation, most of which are not codified, as we have previously emphasized. The practice, therefore, added in the facts a further step to the project process ( Figure 2) to improve, not only the quality of the final plan but also, through the sharing of choices, the concrete possibilities of the plan implementation. It is understood that the Italian legislation provides at any stage the possibility for the citizen to highlight any violations of the law. Italian law has, as its fundamental principle, equality between citizens and, therefore, even the law on urban planning protects and follows this principle.
However, in recent years, the need to involve citizens already from the beginning of the process for the drafting of the plan has been highlighted, through various forms of proposed participation, most of which are not codified, as we have previously emphasized. The practice, therefore, added in the facts a further step to the project process (Figure 2) to improve, not only the quality of the final plan but also, through the sharing of choices, the concrete possibilities of the plan implementation. As already explained above, the projects that make substantial changes to the spatial planning are more likely to encounter opposition from stakeholders in local communities; therefore, they risk extending the implementation time excessively, to the point of running the risk of having an old project being implemented for both the technology used and, even worse, no longer matching the needs of the territory.
In particular, the methodology proposed in this study intends to intervene directly in the phase of identifying the development strategies for the city and, therefore, on the relief of the needs of the community and of its territory (Figure 3). As already explained above, the projects that make substantial changes to the spatial planning are more likely to encounter opposition from stakeholders in local communities; therefore, they risk extending the implementation time excessively, to the point of running the risk of having an old project being implemented for both the technology used and, even worse, no longer matching the needs of the territory.
In particular, the methodology proposed in this study intends to intervene directly in the phase of identifying the development strategies for the city and, therefore, on the relief of the needs of the community and of its territory (Figure 3).

"Sentiment Analysis" Applied to the Conventional Italian Urban Planning Process
Two US scientists from Harvard University [36], in 2010, set up an algorithm to analyze the online satisfaction grade of products and services. The equation [P(S) = P(S/D) × P(D)] which is at the basis of the research, was then used by various scholars and developed for different application contexts.
An Italian example is that of Voices from the Blogs (VfB), a research project born in 2011 and developed by three researchers of the State University of Milan. The objective of the Milanese research team was to operate in the field of election results forecasts. The average error between the expected data and the real ones has been less than 2%, this gives the instrument a high degree of reliability.
If we consider that the population on the web consists of less than one-third of the world population, one wonders how this figure can bring such low error margins. This happens because the decision-making process through which any individual forms his thought (opinion) is influenced by the opinions expressed by "thought leaders" as well as by ordinary people in the workplace, in the family, during recreational activities, and so

"Sentiment Analysis" Applied to the Conventional Italian Urban Planning Process
Two US scientists from Harvard University [36], in 2010, set up an algorithm to analyze the online satisfaction grade of products and services. The equation [P(S) = P(S/D) × P(D)] which is at the basis of the research, was then used by various scholars and developed for different application contexts.
An Italian example is that of Voices from the Blogs (VfB), a research project born in 2011 and developed by three researchers of the State University of Milan. The objective of the Milanese research team was to operate in the field of election results forecasts. The average error between the expected data and the real ones has been less than 2%, this gives the instrument a high degree of reliability.
If we consider that the population on the web consists of less than one-third of the world population, one wonders how this figure can bring such low error margins. This happens because the decision-making process through which any individual forms his thought (opinion) is influenced by the opinions expressed by "thought leaders" as well as by ordinary people in the workplace, in the family, during recreational activities, and so on. For these reasons, anyone who expresses an opinion on the web-through a post, a tweet, or a comment-unconsciously acts as a spokesperson for a broader and more widespread opinion, already matured in places of socialization, physical or virtual, through unconscious contamination of thought. On the other hand, the data coming from the findings made through the SA are generally very reliable and can provide those who use them with a relatively reliable knowledge of the users' opinion.
The reliability of this tool makes the SA one of the most delved topics of research in today's computing world. On the web there is already a large amount of available data (Twitter, Facebook, bulletin boards, blogs, and forums); these fragments of text contain a great wealth of information useful to companies and individuals who want to monitor their reputation and get timely feedback on their products, services, and actions. Those fragments of text (input) that represent the opinions of the users can be divided into two macro-categories: (a) objective inputs, which contain information on the facts; (b) subjective inputs, which contain opinions, beliefs, and sentiments.
The case of subjective inputs is certainly the most complex to analyze. The opinions expressed by users are articulated within a single thought that, in most cases, includes a whole series of different aspects that, if well discretized, can offer qualitative cataloguing by categories on the topic. As an example, here is an online review of a hotel: "The master bedroom suite was spacious, clean, and well furnished. The staff was very helpful. Heating and air conditioning worked well. The sofa bed was the best I have ever seen. The bed was very comfortable. The building and the rooms were very well soundproofed. The area is great for shopping, restaurants, and metro access. The only complaint has to do with highspeed Internet access, which is only available on floors 8-12." Overall, the review is very positive, but refers to several aspects of the structure, including heating, air conditioning, staff courtesy, bed, neighborhood, and Internet access. The SA systems are able to provide a score for the entire review, as well as to analyze the feeling of every single aspect of the structure.
In practice, to analyze the sentiment present on the web, you can use various types of algorithms. In input, we have a corpus of documents of any format (Pdf, HTML, XML, Word, etc.,). The documents of this corpus are converted into text and are pre-treated through the use of linguistic tools. At this point, we can move on to the main component of the system, which is the document analysis module, which uses linguistic resources to indicate sentimental annotations. The annotations can be attached to the complete document, to a single sentence or a single aspect.
These data can be reprocessed in output for the SA end-user and can be displayed in various ways, through graphs, tables, diagrams, etc. It is easy to understand how this system can provide an effective and innovative application methodology, able in supporting the process of participation in spatial planning and territorial governance. Even contributing to reshaping the hierarchies-and sometimes the quality itself-of any strategy drafted for the city-forming process.

Concluding Discussion
The paper follows the latest trends in open participation in both planning decisions and city-forming processes as were stressed and virtualized on the occasion of this last pandemic. The starting of the research was in 2011, following the raising of digitalization, and it was tested until 2014 in a medium-small city, Enna (Italy) that newly became a new university city; due to the "never-ending" planning process that was "surfing" since 1999 (and not yet finalized till the final approval at the date of this paper!). The work started at the UrbanLab within the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (lead at that time from Fabio Naselli) and it was an attempt to find a shorter and pioneering way to manage the complex governance process in a city in which the university founded five years later the submission of the final draft of the plan (Regulatory Master Plan). Indeed, the main issue in the adoption (the first stage of the approval process) from the municipal assembly (as per proxy on behalf of the local community) was the difficulty in solving all the derived and caused difficulties in decision-making. For this reason, the solution tested in the research was the use of sentiment analysis, rarely relevant in social research in the field of spatial planning, to simplify the process through a semi-automatic process.
The research ended in 2016 but due to the acceleration in virtualization and the switch to a new digital dimension because of the initial and subsequent stages of the COVID pandemic, in 2020 we reopened the file thinking it could be a new opportunity to reshape the planning process through such kind of "second life" (digital) we are experiencing.
In the current phase the authors deal with the theme of spatial dimension planning in the procedures consolidated over the years. It is argued that, by fully understanding the relationship between Technocracy and Democracy, it is possible to realize new predictions and acquire a more democratic and participatory (inclusive) governance dimension, exploring the general unconscious "feeling" of people, through the collection of anonymous data from social and similar platforms and without any direct or indirect interference with it. Sentiment analysis can "define automatic tools capable of extracting subjective information from natural language texts, such as opinions and feelings, in order to create structured and usable knowledge to be used by both a decision-support system and a decision-maker. sentiment has acquired even more value with the advent and growth of social networks" [25,26]. The analysis of the common "Feeling," [37] already developed in other fields but easily exportable within the urban discipline [17], can be considered as the beginning of hybrid practices where an urban "collective intelligence" [38] mirrored between digital and analogue, finds a compromise to make the "Urbs" more attractive and inclusive, while the "Civitas," connected to the web, can contribute to the optimization of the real priorities of both the structures and services of the "Polis" and a new reorganization [39].