Energy and Exergy Analyses on Seasonal Comparative Evaluation of Water Flow Cooling for Improving the Performance of Monocrystalline PV Module in Hot-Arid Climate

: Solar irradiation in hot-arid climatic countries results in increased temperatures, which is one of the major factors affecting the power generation efﬁciency of monocrystalline photovoltaic (PV) systems, posing performance and degradation challenges. In this paper, the efﬁciency of a water-ﬂow cooling system to increase the output of a monocrystalline PV module with a rated capacity of 80 W is studied from both energy and exergy perspectives. The energy and exergy tests are performed for each season of the year, with and without cooling. The energy and exergy efﬁciencies, as well as the commodity exergy values, are used to compare the photovoltaic device with and without cooling. The ﬁndings are based on the experimental data that were collected in Tehran, Iran as an investigated case study in a country with a hot-arid climate. The ﬁndings show that when water-ﬂow cooling is used, the values of the three efﬁciency metrics change signiﬁcantly. In various seasons, improvements in regular average energy efﬁciency vary from 7.3% to 12.4%. Furthermore, the achieved increase in exergy efﬁciency is in the 13.0% to 19.6% range. Using water ﬂow cooling also results in a 12.1% to 18.4% rise in product exergy.


Introduction
An affordable solar (photovoltaics (PV)) technology will be of significance in hot-arid developing countries using monocrystalline PV panels [1], which are a reality of transitioning from non-renewable to renewable energy sources [2][3][4]. Some of the absorbed solar irradiation is converted into electricity in a PV module, which operates on the principle of a semiconductor [5][6][7], while the remainder is either dissipated into the surroundings or absorbed by the module itself [8][9][10]. The absorbed energy raises the surface cumulative heat-induced temperature of the PV module, which decreases its output V-I (Voltage-Current) performance [11][12][13][14]. As a result, controlling the temperature of a PV module is critical, which can be accomplished through a variety of cooling techniques [14][15][16][17]. Either passive cooling or active cooling can be used [18][19][20][21][22]. The active cooling method employs Sustainability 2021, 13, 6084 2 of 12 water or nanofluid cooling methods [23], whereas the passive system employs thermoelectric Peltier modules [24] or vacuum insulation [25][26][27] to minimize the cumulative surface heat induction on PV panels.
Active techniques can provide better performance, and water-flow cooling (WFC) is one of the most cost-effective methods [28] for active cooling of a PV panel. The reasons for this are diverse, but WFC can habitually provide a rationale such as: obtaining a more uniform surface temperature distribution on the PV panel, which aids in the extension of the system's lifetime; increasing the light absorption potential by 2.0 to 3.6 percent because water's refractive index (1.3) is between that of air (1.0) and glass (1.5) [29]; because water has a relatively better heat absorbency and because the water and the module are in direct contact, this method can lower the working temperature of the module more than other methods; and keeping the module clean to reduce the negative effects of dust on energy output and to be environmentally friendly, with no risk of toxic chemicals leaking into the environment. These advantages have prompted a number of studies on the use of WFC to improve the performance of PV modules. Table 1 summarizes numerous studies conducted in this field, and evaluates two investigative matters for them, which could be regarded as a gap in previous investigations. These are the two investigative matters: • First, a thorough exergy analysis, including investigating parameters such as product exergy and exergy efficiency, has not been reported in the literature within the context of water-flow cooling. It is worth mentioning that there have been some investigations, such as those of Abadeh et al. [30], Sardarabadi et al. [31], Khanjari et al. [32], Chow et al. [33], Alnaqi et al. [34], and Afrand et al. [35], in which exergy analysis was carried out for a PV system. However, the investigated systems in those studies were not similar to the considered system of this research work. In addition, the exergy analysis was usually done at either the standard test condition, or the peak temperature and radiation time, or only for a single sample day, which means the seasonal analysis has not been conducted. • Second, a seasonal comparison study on a hot-arid climatic country, such as Iran, of conditions with and without cooling, has not yet been reported. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there was only one study by Shahverdian et al. [29], in which seasonal analysis of a PV system with water-flow cooling has been performed. However, in that study [29], neither energy nor exergy efficiency was considered.
As a result, the current study is carried out, in which the following investigative matters are considered novelties, to the best of the authors' knowledge.

•
Exergy analysis is carried out in detail by utilizing product exergy and exergy efficiency as the two main essential parameters for exergy analysis. • A detailed study of the PV system on a sample day from each season of the year to provide the ability to compare the values on different seasons of the year, with Iran as a case study for a hot-arid developing country.

•
The results are presented for conditions both with and without cooling. The 80 W monocrystalline PV module is selected, and the recorded experimental data are used as the input of modeling. In addition to product exergy and exergy efficiency, the energy efficiency is studied as another key indicator of a PV system.  [37] 2012 No No Raval et al. [38] 2014 No No Tiwari et al. [39] 2015 No No Nižetić et al. [40] 2016 No No Basrawi et al. [41] 2018 No No Edaris et al. [42] 2018 No No Chen et al. [43] 2019 No No Benato and Stoppato [44] 2019 No No Mah et al. [45] 2019 No No Sainthiya and Beniwal [46] 2019 No No Tashtoush and Oqool [47] 2019 No No Luboń et al. [48] 2020 No No da Silva et al. [49] 2021 No No Shahverdian et al. [29] 2021 No Yes Javidan and Moghadam [50] 2021

Experimental Materials and Methods
The hot-arid climate of Tehran, Iran, was selected for the energy and exergy analyses. Tehran is the capital of Iran and one of the world's largest cities, with profound solar irradiation potential, since the average annual solar irradiation obtained on horizontal surfaces is monumental. Rising electricity demand in this region, combined with a high level of pollutants in the air, has prompted policymakers to introduce PV technology in Tehran, and many schemes have been initiated in recent years to raise the city's installed capacity of PV modules.
The current methods can be used for various styles and sizes of PV modules worldwide. The widely available monocrystalline PV module in Iran is selected for experimental study, having the following specifications [ An experimental setup as depicted in Figure 1 was used to collect the results. The PV module was mounted on a fixed steel frame at a tilt angle of 35.7 • , which is the recommended tilt angle [52] for maximizing solar irradiation on the surface of a PV system. This setup's configuration, materials, and measurement instruments were identical to that implemented in the research team's previous report [29]. Since all the details have been completely given in [29], in order to not make this paper too long, please refer to that study for more information. This investigation's experiments took place on 5 February, 5 May, 5 August, and 5 November 2020. The indicated days are the middle of winter, spring, summer, and fall months in the city of Tehran, Iran. the optimum conditions for producing and consuming electricity by the system could be achieved. Therefore, there is no need to subtract the pump power variable to determine the net output from the PV panel.

Modeling Approach
The first parameter which is calculated, based on the measured data, is the efficiency. The energy efficiency ( ) can be determined from Equation (1) [53]: where , , , and are the produced power, voltage, and current of the module, and the received solar radiation, respectively. These were all measured by the measurement devices. Moreover, denotes the area of the module, which is a known parameter. In addition to the energy efficiency, the product's exergy values will be compared. Exergy is defined as the maximum possible achievable work from a certain amount of energy [54]. The product exergy for a PV system without and with cooling ( and ) are obtained by Equations (2) and (3), respectively: where , , , and , represent the produced power and the exergy of the water exiting and entering the surface of the module, respectively. The exergy values for the cooled PV module show that there is a potential for this system to deliver energy (hot Using a similar method to the previously conducted studies in the field of waterflow cooling for improving the performance of PV technologies, including [29] in the investigated system, the water that has not evaporated is collected in a bottom tank. Then, during the midnight hours when there is extra electricity produced by the national power grid, the collected water was sent to the upper tank by employing a pump. In this way, the optimum conditions for producing and consuming electricity by the system could be achieved. Therefore, there is no need to subtract the pump power variable to determine the net output from the PV panel.

Modeling Approach
The first parameter which is calculated, based on the measured data, is the efficiency. The energy efficiency (η) can be determined from Equation (1) [53]: where P, V, I, and G are the produced power, voltage, and current of the module, and the received solar radiation, respectively. These were all measured by the measurement devices. Moreover, A denotes the area of the module, which is a known parameter. In addition to the energy efficiency, the product's exergy values will be compared. Exergy is defined as the maximum possible achievable work from a certain amount of energy [54]. The product exergy for a PV system without and with cooling (E product x PV and E product x PVWFC ) are obtained by Equations (2) and (3), respectively: where P, . E x water,out , and . E x water,in represent the produced power and the exergy of the water exiting and entering the surface of the module, respectively. The exergy values for the cooled PV module show that there is a potential for this system to deliver energy (hot water). The exergy and energy values for the produced power of the module, which is the amount of energy in the form of work, are equal [54]. Therefore: .
In addition, the changes in the exergy of water flowing on the surface of the module is equal to the variation of the physical exergy [54]. As a result, and since the value of evaporated water is significantly smaller than the amount of inlet water flow for cooling the module ( . m water,in ), ∆ . E x water could be expressed in the form of Equation (5): where h and s denote the enthalpy and entropy, respectively. The pressure of both water streams is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Consequently, by knowing the temperatures of the inlet and outlet water from measurements, both mentioned h and s could be determined from thermodynamic tables. Knowing the product exergy for the PV system with and without cooling, the exergy efficiency (ε) is calculated based on Equation (6): is the product exergy of the system.
. E x solar also shows the exergy of the received solar radiation, which is computed from Equation (7) [55]: .
where, β, T a , and T s are packing factor, ambient temperature, and the temperature of the surface of the sun, respectively. It should be noted that the sun's surface temperature, i.e., T s is required to determine the exergy of the received solar radiation. The exergy of the received solar radiation is defined as the maximum achievable work that could be obtained by utilizing a reversible heat engine between the sun, with the temperature of T s and ambient heat, with the temperature of T a . Since the generated work of a reversible (Carnot) heat engine which works between T s and T a is a function of T a T s [54], this term, and consequently, T s , appear in Equation (7), which is used to determine the exergy of the received solar radiation. More details can be found in [55].
Here are the steps leading to obtaining the results of this study, by which the adopted technologies are evaluated: 1.
Initially, the voltage and current are determined using the multimeter.

2.
Power is then obtained by multiplication of the two parameters determined in step 1.

3.
After that, the solar meter is employed, and the solar radiation is calculated. 4.
Next, the energy efficiency of the system is computed from Equation (1). The value of the module area, which is needed to calculate energy efficiency, is extracted from the catalog.

5.
The calculation procedure is followed by obtaining the product exergy of the system. For this purpose, the temperature values of inlet and outlet water are measured from the experiments. 6.
Subsequently, the exergy of the received solar radiation is determined by Equation (7). 7.
Finally, by knowing both the product exergy and exergy of the received solar radiation, the exergy efficiency is found through Equation (6).
The steps are also presented in the process flow chart of Figure 2.

Results and Discussion
As the first important performance criterion of the system which is investigated here, the daily average of energy efficiencies of a PV system with and without cooling are reported in Figure 3. This demonstrates that for the PV system without cooling, ηdaily varies from 0.143 in summer to 0.169 in winter, while spring and fall have close values of ηdaily together, which are 0.158 and 0.159, respectively.
Water-flow cooling for a PV system enhances the energy efficiency significantly for all the investigated days, as shown in Figure 2. In this case, ηdaily is in the range of 0.161 to 0.184. The achieved enhancements compared to PV without a cooling system are 8.6%, 7.3%, 12.4%, and 10.9% for winter, spring, summer, and fall days, respectively. This is taken into account as a large improvement to the energy efficiency of a PV system.

Results and Discussion
As the first important performance criterion of the system which is investigated here, the daily average of energy efficiencies of a PV system with and without cooling are reported in Figure 3. This demonstrates that for the PV system without cooling, η daily varies from 0.143 in summer to 0.169 in winter, while spring and fall have close values of η daily together, which are 0.158 and 0.159, respectively.  Another parameter which is investigated here is the product exergy. Figure 4 shows the daily average values in different season of the year. On the selected sample winter day, is 42.9 W for PV system without cooling, which is increased to 50.3 W by applying the water-flow cooling. This shows an improvement of 17.5%. On the selected spring day, the obtained improvement of is 12.1%, where PV systems with and without cooling offer the product exergy values of 50  Water-flow cooling for a PV system enhances the energy efficiency significantly for all the investigated days, as shown in Figure 2. In this case, η daily is in the range of 0.161 to 0.184. The achieved enhancements compared to PV without a cooling system are 8.6%, 7.3%, 12.4%, and 10.9% for winter, spring, summer, and fall days, respectively. This is taken into account as a large improvement to the energy efficiency of a PV system.
Another parameter which is investigated here is the product exergy. Figure 4 shows the daily average values in different season of the year. On the selected sample winter day, E product x daily is 42.9 W for PV system without cooling, which is increased to 50.3 W by applying the water-flow cooling. This shows an improvement of 17.5%. On the selected spring day, the obtained improvement of E product x daily is 12.1%, where PV systems with and without cooling offer the product exergy values of 50.6 W and 45.2 W, respectively.  Another parameter which is investigated here is the product exergy. Figure 4 shows the daily average values in different season of the year. On the selected sample winter day, is 42.9 W for PV system without cooling, which is increased to 50.3 W by applying the water-flow cooling. This shows an improvement of 17    To clarify, the water flow and power exergy gain values because of utilizing the waterflow cooling in different seasons, as reported in Figure 5. As Figure 5 demonstrates, in the colder seasons of the year, i.e., winter and fall, whose representing months are February and November, the water flow exergy gain is more than the power exergy increase. Nonetheless, on the sample days on May and August, which are in spring and summer, the contribution of power exergy gain is much greater than the increase in the water exergy increase. Taking a more precise look at Figure 5 shows that the variation range of power exergy gain is narrow, which is from 3.4 to 4.3 W. The exergy gain values for water, however, experience more extreme changes. The minimum water exergy gain is observed on the spring day, which is equal to 2.1 W. With the value of 4.3 W, which is more than two times higher than the minimum value, the maximum water exergy gain is seen for the winter day. The bigger water exergy gain values for the fall and winter days comes from the fact that the temperature difference between the inlet water and PV for these two indicated days is greater. To clarify, the water flow and power exergy gain values because of utilizing the water-flow cooling in different seasons, as reported in Figure 5. As Figure 5 demonstrates, in the colder seasons of the year, i.e., winter and fall, whose representing months are February and November, the water flow exergy gain is more than the power exergy increase. Nonetheless, on the sample days on May and August, which are in spring and summer, the contribution of power exergy gain is much greater than the increase in the water exergy increase. Taking a more precise look at Figure 5 shows that the variation range of power exergy gain is narrow, which is from 3.4 to 4.3 W. The exergy gain values for water, however, experience more extreme changes. The minimum water exergy gain is observed on the spring day, which is equal to 2.1 W. With the value of 4.3 W, which is more than two times higher than the minimum value, the maximum water exergy gain is seen for the winter day. The bigger water exergy gain values for the fall and winter days comes from the fact that the temperature difference between the inlet water and PV for these two indicated days is greater. The values of exergy efficiency for different seasons are compared in Figure 6. Figure  6 shows that among the investigated days, the fall day has the highest potential to increase εdaily by applying water-flow cooling. On that day, εdaily jumps from 0.284 without cooling conditions to 0.340 in the cooling mode, which shows the great enhancement of 19.6%. The winter day's increase by 19.3% is in second place after the fall day. On the daily average basis, the exergy efficiency rises from 0.301 to 0.359.
Summer and fall days are in the next ranks by offering 15.1 and 13.0%, which are both considerable. When there is no cooling, the values of εdaily are 0.256 and 0.282. Taking advantage of water-flow cooling leads to obtaining εdaily of 0.295 and 0.319, respectively.  The values of exergy efficiency for different seasons are compared in Figure 6. Figure 6 shows that among the investigated days, the fall day has the highest potential to increase ε daily by applying water-flow cooling. On that day, ε daily jumps from 0.284 without cooling conditions to 0.340 in the cooling mode, which shows the great enhancement of 19.6%. The winter day's increase by 19.3% is in second place after the fall day. On the daily average basis, the exergy efficiency rises from 0.301 to 0.359.

Conclusions
The measurements were performed on the installed PV device regarding the regular average energy and exergy efficiencies, as well as the product exergy, as the main performance indicators of the system on the sample days of winter, spring, summer, and fall, to allow for a seasonal comparative analysis. The findings are seen with and without cooling conditions. An 80 W monocrystalline PV module was chosen, and the experimental data collected during the experiments in Tehran, Iran, were used as the input for the modeling. The findings showed that utilizing water-flow cooling had a significant potential to improve any of the examined parameters. In various seasons of the year, the levels of improvement in energy quality, exergy efficiency, and product exergy are 7.3% to 12.4%, 13.0% to 19.6%, and 12.1% to 18.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the sample summer day has the largest opportunity for raising energy efficiency, while the sample fall day has the greatest improvement in product exergy and exergy efficiency.
Greater improvement in exergy efficiency, compared to the energy increase, because of using a water-flow cooling system for a PV module, showed that there is room for enhancing the system performance. In the current water-flow cooling systems for PV modules, the water is returned to a tank. However, the conducted exergy analysis demonstrated that the water could be used in water-heating systems after flowing over the surface of the module. As the additional graph for the exergy gains showed, the amount of water exergy gain was considerable throughout all the seasons. This gain, which is taken into account as a suggestion for modification of the system, leads to higher efficiency in water-flow cooling systems for PV modules.
The measuring devices in this study were utilized in such a way that they could measure the generated power of the module, as well as the PV working temperature and water-in and water-out temperatures. Therefore, measuring the exact share of increasing light absorption and cooling in enhancing the performance of the system was not possible. Further study could be made by employing a simulation approach to find the percentages and explore this in detail. Summer and fall days are in the next ranks by offering 15.1 and 13.0%, which are both considerable. When there is no cooling, the values of ε daily are 0.256 and 0.282. Taking advantage of water-flow cooling leads to obtaining ε daily of 0.295 and 0.319, respectively.

Conclusions
The measurements were performed on the installed PV device regarding the regular average energy and exergy efficiencies, as well as the product exergy, as the main performance indicators of the system on the sample days of winter, spring, summer, and fall, to allow for a seasonal comparative analysis. The findings are seen with and without cooling conditions. An 80 W monocrystalline PV module was chosen, and the experimental data collected during the experiments in Tehran, Iran, were used as the input for the modeling. The findings showed that utilizing water-flow cooling had a significant potential to improve any of the examined parameters. In various seasons of the year, the levels of improvement in energy quality, exergy efficiency, and product exergy are 7.3% to 12.4%, 13.0% to 19.6%, and 12.1% to 18.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the sample summer day has the largest opportunity for raising energy efficiency, while the sample fall day has the greatest improvement in product exergy and exergy efficiency.
Greater improvement in exergy efficiency, compared to the energy increase, because of using a water-flow cooling system for a PV module, showed that there is room for enhancing the system performance. In the current water-flow cooling systems for PV modules, the water is returned to a tank. However, the conducted exergy analysis demonstrated that the water could be used in water-heating systems after flowing over the surface of the module. As the additional graph for the exergy gains showed, the amount of water exergy gain was considerable throughout all the seasons. This gain, which is taken into account as a suggestion for modification of the system, leads to higher efficiency in water-flow cooling systems for PV modules.
The measuring devices in this study were utilized in such a way that they could measure the generated power of the module, as well as the PV working temperature and water-in and water-out temperatures. Therefore, measuring the exact share of increasing light absorption and cooling in enhancing the performance of the system was not possible. Further study could be made by employing a simulation approach to find the percentages and explore this in detail. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to express their appreciation for the international research collaboration between the UK, Italy, and Iran in Renewable Energy.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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