Stabilization/Solidification of Zinc- and Lead-Contaminated Soil Using Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3): An Environmentally Friendly Alternative

Reddy, Vemula Anand; Solanki, Chandresh H.; Kumar, Shailendra; Reddy, Krishna R.; Du, Yan-Jun

doi:10.3390/su12093725

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Stabilization/Solidification of Zinc- and Lead-Contaminated Soil Using Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC³): An Environmentally Friendly Alternative

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Yan-Jun Du

Civil Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 395007, India

Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban Underground Engineering & Environmental Safety, Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sustainability 2020, 12(9), 3725; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093725

Received: 10 April 2020 / Revised: 24 April 2020 / Accepted: 28 April 2020 / Published: 4 May 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Geotechnics: The Use of Environmentally Friendly Materials)

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Abstract

Due to increased carbon emissions, the use of low-carbon and low-cost cementitious materials that are sustainable and effective are gaining considerable attention recently for the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of contaminated soils. The current study presents the laboratory investigation of low-carbon/cost cementitious material known as limestone-calcined clay cement (LC³) for the potential S/S of Zn- and Pb-contaminated soils. The S/S performance of the LC³ binder on Zn- and Pb-contaminated soil was determined via pH, compressive strength, toxicity leaching, chemical speciation, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analyses. The results indicate that immobilization efficiency of Zn and Pb was solely dependent on the pH of the soil. In fact, with the increase in the pH values after 14 days, the compressive strength was increased to 2.5–3 times compared to untreated soil. The S/S efficiency was approximately 88% and 99%, with increase in the residual phases up to 67% and 58% for Zn and Pb, respectively, after 28 days of curing. The increase in the immobilization efficiency and strength was supported by the XRPD analysis in forming insoluble metals hydroxides such as zincwoodwardite, shannonite, portlandite, haturite, anorthite, ettringite (Aft), and calcite. Therefore, LC³ was shown to offer green and sustainable remediation of Zn- and Pb-contaminated soils, while the treated soil can also be used as safe and environmentally friendly construction material. View Full-Text

Keywords: low carbon materials; heavy metal immobilization; sustainable remediation; environmentally friendly materials

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Reddy, V.A.; Solanki, C.H.; Kumar, S.; Reddy, K.R.; Du, Y.-J. Stabilization/Solidification of Zinc- and Lead-Contaminated Soil Using Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC³): An Environmentally Friendly Alternative. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093725

AMA Style

Reddy VA, Solanki CH, Kumar S, Reddy KR, Du Y-J. Stabilization/Solidification of Zinc- and Lead-Contaminated Soil Using Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC³): An Environmentally Friendly Alternative. Sustainability. 2020; 12(9):3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093725

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reddy, Vemula A., Chandresh H. Solanki, Shailendra Kumar, Krishna R. Reddy, and Yan-Jun Du. 2020. "Stabilization/Solidification of Zinc- and Lead-Contaminated Soil Using Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC³): An Environmentally Friendly Alternative" Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093725

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