ClimateCafé: An Interdisciplinary Educational Tool for Sustainable Climate Adaptation and Lessons Learned

ClimateCafé is a field education concept involving different fields of science and practice for capacity building in climate change adaptation. This concept is applied on the eco-city of Augustenborg in Malmö, Sweden, where Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) were implemented in 1998. ClimateCafé Malmö evaluated these NBS with 20 young professionals from nine nationalities and seven disciplines with a variety of practical tools. In two days, 175 NBS were mapped and categorised in Malmö. Results show that the selected green infrastructure have a satisfactory infiltration capacity and low values of potential toxic element pollutants after 20 years in operation. The question “Is capacity building achieved by interdisciplinary field experience related to climate change adaptation?” was answered by interviews, collecting data of water quality, pollution, NBS and heat stress mapping, and measuring infiltration rates, followed by discussion. The interdisciplinary workshops with practical tools provide a tangible value to the participants and are needed to advance sustainability efforts. Long term lessons learnt from Augustenborg will help stormwater managers within planning of NBS. Lessons learned from this ClimateCafé will improve capacity building on climate change adaptation in the future. This paper offers a method and results to prove the German philosopher Friedrich Hegel wrong when he opined that “we learn from history that we do not learn from history.”


Introduction
Cities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to climate change. Increased flooding due to an increase in cloud bursts, or drought, forces action to be taken within already heavily urbanized areas where there is a competing demand for different land usage [1]. To address these challenges there is a clear demand for collaborative knowledge-sharing on sustainable climate adaptation [2]. Interaction with social, natural, and technical sciences is necessary to make resilient changes [3][4][5][6][7]. Malmö is well known within the field of urban hydrology, as the city was a pioneer in the area of integrated water management [25]. In 1998 the Augustenborg neighbourhood was refurbished due to its reoccurring problems with flooding and damage caused by water [25,26]. The project "Ekostaden" (eco-city) included many initiatives implementing NBS, such as swales and rain gardens for infiltrating surface (storm) water into the ground [27,28] (Figure 2). Stakeholders question if these NBS still function satisfactorily after 20 years and if we can adopt the strategy to other parts of the world. To quote the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, "we learn from history that we do not learn from history." Therefore, Augustenborg is an ideal location to demonstrate the sustainability of NBS, test the functionality for infiltration of surface water in swales, map the build-up of potential toxic elements, (PTE) and test the water quality after 20 years operation. The results from the different methods demonstrated in the ClimateCafé Malmö are described below. Malmö is well known within the field of urban hydrology, as the city was a pioneer in the area of integrated water management [25]. In 1998 the Augustenborg neighbourhood was refurbished due to its reoccurring problems with flooding and damage caused by water [25,26]. The project "Ekostaden" (eco-city) included many initiatives implementing NBS, such as swales and rain gardens for infiltrating surface (storm) water into the ground [27,28] (Figure 2). Stakeholders question if these NBS still function satisfactorily after 20 years and if we can adopt the strategy to other parts of the world. To quote the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, "we learn from history that we do not learn from history." Therefore, Augustenborg is an ideal location to demonstrate the sustainability of NBS, test the functionality for infiltration of surface water in swales, map the build-up of potential toxic elements, (PTE) and test the water quality after 20 years operation. The results from the different methods demonstrated in the ClimateCafé Malmö are described below.

Materials and Methods
During this two-day workshop, all participants joined a field trip at the Scandinavian Green Roof Institute [27] and the Augustenborg eco-city to discuss adaptive strategies implemented. The workshops included storytelling conducted through interviews, climate adaptation mapping by the use of ClimateScan (www.climatescan.org), soil quality mapping with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrument, water quality measurements using water drones (ROVs: remote-operated vehicles), hydraulic efficiency by a full-scale flooding test of a swale and heat stress mapping with the use of sensors on bikes ( Figure 2 and Table 1). ClimateCafé Malmö consisted of six workshops intending to assess the long-term efficiency of sustainable climate adaptation ( Figure 3 and Table 1). The aim of each workshop followed by the method used and results are described in Table 1 and below. Taking part in data collection within all workshops provides insight, creates awareness, and builds capacity within multidisciplinary fields of climate adaptation. All the measurements were conducted by the participants, supervised by experts in those particular fields, therefore assuring that

Materials and Methods
During this two-day workshop, all participants joined a field trip at the Scandinavian Green Roof Institute [27] and the Augustenborg eco-city to discuss adaptive strategies implemented. The workshops included storytelling conducted through interviews, climate adaptation mapping by the use of ClimateScan (www.climatescan.org), soil quality mapping with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrument, water quality measurements using water drones (ROVs: remote-operated vehicles), hydraulic efficiency by a full-scale flooding test of a swale and heat stress mapping with the use of sensors on bikes ( Figure 2 and Table 1). ClimateCafé Malmö consisted of six workshops intending to assess the long-term efficiency of sustainable climate adaptation ( Figure 3 and Table 1). The aim of each workshop followed by the method used and results are described in Table 1 and below.

Materials and Methods
During this two-day workshop, all participants joined a field trip at the Scandinavian Green Roof Institute [27] and the Augustenborg eco-city to discuss adaptive strategies implemented. The workshops included storytelling conducted through interviews, climate adaptation mapping by the use of ClimateScan (www.climatescan.org), soil quality mapping with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrument, water quality measurements using water drones (ROVs: remote-operated vehicles), hydraulic efficiency by a full-scale flooding test of a swale and heat stress mapping with the use of sensors on bikes ( Figure 2 and Table 1). ClimateCafé Malmö consisted of six workshops intending to assess the long-term efficiency of sustainable climate adaptation ( Figure 3 and Table 1). The aim of each workshop followed by the method used and results are described in Table 1 and below. Taking part in data collection within all workshops provides insight, creates awareness, and builds capacity within multidisciplinary fields of climate adaptation. All the measurements were conducted by the participants, supervised by experts in those particular fields, therefore assuring that Taking part in data collection within all workshops provides insight, creates awareness, and builds capacity within multidisciplinary fields of climate adaptation. All the measurements were conducted by the participants, supervised by experts in those particular fields, therefore assuring that beyond the gathering of data, discussions about climate adaptation and tools took place in the various workshops ( Table 1). The six workshops will be described in the next paragraphs. beyond the gathering of data, discussions about climate adaptation and tools took place in the various workshops (Table 1). The six workshops will be described in the next paragraphs. beyond the gathering of data, discussions about climate adaptation and tools took place in the various workshops ( Table 1). The six workshops will be described in the next paragraphs. A portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrument was used to measure the build-up of potential toxic elements (PTE) in the topsoil of rain gardens and swales after 20 years. A new method for cost-effective insights into the environmental performance of NBS. beyond the gathering of data, discussions about climate adaptation and tools took place in the various workshops ( Table 1). The six workshops will be described in the next paragraphs. beyond the gathering of data, discussions about climate adaptation and tools took place in the various workshops ( Table 1). The six workshops will be described in the next paragraphs. beyond the gathering of data, discussions about climate adaptation and tools took place in the various workshops ( Table 1). The six workshops will be described in the next paragraphs. beyond the gathering of data, discussions about climate adaptation and tools took place in the various workshops ( Table 1). The six workshops will be described in the next paragraphs.  [4], research on climate change has been dominated by well-established methods within natural sciences. To achieve resilient change the human aspect must be included [3][4][5][6]29]. Wamsler and Raggers (2018) demonstrated the need for a holistic approach to achieve sustainable climate adaptation and transformation by developing principles, where practices and interactions are in focus [18]. Storytelling, where methods within social sciences are included, such as interviews, is a relatively new way of collecting data from all participants as well as citizens. This creates engagement at a local level for topics such as climate adaptation [29].
The storytelling workshop was composed of a discussion with the participants concerning their knowledge about climate adaptation and how ClimateCafé may help them raise their awareness. Storytelling has already been proven as an effective tool to discuss and build capacity among climate change [29,30]. Every participant was interviewed and recorded regarding the different topics in the workshops. The footage was analyzed and cross-checked with post questionnaires sent online to the same participants to check how ClimateCafé is helping to build capacity related to climate adaptation. Table 2 summarizes the origin and background of participants in ClimateCafé Malmö, as well as the questions asked during the interviews.

Mapping of Climate Adaptation Measures with the ClimateScan Tool
To collect, distribute, and share knowledge, the open access, web-based ClimateScan adaptation tool www.climatescan.org was used [31]. This tool helps policymakers and practitioners to gather valuable data for a rapid appraisal at the neighborhood level, mapping specific climate adaption measures at specific locations with information. ClimateScan is a citizen science tool giving the exact location, website links, free photo, and film material on measures regarding climate mitigation and adaptation. NBS related to stormwater infiltration, such as swales, rain gardens, water squares, green roofs, and permeable pavement are some that improve the liveability in cities [32,33].

Quick Scan Mapping of Pollutants with the Use of Portable XRF
Surface runoff and stormwater have been identified as important pathways for pollutants that enter receiving water bodies [34]. NBS are constructed to receive, store, and infiltrate surface water to restore the groundwater balance and to remove pollutants [10,35]. It is important for stormwater managers to know the characteristics of the pollutants in stormwater so that vital knowledge can be incorporated into management and maintenance. With an increased pollutant load in urban stormwater that degrades the water quality, the mapping of pollutants such as potential toxic elements (PTE) is essential [36]. After 20 years of operation, build-up of pollutants is expected [37]. Therefore, the mapping of potential toxic elements in several NBS at Augustenborg was carried out. Examples and results from the large swale behind Augustenborg school are shown in this paper (see Figure 2 for the location of profiles).
The portable XRF (X-ray fluorescence) was used to map PTE ( Figure 4). pXRF is an instrument that analyzes the content of elements from Magnesium (Mg, 12) to Uranium (U, 92) in the periodic table [38]. For a systematic mapping of the dispersion of PTE in swales, measurements at a predetermined interval along profiles were conducted. Since the profiles were relatively short (max. 2 meters), the measuring intervals were from 0.2 to 0.5 meters. Each point was measured for 60 seconds, and the values displayed on the screen as well as stored for a later download from the instrument. For a more detailed description of the methodology see Venvik and Boogaard (2020), [39]. As stormwater is the transporting media of the pollutants the profiles of measurements must cover the inlet(s), the deepest part, and if possible, the outlet(s) of the swale to map the distribution. elements (PTE) is essential [36]. After 20 years of operation, build-up of pollutants is expected [37]. Therefore, the mapping of potential toxic elements in several NBS at Augustenborg was carried out. Examples and results from the large swale behind Augustenborg school are shown in this paper (see Figure 2 for the location of profiles). The portable XRF (X-ray fluorescence) was used to map PTE ( Figure 4). pXRF is an instrument that analyzes the content of elements from Magnesium (Mg, 12) to Uranium (U, 92) in the periodic table [38]. For a systematic mapping of the dispersion of PTE in swales, measurements at a predetermined interval along profiles were conducted. Since the profiles were relatively short (max. 2 meters), the measuring intervals were from 0.2 to 0.5 meters. Each point was measured for 60 seconds, and the values displayed on the screen as well as stored for a later download from the instrument. For a more detailed description of the methodology see Venvik and Boogaard (2020), [39]. As stormwater is the transporting media of the pollutants the profiles of measurements must cover the inlet(s), the deepest part, and if possible, the outlet(s) of the swale to map the distribution.

Water quality
There are multiple ponds located within the district of Augustenborg, which collect and store rainwater. Literature often argues that the implemented measures reduce water quality degradation and that they have inclusively contributed to the improvement of the surface water quality [36,40]. However, little is known about the water quality conditions of these small water bodies, as only a few studies have addressed water quality directly, and they mostly focus on the discussion of runoff water quality from green roofs in the area [40]. Figure 2 shows a map with all the ponds of the Augustenborg. Multiple water quality sensors were deployed in every pond to collect data about water quality parameters. The sensors included a multi-parameter sonde (In-Situ Troll 9500) [41], a dissolved oxygen logger (PME MiniDOT) [42], Conductivity Temperature CTD Diver [43] and an Algae/Chlorophyll sensor [44]. The measurements took place on June 11 th , 2019, after scattered rain events.
In order to map the spatial distribution of water quality parameters in the ponds, the same sensors were equipped to an aquatic drone [45] (Figure 5), which was then piloted across the ponds, and guided towards water sprinklers/fountains where there was aeration of the water, and upstream/downstream of existing (gray) wastewater outlets. This procedure was only possible in the larger ponds, as the smaller ponds had limited depth and/or dense vegetation that inhibited the use of the drone. A global positioning system GPS logger was also installed on the drone to record the coordinates of each measurement.

Water Quality
There are multiple ponds located within the district of Augustenborg, which collect and store rainwater. Literature often argues that the implemented measures reduce water quality degradation and that they have inclusively contributed to the improvement of the surface water quality [36,40]. However, little is known about the water quality conditions of these small water bodies, as only a few studies have addressed water quality directly, and they mostly focus on the discussion of runoff water quality from green roofs in the area [40]. Figure 2 shows a map with all the ponds of the Augustenborg. Multiple water quality sensors were deployed in every pond to collect data about water quality parameters. The sensors included a multi-parameter sonde (In-Situ Troll 9500) [41], a dissolved oxygen logger (PME MiniDOT) [42], Conductivity Temperature CTD Diver [43] and an Algae/Chlorophyll sensor [44]. The measurements took place on June 11 th , 2019, after scattered rain events.
In order to map the spatial distribution of water quality parameters in the ponds, the same sensors were equipped to an aquatic drone [45] (Figure 5), which was then piloted across the ponds, and guided towards water sprinklers/fountains where there was aeration of the water, and upstream/downstream of existing (gray) wastewater outlets. This procedure was only possible in the larger ponds, as the smaller ponds had limited depth and/or dense vegetation that inhibited the use of the drone. A global positioning system GPS logger was also installed on the drone to record the coordinates of each measurement.

Hydraulic efficiency of swales
Bioretention swales are one type of NBS that has been used for decades globally to provide stormwater conveyance and water quality treatment [34]. Swales are a landscape surface-drainage system planted with vegetation that collect rainwater and allow surface runoff to be detained, filtered, and infiltrate into the ground to reduce peak flow, collect and retain water pollution, and improve groundwater recharge [34,35]. However, one common issue is that swales can be subject to clogging [46][47][48][49].
After mapping multiple swales in Augustenborg data were collected on the hydraulic conductivity and infiltration capacity using wireless, self-logging, pressure transducer loggers [46] as the primary method of measuring and recording the reduction in water levels over time. Two loggers were installed at the lowest points of the swale. The transducers continuously monitored the static water pressure at those locations, logging the data in internal memory. Three different measurement methods were used in conjunction with the pressure transducers to calibrate and verify the transducer readings. The three methods were: hand measurements, underwater camera, and time-lapse photography ( Figure 6).

Heat stress mapping with sensors on a bike
Urban heat islands (UHI) are zones within cities that are warmer than surrounding areas and may have impacts on health, productivity, and liveability on a local scale [50]. In the urban environment, these urban heat islands can be related to design, green-blue structures, and building patterns [51][52][53][54]. In this workshop heat sensors were attached to a bicycle to collect air-temperature data in Augustenborg and Malmö city centre. The measuring unit contained multiple sensors that collected information about parameters and indicators needed to calculate the physiological equivalent of temperature (PET) values. To calculate the PET value a combination of 1) air

Hydraulic Efficiency of Swales
Bioretention swales are one type of NBS that has been used for decades globally to provide stormwater conveyance and water quality treatment [34]. Swales are a landscape surface-drainage system planted with vegetation that collect rainwater and allow surface runoff to be detained, filtered, and infiltrate into the ground to reduce peak flow, collect and retain water pollution, and improve groundwater recharge [34,35]. However, one common issue is that swales can be subject to clogging [46][47][48][49].
After mapping multiple swales in Augustenborg data were collected on the hydraulic conductivity and infiltration capacity using wireless, self-logging, pressure transducer loggers [46] as the primary method of measuring and recording the reduction in water levels over time. Two loggers were installed at the lowest points of the swale. The transducers continuously monitored the static water pressure at those locations, logging the data in internal memory. Three different measurement methods were used in conjunction with the pressure transducers to calibrate and verify the transducer readings. The three methods were: hand measurements, underwater camera, and time-lapse photography ( Figure 6).

Hydraulic efficiency of swales
Bioretention swales are one type of NBS that has been used for decades globally to provide stormwater conveyance and water quality treatment [34]. Swales are a landscape surface-drainage system planted with vegetation that collect rainwater and allow surface runoff to be detained, filtered, and infiltrate into the ground to reduce peak flow, collect and retain water pollution, and improve groundwater recharge [34,35]. However, one common issue is that swales can be subject to clogging [46][47][48][49].
After mapping multiple swales in Augustenborg data were collected on the hydraulic conductivity and infiltration capacity using wireless, self-logging, pressure transducer loggers [46] as the primary method of measuring and recording the reduction in water levels over time. Two loggers were installed at the lowest points of the swale. The transducers continuously monitored the static water pressure at those locations, logging the data in internal memory. Three different measurement methods were used in conjunction with the pressure transducers to calibrate and verify the transducer readings. The three methods were: hand measurements, underwater camera, and

Heat stress mapping with sensors on a bike
Urban heat islands (UHI) are zones within cities that are warmer than surrounding areas and may have impacts on health, productivity, and liveability on a local scale [50]. In the urban environment, these urban heat islands can be related to design, green-blue structures, and building patterns [51][52][53][54]. In this workshop heat sensors were attached to a bicycle to collect air-temperature data in Augustenborg and Malmö city centre. The measuring unit contained multiple sensors that collected information about parameters and indicators needed to calculate the physiological equivalent of temperature (PET) values. To calculate the PET value a combination of 1) air

Heat Stress Mapping with Sensors on a Bike
Urban heat islands (UHI) are zones within cities that are warmer than surrounding areas and may have impacts on health, productivity, and liveability on a local scale [50]. In the urban environment, these urban heat islands can be related to design, green-blue structures, and building patterns [51][52][53][54]. In this workshop heat sensors were attached to a bicycle to collect air-temperature data in Augustenborg and Malmö city centre. The measuring unit contained multiple sensors that collected information about parameters and indicators needed to calculate the physiological equivalent of temperature (PET) values. To calculate the PET value a combination of (1) air temperature, (2) humidity, (3) light intensity, and (4) wind speeds was used [54]. The sensors are described in Table 3. The data were collected in cross-sections through Malmö city and the data were further analyzed using Geographical Information System (GIS).

Storytelling and the Impact of Malmö ClimateCafé
The storytelling was conducted alongside the other workshops. The participants were interviewed and filmed in order to understand their previous knowledge regarding climate adaptation and their perception on how ClimateCafé could help them develop their skills. All interviews were compiled together with pictures and descriptions of the activities developed into a video (https: //climatecafe.nl/2019/01/city-climatescan-Malmö-will-be-held-10-14-june-2019). The participants and coordinators were engaged in discussing possible solutions and challenges within different settings as well as obstacles that may occur. The ClimateCafé contributed to forming a network on climate adaptation for the young professionals, which is fundamental for further knowledge exchange. Storytelling is a method to capture perceptions, experiences, and stories from the community and bring experiences to the attention of decision-makers.
The analysis of the storytelling shows the importance of discussions, the sharing of experiences and knowledge regarding climate adaptation, as assembled in Table 4. The results especially highlight the areas where ClimateCafé has had an impact in the development of capacity building among these topics, as shown in Table 4.
By storytelling, we verified that young professionals are a group of people mainly formed by students (Masters or Bachelors), PhDs, and professionals ( Table 2). The field of work can be divided among civil engineers, architects, and environmental engineers, with the water sector as the main focus. When confronted about their thoughts about climate adaptation, most of the participants related it to climate change and the more extreme events and disasters that are happening around the globe. In the analysis of the interviews, particular attention was given to participants that did not have a strict opinion about the topic and the necessity to have more resilient cities. ClimateCafé helped these participants to gain awareness of sustainable solutions for climate adaptation. When confronted at the end with the question of how the ClimateCafé helped this group of participants improve their skills and awareness, three main answers were given: (i) the need for more knowledge about the topic (by discussions and learning about new techniques), (ii) networking with people from different backgrounds and countries, (iii) inspiration for new studies and to bring it to their hometowns. Lastly, participants were asked whether they were familiar with the Sustainable Development Goals and which of these goals were part of the ClimateCafé. Most participants were unfamiliar with the SDGs, resulting in this question not being answered in most of the interviews. At the end of the event a questionnaire was distributed to all the participants in order to verify the importance of the different workshops and tools presented, as well as the capacity building of ClimateCafé Malmö (Table 4).

Mapping of Climate Adaptation Measures with the ClimateScan Tool
During the two days over 175 NBS were mapped on www.climatescan.org (Figure 7) by the participants through uploading with the ClimateScan App in the field. The mapping included a short description, the location (GPS), category of NBS, and pictures. For some locations, additional information, documents, and websites for further information were added later using a computer.     [31]. For more detailed info: https://climatecafe.nl/2019/01/city-climatescan-Malmö-will-be-held-10-14-june-2019 [19]. Figure 8 shows the results of the NBS mapping during the ClimateCafé in Malmö. The 175 mapped climate adaptation solutions were distributed in 19 categories, with the majority within the green roofs and walls category (25.7%). The following categories were bio filters (13.7%), rain gardens (12%), and ponds (8.6%), as shown in Figure 8.  Figure 8 shows the results of the NBS mapping during the ClimateCafé in Malmö. The 175 mapped climate adaptation solutions were distributed in 19 categories, with the majority within the green roofs and walls category (25.7%). The following categories were bio filters (13.7%), rain gardens (12%), and ponds (8.6%), as shown in Figure 8.

Quick scan mapping of pollutants with the use of portable XRF
Results from the mapping of the PTE lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in the large swale behind Augustenborg school by pXRF are shown in Figure 9. The profile shows that the highest concentration of PTE was at the inlets and the deepest part of the swale. This is as expected since these are the areas in the swale most exposed to surface water in frequency and duration. All measurements were well below the Swedish thresholds for lead (80 ppm (mg/kg)), zinc (350 ppm), and copper (100 ppm) [55] and are thereby not polluted. After 21 years in operation, the NBS at Augustenborg shows a little build-up of PTE. This is most likely due to the absence of polluting source(s), such as no or little traffic, separate drainage system from the surrounding areas, thereby no drainage from major roads, industrial areas, or brownfields. This has not been the case in other residential areas after 20 years of operation, where PTE in the topsoil exceeded quality guidelines [37,39,49,50,55].

Quick scan Mapping of Pollutants with the Use of Portable XRF
Results from the mapping of the PTE lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in the large swale behind Augustenborg school by pXRF are shown in Figure 9. The profile shows that the highest concentration of PTE was at the inlets and the deepest part of the swale. This is as expected since these are the areas in the swale most exposed to surface water in frequency and duration. All measurements were well below the Swedish thresholds for lead (80 ppm (mg/kg)), zinc (350 ppm), and copper (100 ppm) [55] and are thereby not polluted. After 21 years in operation, the NBS at Augustenborg shows a little build-up of PTE. This is most likely due to the absence of polluting source(s), such as no or little traffic, separate drainage system from the surrounding areas, thereby no drainage from major roads, industrial areas, or brownfields. This has not been the case in other residential areas after 20 years of operation, where PTE in the topsoil exceeded quality guidelines [37,39,49,50,55].  Figure 8 shows the results of the NBS mapping during the ClimateCafé in Malmö. The 175 mapped climate adaptation solutions were distributed in 19 categories, with the majority within the green roofs and walls category (25.7%). The following categories were bio filters (13.7%), rain gardens (12%), and ponds (8.6%), as shown in Figure 8.

Quick scan mapping of pollutants with the use of portable XRF
Results from the mapping of the PTE lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in the large swale behind Augustenborg school by pXRF are shown in Figure 9. The profile shows that the highest concentration of PTE was at the inlets and the deepest part of the swale. This is as expected since these are the areas in the swale most exposed to surface water in frequency and duration. All measurements were well below the Swedish thresholds for lead (80 ppm (mg/kg)), zinc (350 ppm), and copper (100 ppm) [55] and are thereby not polluted. After 21 years in operation, the NBS at Augustenborg shows a little build-up of PTE. This is most likely due to the absence of polluting source(s), such as no or little traffic, separate drainage system from the surrounding areas, thereby no drainage from major roads, industrial areas, or brownfields. This has not been the case in other residential areas after 20 years of operation, where PTE in the topsoil exceeded quality guidelines [37,39,49,50,55].   Figure 10 shows an average of the measured values of different water quality parameters in the ponds in the district. Some ponds were clearly less turbid than others, as confirmed in the data collected. In most ponds, dissolved oxygen concentrations were above the minimum values required to sustain aquatic life (5 mg/L). In three ponds dissolved oxygen reached values under this threshold. The lowest value recorded corresponded to a location where a wastewater outlet was present (discharges water from washing machines after passing by a small water treatment unit) and was measured in a small channel before it gets diluted in a pond. The electrical conductivity of the water in the ponds varied throughout the district. The ponds store different volumes of rainwater, which dilutes the salts/ions unevenly. Chlorophyll-a and Phycocyanin (cyanobacteria/blue-green algae) reached very high concentrations in a few ponds, which could become a threat to local populations. Results of turbidity measurements are in accordance with the other parameters measurement: when water is more turbid, algae concentrations and electrical conductivity are also higher.  Figure 10 shows an average of the measured values of different water quality parameters in the ponds in the district. Some ponds were clearly less turbid than others, as confirmed in the data collected. In most ponds, dissolved oxygen concentrations were above the minimum values required to sustain aquatic life (5mg/l). In three ponds dissolved oxygen reached values under this threshold. The lowest value recorded corresponded to a location where a wastewater outlet was present (discharges water from washing machines after passing by a small water treatment unit) and was measured in a small channel before it gets diluted in a pond. The electrical conductivity of the water in the ponds varied throughout the district. The ponds store different volumes of rainwater, which dilutes the salts/ions unevenly. Chlorophyll-a and Phycocyanin (cyanobacteria/blue-green algae) reached very high concentrations in a few ponds, which could become a threat to local populations. Results of turbidity measurements are in accordance with the other parameters measurement: when water is more turbid, algae concentrations and electrical conductivity are also higher.

Hydraulic efficiency of swales
The test on the hydraulic performance of swales was performed after 20 years of operation. The results showed that all three swales are able to empty their water storage volume within 48 hours ( Figure 11). The saturated infiltration capacity is thereby in the order of 0.15 m/d (swale 2, Figure 11a, Table 5) and 0.2 m/d (swale 1, Figure 11b, Table 4).

Hydraulic Efficiency of Swales
The test on the hydraulic performance of swales was performed after 20 years of operation. The results showed that all three swales are able to empty their water storage volume within 48 hours ( Figure 11). The saturated infiltration capacity is thereby in the order of 0.15 m/d (swale 2, Figure 11a, Table 5) and 0.2 m/d (swale 1, Figure 11b, Table 4).  These values are comparable to values found on the infiltration capacity of Dutch and German swales monitored after 10 to 20 years [46][47][48]. Ingvertsen et al. (2011) found infiltration capacities between 0.01 and 3.1 m/day using the open-end infiltration test on German swales [49]. The results show that these swales are considered sustainable after 20 years, with sufficient infiltration rate to infiltrate the stormwater in Augustenborg without any other maintenance than mowing the grass. Figure 12 displays the results of the air temperature differences in Malmö. The data collected during the ClimateCafé did not contain data on wind speeds and light intensity due to technical failure. The map shows the relative cooling effect of urban green-blue infrastructures in the parks in the middle, and the lower temperatures closer to the ocean, indicated in blue colors ( Figure 12).   These values are comparable to values found on the infiltration capacity of Dutch and German swales monitored after 10 to 20 years [46][47][48]. Ingvertsen et al. (2011) found infiltration capacities between 0.01 and 3.1 m/day using the open-end infiltration test on German swales [49]. The results show that these swales are considered sustainable after 20 years, with sufficient infiltration rate to infiltrate the stormwater in Augustenborg without any other maintenance than mowing the grass. Figure 12 displays the results of the air temperature differences in Malmö. The data collected during the ClimateCafé did not contain data on wind speeds and light intensity due to technical failure. The map shows the relative cooling effect of urban green-blue infrastructures in the parks in the middle, and the lower temperatures closer to the ocean, indicated in blue colors ( Figure 12).

The Interdiciplinary Approach for Climate Adaptation
ClimateCafé is an example of bridging the gap between theory and practice for NBS and water management. Traditional education has focused on the theoretical aspects of design and criteria of NBS, but with little focus on the long-term maintenance. This gap may be because, within a municipality, there are different departments responsible for design/building and maintenance. Experience shows that lack of maintenance is one of the major challenges when it comes to the functionality of NBS [46,56,57]. To achieve sustained climate change adaptation, transformative knowledge has to be included in education, as demonstrated in the study of Urmetzer et al. (2020) [7].
As pointed out by Hoffmann and Muttarak (2017) [21] education enhances resilience to climate-related hazards. Even though the goal of this study was disaster preparedness, it shows that it is through education that fundamental change is possible. Similarly, this is the primary aim of ClimateCafés, where the goals are to raise awareness of climate change adaptation and show the complexity involved in such challenge.

The Impact of the Different Diciplines on the Participants
The ClimateCafé is a "learning-by-doing" approach [14] that focuses on young professionals through learning multiple tools and gathering valuable data in a short period of time in order to assess the level of resilience at street or district level. Through fieldwork and group discussion, the participants identify practical solutions and possible measures by producing tangible results, such as a map of NBS, or hydraulic and environmental assessment of NBS. A "quadruple helix" approach to the complexity of climate adaptation is necessary [15], but this still raises several challenges. To achieve sustainable and resilient solutions for climate change adaptation, knowledge exchange, capacity building, and collaboration across disciplines and sectors is essential [8,18]. To highlight sustainability issues, the UN SDGs [22] have been addressed, with particular SDGs being referenced within the different workshops. The SDGs were unfamiliar for most participants, making them aware of the importance of the work related to clean water (#6) and climate adaptation (#13) for sustainable (and resilient) cities and communities (#11). Results from the questionnaire show which parts of the ClimateCafé achieved their aim and which require improvement. Figure 13 shows that for the use of the ClimateScan, the XRF, the water drones, and the full-scale flooding test, more than 80% of the participants considered that they learned those tools during the ClimateCafé.

The interdiciplinary approach for climate adaptation
ClimateCafé is an example of bridging the gap between theory and practice for NBS and water management. Traditional education has focused on the theoretical aspects of design and criteria of NBS, but with little focus on the long-term maintenance. This gap may be because, within a municipality, there are different departments responsible for design/building and maintenance. Experience shows that lack of maintenance is one of the major challenges when it comes to the functionality of NBS [46,56,57]. To achieve sustained climate change adaptation, transformative knowledge has to be included in education, as demonstrated in the study of Urmetzer et al. (2020) [7].
As pointed out by Hoffmann and Muttarak (2017) [21] education enhances resilience to climaterelated hazards. Even though the goal of this study was disaster preparedness, it shows that it is through education that fundamental change is possible. Similarly, this is the primary aim of ClimateCafés, where the goals are to raise awareness of climate change adaptation and show the complexity involved in such challenge.

The impact of the different diciplines on the participants
The ClimateCafé is a "learning-by-doing" approach [14] that focuses on young professionals through learning multiple tools and gathering valuable data in a short period of time in order to assess the level of resilience at street or district level. Through fieldwork and group discussion, the participants identify practical solutions and possible measures by producing tangible results, such as a map of NBS, or hydraulic and environmental assessment of NBS. A "quadruple helix" approach to the complexity of climate adaptation is necessary [15], but this still raises several challenges. To achieve sustainable and resilient solutions for climate change adaptation, knowledge exchange, capacity building, and collaboration across disciplines and sectors is essential [8,18]. To highlight sustainability issues, the UN SDGs [22] have been addressed, with particular SDGs being referenced within the different workshops. The SDGs were unfamiliar for most participants, making them aware of the importance of the work related to clean water (#6) and climate adaptation (#13) for sustainable (and resilient) cities and communities (#11). Results from the questionnaire show which parts of the ClimateCafé achieved their aim and which require improvement. Figure 13 shows that for the use of the ClimateScan, the XRF, the water drones, and the full-scale flooding test, more than 80% of the participants considered that they learned those tools during the ClimateCafé.
As emphasized by UN agencies UNISDR and UNESCO, the role of education is essential for promoting sustainable development and resilience [23,24]. The results from the participant questionnaire show a small but still relevant share is seen in terms of the SDGs, in which 20% of the participants considered that it was not sufficiently addressed ( Figure 13).    As emphasized by UN agencies UNISDR and UNESCO, the role of education is essential for promoting sustainable development and resilience [23,24]. The results from the participant questionnaire show a small but still relevant share is seen in terms of the SDGs, in which 20% of the participants considered that it was not sufficiently addressed ( Figure 13).
The process of understanding the use of the tools presented is reaffirmed in Figure 14, when the participants were asked if they would be able to explain the use of the tools to colleagues. Again, 80% or more of the participants felt capacity on explaining the use of the ClimateScan, the XRF, the water drones, and the full-scale flooding test, with an exception for the SDGs, in which 50% considered themselves to be neutral in terms of this concept ( Figure 14). The process of understanding the use of the tools presented is reaffirmed in Figure 14, when the participants were asked if they would be able to explain the use of the tools to colleagues. Again, 80% or more of the participants felt capacity on explaining the use of the ClimateScan, the XRF, the water drones, and the full-scale flooding test, with an exception for the SDGs, in which 50% considered themselves to be neutral in terms of this concept ( Figure 14). To finish, 80% or more of the participants believed that the tools demonstrated during this event are of importance for their work or study activities, including the SDGs (Figure 15). The combination of those results show that the ClimateCafé methodology is efficient in terms of teaching in a short time the use of such tools, as well as for capacity building within their own discipline. Figure 15. Results of the participants future perspective. Sovacool et al. (2015) concluded that future research, innovation, and development lies in the interaction of disciplines [4]. ClimateCafé targets the young professionals because they are the next generation of stakeholders. As pointed out by Nesshöver et al. (2017), Nature-Based Solutions are an umbrella concept that requires an interdisciplinary approach [8]. By bringing together different experts from different fields of science to address multiple challenges regarding NBS and collectively discuss solutions, we introduced an interactive way of learning with tools that were appreciated by  To finish, 80% or more of the participants believed that the tools demonstrated during this event are of importance for their work or study activities, including the SDGs (Figure 15). The combination of those results show that the ClimateCafé methodology is efficient in terms of teaching in a short time the use of such tools, as well as for capacity building within their own discipline. The process of understanding the use of the tools presented is reaffirmed in Figure 14, when the participants were asked if they would be able to explain the use of the tools to colleagues. Again, 80% or more of the participants felt capacity on explaining the use of the ClimateScan, the XRF, the water drones, and the full-scale flooding test, with an exception for the SDGs, in which 50% considered themselves to be neutral in terms of this concept ( Figure 14). To finish, 80% or more of the participants believed that the tools demonstrated during this event are of importance for their work or study activities, including the SDGs (Figure 15). The combination of those results show that the ClimateCafé methodology is efficient in terms of teaching in a short time the use of such tools, as well as for capacity building within their own discipline. Figure 15. Results of the participants future perspective. Sovacool et al. (2015) concluded that future research, innovation, and development lies in the interaction of disciplines [4]. ClimateCafé targets the young professionals because they are the next generation of stakeholders. As pointed out by Nesshöver et al. (2017), Nature-Based Solutions are an umbrella concept that requires an interdisciplinary approach [8]. By bringing together different experts from different fields of science to address multiple challenges regarding NBS and collectively discuss solutions, we introduced an interactive way of learning with tools that were appreciated by The proposed tools are of value to the participants' work / study and he/she is inclined to use it in the future ClimateScan XRF Water drones FullScale SDGs Figure 15. Results of the participants future perspective. Sovacool et al. (2015) concluded that future research, innovation, and development lies in the interaction of disciplines [4]. ClimateCafé targets the young professionals because they are the next generation of stakeholders. As pointed out by Nesshöver et al. (2017), Nature-Based Solutions are an umbrella concept that requires an interdisciplinary approach [8]. By bringing together different experts from different fields of science to address multiple challenges regarding NBS and collectively discuss solutions, we introduced an interactive way of learning with tools that were appreciated by participants, as shown in Figure 15. Experience is collected by the participants, but also by the experts. One major area of improvement is to better implement the UN SDGs in the work. This is clearly stated in the results from the questionnaire.

Conclusions
ClimateCafé is still being developed, but the outcome of the ClimateCafé in Malmö gives a clear direction for further development of this concept for capacity building, knowledge exchange, and bridging the gap between disciplines within climate change adaptation. The results of the different workshops show that valuable multidisciplinary data can be gathered in a short period of time, which can be used by local stakeholders to improve, maintain, or evaluate the effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions in their local context.
ClimateCafés, like the Malmö event, can aid young professionals with different backgrounds, such as urban planners, water management, and landscape architects, designers, and many more in managing sustainable climate change adaptation for resilient cities. In a ClimateCafé this is demonstrated through (i) a multidisciplinary approach of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), and (ii) demonstrating tools and methods to evaluate the quality and sustainability of NBS. The data collected in Augustenborg show that the green infrastructure is functioning particularly well, with an infiltration capacity in the order of 0.15-0.23 m/d and very low values of potential toxic element pollutants after 20 years in operation. In contrast, the study has shown that the blue infrastructure in Augustenborg requires further research and monitoring, as in some ponds the algae (blue-green algae) and dissolved oxygen concentrations revealed undesired values, which could have negative implications for inhabitants and animals when they come in contact with the water. Mapping with sensors on bikes showed that the air-temperature varies through the city. Green-blue infrastructure in parks has a cooling effect, and the temperatures are lower closer to the ocean. This may be a useful tool for planning where Nature-Based solutions will be most effective in reducing heat stress in urban areas. The results of this study regarding quick scan mapping of pollutants and hydraulic test of Nature-Based Solutions could help (storm) water managers with planning, modelling, testing, and scheduling of maintenance requirements for swales and raingardens with more confidence so that they will continue to perform satisfactorily over their intended design lifespan.
In addition to enhancing knowledge on climate change adaptation and Nature-Based Solutions among the participants, ClimateCafés aim to increase awareness and stimulate capacity building. The storytelling methodology used in Malmö has shown that the participants benefit from the ClimateCafé, which can be categorized in three topics: (i) getting knowledge on the theme by discussions and demonstration of techniques, (ii) networking, (iii) getting inspiration from examples for new studies and to apply climate adaptation in their home towns.
In this event the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were included. The results from the storytelling show that the UN SDGs were not emphasized enough during the workshops and the participants did not fully understand the concept or benefit of incorporating the goals. This is a lesson learned, which will be improved in future ClimateCafés.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, visualisation and writing the original draft of the manuscript was executed by all authors; Compilation and reviewing the manuscript by F.C.B. and G.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.