An Application of the A’WOT Analysis for the Management of Cultural Heritage Assets: The Case of the Historical Farmhouses in the Agli é Castle (Turin)

: In recent years, governments, public institutions, and local communities have devoted growing attention to the identiﬁcation of promising strategies for the preservation and valorization of cultural heritage assets. Decisions on the management of cultural heritage assets based on multiple, often conﬂicting, criteria and on the stakes of various, and potentially non-consensual actors and stakeholders. In this context, in which the trade-o ﬀ s between the preservation of assets historical symbolic values and the adaptation to alternative and economically proﬁtable uses play a key role in investment decisions, multi-criteria analyses provide robust theoretical and methodological frameworks to support decision-makers in the design and implementation of adaptive reuse strategies for cultural heritage and public real estate assets. In this paper, we provide a multi-criteria decision aiding approach for ranking valorization strategies of cultural heritage assets aimed at promoting their restoration and conservation, as well as at creating cultural and economic beneﬁts. In detail, we present a novel application of the A’WOT analysis to support the design and implementation of alternative management strategies of abandoned cultural heritage assets. The paper focuses on the potential reuse and management of four historical farmhouses (Cascina Mandria, Cascina Lavanderia, Cascina Gozzani, and Cascina Ortovalle) located in the Agli è Castle estate, one of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy, currently listed in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.


Introduction
The problems in the context of cultural heritage conservation and valorization refer to multi-faceted issues described by several dimensions, such as historic and artistic values, economic constraints, technical aspects, and a plurality of actors and stakeholders who play important roles in the decisional arena. Such as public authorities, practitioners, tourists, inhabitants, and so on. Of particular importance in this domain is the concept of adaptive reuse, which involves a change of use of existing buildings with the aim to achieve improvement in environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability, including resource efficiency, costs reduction and intrinsic values retention [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In the light of this complexity, decision-making processes in the domain of cultural heritage operations need to be addressed by specific evaluation tools, able to consider both the use-values related to the tangible benefits provided by Cultural Heritage to people and non-use values, accruing to current potential and future users, under the perspective of the Social Complex Value [7,8].
In particular, the evaluation of cultural heritage focused so far on two main directions: external factors, which affect the successful implementation of sustainable interventions to restore and enhance them. In this respect, the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis is a systematic approach to assess internal and external factors [22,23] as well as potentials and pitfalls, which guarantees a fact-based, data-driven insight on planning decisions and course of actions, thus providing a good basis for strategy definition [24,25]. The SWOT analysis was firstly developed for business and market analysis and it is currently extensively implemented in planning and management and adopted in many fields for research assistance in order to evaluate potential bottlenecks or opportunities to prioritize development and/or management strategies [26,27]. Strengths may enhance overall performances and provide an advantage, whereas Weaknesses may affect efficiency, profitability and competitive advantage. Opportunities are possibilities, which may contribute to exploit advantage or add additional advantage, whereas threats may generate problems and retrieve successful development and implementation of any strategy.
Nonetheless, SWOT analysis can mainly support in the accurate identification of key factors in the analysis, but it does not provide any analytical tool or algorithm to determine the relative importance of these factors in the decision-making process, as results are provided in terms of qualitative assessment [25,28,29]. To address this issue and to improve the quantitative information basis of strategic planning processes, Reference [28,29] proposed the A'WOT method, a hybrid tool, which combines the SWOT analysis and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), proposed by Saaty in the Eighties [21]. The AHP is a well-established technique to address complex decisions and obtain a priority ranking of alternatives. Criteria, sub-criteria, and alternatives relative importance are determined through pairwise comparisons expressed in semantic judgments converted into numerical values according to Saaty's fundamental scale [21].
In the A'WOT model, the AHP is therefore used to evaluate the SWOT factors, as well as the four SWOT categories (i.e., Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) and make them commensurable with respect to their priority intensities.
The integration of AHP with SWOT analysis provides analytically determined priorities, according to the eigenvalue approach to pairwise comparisons, and allows comparing alternatives with respect to each SWOT factor and ranking them from best to worse with respect to the goal of the decision-making problem [30]. The A'WOT decomposes a complex decision problem into a simple hierarchy. According to the AHP, at the top of the hierarchy, there is the goal, whereas SWOT categories (i.e., criteria) and SWOT factors (i.e., sub-criteria), which contribute to the goal are at lower levels and alternatives under investigation are at the bottom of the hierarchy.
According to [28], the A'WOT method is structured into the following subsequent phases: 1. SWOT analysis (identification of internal and external factors) and decomposition into hierarchical levels, 2.
Pairwise comparisons of factors and SWOT categories, 3.
Final ranking.
Firstly, the SWOT analysis is carried out, and internal and external factors are identified. Secondly, pairwise comparisons of factors (with respect to each SWOT category) and of SWOT categories (with respect to the goal) are performed and priorities (i.e., preference intensities) are calculated. At this stage, weights (i.e., priorities) are determined according to the eigenvalue approach to pairwise comparisons and pairwise comparisons of elements at each level are conducted with respect to their relative importance towards their parent node [31]. The consistency of pairwise comparison matrices is then verified by determining the inconsistency index IC, which is usually considered as acceptable whenever IC < 0.10 [21]. Finally, we obtained the priority ranking of alternatives via a weighted sum aggregation procedure, from the bottom to the top of hierarchical levels.
Starting from the seminal works by [28,29], a significant strand of literature developed and the number of its applications to real-world decision problems increased significantly [32][33][34]. The applications of the A'WOT method are varied and cover as major fields natural resource management [32,[35][36][37], sustainable tourism and tourism management [25,34,38,39], strategic assessment and group decision making (see among others, [40][41][42][43]). Although in the field of cultural heritage assessment, there are a flourishing set of recent contributions in literature on the sole application of AHP [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] and SWOT analysis [52][53][54][55][56], respectively. Nonetheless, to our knowledge, there are no contributions on the application of A'WOT to strategic decisions on cultural heritage. This contribution complements the existing literature on A'WOT methods with a novel application in cultural heritage and provides a new investigation of strategic choice on the valorization of abandoned and severely damaged assets.

Description of the Case Study: The Ducal Farmhouses in Aglié Estate
The township of Agliè is located in the Canavese area, about 40 km from Turin. It has a varied territory and it is located partly in the hilly area of the Ivrea morainic amphitheater and partly in the plain to the south. The agricultural area features arable land, meadows and poplar groves on the plain and vineyards, as well as wooded areas, on the hills. The ducal farmhouses, established to serve Agliè Castle, together with a system of reserves, farms, and estates, represent the assets in possession of the Savoy family [57]. Their main function was agricultural management.
In 1764 Benedetto Maria Maurizio, Duke of Chiablese, bought the estate of Agliè Castle and its park and other possessions, including the "Cascina del Parco" (Lavanderia), owned by the Marquis San Germano, Cascina Valle owned by the Count of Agliè and Cascina Gozzani, belonging to poet Guido Gozzano's family (Figures 1 and 2).
The farmhouses, joined in one property, were called "Cascine Ducali" [58]. In 1769, Count Ignazio Birago di Borgaro planned new expansions of the existing buildings as well as new settlements, including Cascina Allea.
Cascina Allea (called Mandria) was designed between 1772 and 1773, thanks to the drawings and instructions of Birago di Borgaro, at the service of the Duke of Chiablese [59]. This building is interesting mainly because of its location within the context of the Castle Park and the architecture of its façade. The complex is formed by a closed court organized around a quadrangular space. A U-shaped volume forms the structure and it has an axis of symmetry passing through the large entrance arch. The structure is composed of three main volumes. The structure does not appear to be in an advanced state of degradation but it is damaged by a lack of maintenance and by exposure to the action of atmospheric agents. Starting from the seminal works by [28,29], a significant strand of literature developed and the number of its applications to real-world decision problems increased significantly [32][33][34]. The applications of the A'WOT method are varied and cover as major fields natural resource management [32,[35][36][37], sustainable tourism and tourism management [25,34,38,39], strategic assessment and group decision making (see among others, [40][41][42][43]). Although in the field of cultural heritage assessment, there are a flourishing set of recent contributions in literature on the sole application of AHP [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] and SWOT analysis [52][53][54][55][56], respectively. Nonetheless, to our knowledge, there are no contributions on the application of A'WOT to strategic decisions on cultural heritage. This contribution complements the existing literature on A'WOT methods with a novel application in cultural heritage and provides a new investigation of strategic choice on the valorization of abandoned and severely damaged assets.

Description of the Case Study: The Ducal Farmhouses in Aglié Estate
The township of Agliè is located in the Canavese area, about 40 km from Turin. It has a varied territory and it is located partly in the hilly area of the Ivrea morainic amphitheater and partly in the plain to the south. The agricultural area features arable land, meadows and poplar groves on the plain and vineyards, as well as wooded areas, on the hills. The ducal farmhouses, established to serve Agliè Castle, together with a system of reserves, farms, and estates, represent the assets in possession of the Savoy family [57]. Their main function was agricultural management.
In 1764 Benedetto Maria Maurizio, Duke of Chiablese, bought the estate of Agliè Castle and its park and other possessions, including the "Cascina del Parco" (Lavanderia), owned by the Marquis San Germano, Cascina Valle owned by the Count of Agliè and Cascina Gozzani, belonging to poet Guido Gozzano's family (Figures 1 and 2).
The farmhouses, joined in one property, were called "Cascine Ducali" [58]. In 1769, Count Ignazio Birago di Borgaro planned new expansions of the existing buildings as well as new settlements, including Cascina Allea.   Cascina Allea (called Mandria) was designed between 1772 and 1773, thanks to the drawings and instructions of Birago di Borgaro, at the service of the Duke of Chiablese [59]. This building is interesting mainly because of its location within the context of the Castle Park and the architecture of its façade. The complex is formed by a closed court organized around a quadrangular space. A Ushaped volume forms the structure and it has an axis of symmetry passing through the large entrance arch. The structure is composed of three main volumes. The structure does not appear to be in an advanced state of degradation but it is damaged by a lack of maintenance and by exposure to the action of atmospheric agents.
Cascina Ortovalle has been represented on historical maps since 1745. It is a single building with simple wings and was mainly used for cultivations of fruit and vegetables. The structure is located on a hill and can be accessed by a poorly maintained dirt road. The building is in good condition since it is inhabited. It has a large terrace looking into the countryside of Agliè and a wall surrounds it. The context in which Cascina Ortovalle is located is characterized by large cultivated fields and the structure is well connected to the city through the main road. Presently the building can be used on all stories, it is not at risk of collapse and it does not present a compromised crack pattern. The architectural structure has a large barn with a trussed roof, which was restored a few months ago by the current tenants of the building.
Cascina Gozzani is composed of two buildings and is located south-east of Agliè, not far from the park. The historical cadastral maps attribute ownership of Cascina to Guido Gozzano's family. The complex is characterized by a planimetric layout composed of an internal courtyard with a double opposing row that is spread throughout the Canavese countryside. The two buildings face each other at close range and they are connected to each other through a surrounding wall. The position in which it is located is rather isolated because it is more to the north and far from the city center and the castle. The functional division between the two buildings reflects the theme in which they're inserted, on the northern side, there are the residential and service functions, including the rooms of the Lord, an area which stands out for its height and turns towards the east. The general situation of the complex is considerably compromised. A recent inspection revealed the definitive collapse of part of the roof, added to degradation phenomena of extended areas from the upper floors through the ground floor. The main reason related to this phenomenon is the total absence of maintenance by the State, which owns the property and has not tried to limit damages to both buildings. The main causes of deterioration of the structures concern substantial infiltrations of water through cracks and collapses of the roofs, which have caused considerable damage to the underlying areas.
Among the farmhouses, Cascina Lavanderia is the closest to the Park and, due to its location, on historical maps, it is referred to as "Cascina del Parco" [60]. Its role was of service to the Castle and it was destined for the cultivation of vegetables and food preservation. The farmhouse is situated in a strategic position with respect to the Park, in an area next to the south-west border and the main access road and numerous paths directly connect it to the Park. From an architectural point of view, Cascina Ortovalle has been represented on historical maps since 1745. It is a single building with simple wings and was mainly used for cultivations of fruit and vegetables. The structure is located on a hill and can be accessed by a poorly maintained dirt road. The building is in good condition since it is inhabited. It has a large terrace looking into the countryside of Agliè and a wall surrounds it. The context in which Cascina Ortovalle is located is characterized by large cultivated fields and the structure is well connected to the city through the main road. Presently the building can be used on all stories, it is not at risk of collapse and it does not present a compromised crack pattern. The architectural structure has a large barn with a trussed roof, which was restored a few months ago by the current tenants of the building.
Cascina Gozzani is composed of two buildings and is located south-east of Agliè, not far from the park. The historical cadastral maps attribute ownership of Cascina to Guido Gozzano's family. The complex is characterized by a planimetric layout composed of an internal courtyard with a double opposing row that is spread throughout the Canavese countryside. The two buildings face each other at close range and they are connected to each other through a surrounding wall. The position in which it is located is rather isolated because it is more to the north and far from the city center and the castle. The functional division between the two buildings reflects the theme in which they're inserted, on the northern side, there are the residential and service functions, including the rooms of the Lord, an area which stands out for its height and turns towards the east. The general situation of the complex is considerably compromised. A recent inspection revealed the definitive collapse of part of the roof, added to degradation phenomena of extended areas from the upper floors through the ground floor. The main reason related to this phenomenon is the total absence of maintenance by the State, which owns the property and has not tried to limit damages to both buildings. The main causes of deterioration of the structures concern substantial infiltrations of water through cracks and collapses of the roofs, which have caused considerable damage to the underlying areas.
Among the farmhouses, Cascina Lavanderia is the closest to the Park and, due to its location, on historical maps, it is referred to as "Cascina del Parco" [60]. Its role was of service to the Castle and it was destined for the cultivation of vegetables and food preservation. The farmhouse is situated in a strategic position with respect to the Park, in an area next to the south-west border and the main access road and numerous paths directly connect it to the Park. From an architectural point of view, the structure is a simple two-story wing, with a stairwell in its central part. The state of conservation of this building is almost totally compromised. The structure is secured thanks to a system of beams to help in stabilizing it and reducing the risk of collapse. The roof and ceiling are almost completely collapsed, thus damaging the horizontal surfaces of the lower floors, and some of these rooms host dense vegetation ( Figure 3). Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 17 the structure is a simple two-story wing, with a stairwell in its central part. The state of conservation of this building is almost totally compromised. The structure is secured thanks to a system of beams to help in stabilizing it and reducing the risk of collapse. The roof and ceiling are almost completely collapsed, thus damaging the horizontal surfaces of the lower floors, and some of these rooms host dense vegetation ( Figure 3).

The A'WOT model
Starting from the analysis of the historic farmhouses of the Aglié Castle, in this paper we provide new management strategies of these assets aiming at their preservation and valorization. To this purpose, we developed an A'WOT model with the objective of ranking the four farmhouses according to their potential for successful valorization strategy implementation. They are ranked from best to worst in terms of priorities of potential successful intervention.
As described in Section 2, we structured the modeling into three main subsequent stages. The first step of the modeling consists of the implementation of the SWOT analysis and construction of the SWOT matrix in order to structure the decision problem. In particular, the SWOT categories (namely Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) were further broken down into specific sub-criteria, which represent the key aspects in the evaluation of cultural heritage assets. To identify the above-mentioned SWOT factors, we conducted an extensive literature review on cultural heritage valorization and interviewed a panel of experts composed by an officer of the Superintendence of Turin and by three experts in the field of history of architecture, restoration, and structural analysis, and economic valuation, respectively.
The SWOT factors identified, grouped into to Strengths S, Weaknesses W, Opportunities O and Threats T, can be described as follows.
• S1 accessibility: it considers the mobility network for reaching the farmhouses, • S2 state of conservation: it is related t to the current level of maintenance of the buildings, • S3 historical/cultural value: it considers the value of the building as resulting from specific documents and sources, • W1 current use: it takes into account the current function of the asset or the abandoned condition, • W2 ownership: it refers to the present ownership of the properties, whether of the Superintendence or of specific private entities, • W3 operation and maintenance (O&M) costs: they are related to building structure and materials, recreation, consumption and production activities host in the farmhouse,

The A'WOT Model
Starting from the analysis of the historic farmhouses of the Aglié Castle, in this paper we provide new management strategies of these assets aiming at their preservation and valorization. To this purpose, we developed an A'WOT model with the objective of ranking the four farmhouses according to their potential for successful valorization strategy implementation. They are ranked from best to worst in terms of priorities of potential successful intervention.
As described in Section 2, we structured the modeling into three main subsequent stages. The first step of the modeling consists of the implementation of the SWOT analysis and construction of the SWOT matrix in order to structure the decision problem. In particular, the SWOT categories (namely Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) were further broken down into specific sub-criteria, which represent the key aspects in the evaluation of cultural heritage assets. To identify the above-mentioned SWOT factors, we conducted an extensive literature review on cultural heritage valorization and interviewed a panel of experts composed by an officer of the Superintendence of Turin and by three experts in the field of history of architecture, restoration, and structural analysis, and economic valuation, respectively.
The SWOT factors identified, grouped into to Strengths S, Weaknesses W, Opportunities O and Threats T, can be described as follows.
• S1 accessibility: it considers the mobility network for reaching the farmhouses, • S2 state of conservation: it is related t to the current level of maintenance of the buildings, • S3 historical/cultural value: it considers the value of the building as resulting from specific documents and sources, • W1 current use: it takes into account the current function of the asset or the abandoned condition, • W2 ownership: it refers to the present ownership of the properties, whether of the Superintendence or of specific private entities, • W3 operation and maintenance (O&M) costs: they are related to building structure and materials, recreation, consumption and production activities host in the farmhouse, • O1 flexibility: it takes into account the potential of transforming and restoring the building, whereas maintaining the readability of the original structures and functions, • O2 quality of the context: it refers to the quality of the surrounding natural environment, • O3 network infrastructures: it takes into account whether the farmhouse is connected to public network infrastructures (e.g., utilities), • T1 relationship with the context: it is related to the typology and state of maintenance of built environment surrounding the asset, • T2 regulatory risks: it refers to changes in regulation which can affect the business or property use), • T3 budget constraints: it refers to a credit crunch, lack of financial resources and potential investors.
According to the aforementioned structure, we then compiled four SWOT matrixes, one for each farmhouse under investigation. As an example, Appendix A reports the SWOT matrix that has been constructed for Cascina Lavanderia.
In the second phase, according to the AHP [21], the SWOT factors have been organized into a hierarchical structure (Figure 4), in which at the top of the hierarchy there is the goal (i.e., ranking of ducal farmhouse with respect to their potential in the implementation of successful, sustainable valorization strategies), at lower levels, there are criteria (i.e., SWOT categories) and sub-criteria (i.e., SWOT factors), respectively. At the bottom of the tree-like structure, there are the alternatives under investigation (i.e., the ducal farmhouses in the Aglié estate), to be compared in order to determine their relative importance and the final ranking. • O1 flexibility: it takes into account the potential of transforming and restoring the building, whereas maintaining the readability of the original structures and functions, • O2 quality of the context: it refers to the quality of the surrounding natural environment, • O3 network infrastructures: it takes into account whether the farmhouse is connected to public network infrastructures (e.g., utilities), • T1 relationship with the context: it is related to the typology and state of maintenance of built environment surrounding the asset, • T2 regulatory risks: it refers to changes in regulation which can affect the business or property use), • T3 budget constraints: it refers to a credit crunch, lack of financial resources and potential investors.
According to the aforementioned structure, we then compiled four SWOT matrixes, one for each farmhouse under investigation. As an example, Appendix A reports the SWOT matrix that has been constructed for Cascina Lavanderia.
In the second phase, according to the AHP [21], the SWOT factors have been organized into a hierarchical structure (Figure 4), in which at the top of the hierarchy there is the goal (i.e., ranking of ducal farmhouse with respect to their potential in the implementation of successful, sustainable valorization strategies), at lower levels, there are criteria (i.e., SWOT categories) and sub-criteria (i.e., SWOT factors), respectively. At the bottom of the tree-like structure, there are the alternatives under investigation (i.e., the ducal farmhouses in the Aglié estate), to be compared in order to determine their relative importance and the final ranking. As required by the AHP method, firstly it was necessary to evaluate the criteria level, i.e., the SWOT categories, and the sub-criteria level, i.e., the SWOT factors. To this purpose, being more strategic and general levels of the problem, we asked the officer of the Superintendence, involved in the panel of experts, to fill in the pairwise comparison questions related to the relative importance of SWOT categories and SWOT factors. Figures 5 and 6 report an example of questions for the evaluation of the SWOT categories and factors, respectively.  As required by the AHP method, firstly it was necessary to evaluate the criteria level, i.e., the SWOT categories, and the sub-criteria level, i.e., the SWOT factors. To this purpose, being more strategic and general levels of the problem, we asked the officer of the Superintendence, involved in the panel of experts, to fill in the pairwise comparison questions related to the relative importance of SWOT categories and SWOT factors. Figures 5 and 6 report an example of questions for the evaluation of the SWOT categories and factors, respectively.

GOAL Definition of intervention priorities
Once all the pairwise comparison questions were filled in, we calculated the priorities of SWOT categories and factors as resulting from the Superintendence officer's interview (see Section 4).  Once all the pairwise comparison questions were filled in, we calculated the priorities of SWOT categories and factors as resulting from the Superintendence officer's interview (see Section 4).
Subsequently, it was necessary to fill in the pairwise comparison questions for alternatives evaluation. In this case, being a specific technical issue, we submitted the questionnaire to the abovementioned three experts in the field of history of architecture, restoration, and structural analysis, and economic valuation. They evaluated the farmhouses with respect to each selected factor (subcriterion) and evaluated each factor with respect to SWOT categories (criteria). It worth noting that as far as Strengths and Opportunities are considered, the preference for an alternative means that the alternative is able to maximize the S/O elements, while as far as the Weakness and Threats elements are considered, the preference for an alternative indicates the alternative is able to minimize the W/T elements. As an example, Figures 7 and 8 report two of the questions administered to the panel of experts.  Finally, in the third phase, once all the pairwise comparison matrices were replied, we calculated the priorities of the alternatives and multiplied the local weights of each farmhouse by the weights of the SWOT categories and factors previously defined, and obtained the final ranking (see Section 4).  Once all the pairwise comparison questions were filled in, we calculated the priorities of SWOT categories and factors as resulting from the Superintendence officer's interview (see Section 4).
Subsequently, it was necessary to fill in the pairwise comparison questions for alternatives evaluation. In this case, being a specific technical issue, we submitted the questionnaire to the abovementioned three experts in the field of history of architecture, restoration, and structural analysis, and economic valuation. They evaluated the farmhouses with respect to each selected factor (subcriterion) and evaluated each factor with respect to SWOT categories (criteria). It worth noting that as far as Strengths and Opportunities are considered, the preference for an alternative means that the alternative is able to maximize the S/O elements, while as far as the Weakness and Threats elements are considered, the preference for an alternative indicates the alternative is able to minimize the W/T elements. As an example, Figures 7 and 8 report two of the questions administered to the panel of experts.  Finally, in the third phase, once all the pairwise comparison matrices were replied, we calculated the priorities of the alternatives and multiplied the local weights of each farmhouse by the weights of the SWOT categories and factors previously defined, and obtained the final ranking (see Section 4). Subsequently, it was necessary to fill in the pairwise comparison questions for alternatives evaluation. In this case, being a specific technical issue, we submitted the questionnaire to the above-mentioned three experts in the field of history of architecture, restoration, and structural analysis, and economic valuation. They evaluated the farmhouses with respect to each selected factor (sub-criterion) and evaluated each factor with respect to SWOT categories (criteria). It worth noting that as far as Strengths and Opportunities are considered, the preference for an alternative means that the alternative is able to maximize the S/O elements, while as far as the Weakness and Threats elements are considered, the preference for an alternative indicates the alternative is able to minimize the W/T elements. As an example, Figures 7 and 8 report two of the questions administered to the panel of experts.  Once all the pairwise comparison questions were filled in, we calculated the priorities of SWOT categories and factors as resulting from the Superintendence officer's interview (see Section 4).
Subsequently, it was necessary to fill in the pairwise comparison questions for alternatives evaluation. In this case, being a specific technical issue, we submitted the questionnaire to the abovementioned three experts in the field of history of architecture, restoration, and structural analysis, and economic valuation. They evaluated the farmhouses with respect to each selected factor (subcriterion) and evaluated each factor with respect to SWOT categories (criteria). It worth noting that as far as Strengths and Opportunities are considered, the preference for an alternative means that the alternative is able to maximize the S/O elements, while as far as the Weakness and Threats elements are considered, the preference for an alternative indicates the alternative is able to minimize the W/T elements. As an example, Figures 7 and 8 report two of the questions administered to the panel of experts.  Finally, in the third phase, once all the pairwise comparison matrices were replied, we calculated the priorities of the alternatives and multiplied the local weights of each farmhouse by the weights of the SWOT categories and factors previously defined, and obtained the final ranking (see Section 4).  Once all the pairwise comparison questions were filled in, we calculated the priorities of SWOT categories and factors as resulting from the Superintendence officer's interview (see Section 4).
Subsequently, it was necessary to fill in the pairwise comparison questions for alternatives evaluation. In this case, being a specific technical issue, we submitted the questionnaire to the abovementioned three experts in the field of history of architecture, restoration, and structural analysis, and economic valuation. They evaluated the farmhouses with respect to each selected factor (subcriterion) and evaluated each factor with respect to SWOT categories (criteria). It worth noting that as far as Strengths and Opportunities are considered, the preference for an alternative means that the alternative is able to maximize the S/O elements, while as far as the Weakness and Threats elements are considered, the preference for an alternative indicates the alternative is able to minimize the W/T elements. As an example, Figures 7 and 8 report two of the questions administered to the panel of experts.  Finally, in the third phase, once all the pairwise comparison matrices were replied, we calculated the priorities of the alternatives and multiplied the local weights of each farmhouse by the weights of the SWOT categories and factors previously defined, and obtained the final ranking (see Section 4). Finally, in the third phase, once all the pairwise comparison matrices were replied, we calculated the priorities of the alternatives and multiplied the local weights of each farmhouse by the weights of the SWOT categories and factors previously defined, and obtained the final ranking (see Section 4).

Results and discussion
As aforementioned, we organized a focus group to validate the hierarchy and the weights by dynamic discussion [61][62][63]. During the brainstorming, experts processed data and contributed to discussion according to their expertise, and a moderator helped discussion among experts and favored the process of reaching consensus on the final set of weights. We obtained the final set of weights by calculating the geometrical mean of experts' judgments [64,65]. In detail, local priorities of objects are Sustainability 2020, 12, 1071 9 of 17 derived according to the eigenvalue approach to pairwise comparisons and then aggregated within the hierarchy in order to derive global priorities. We implemented the weighted geometric mean aggregation method in the computation of the global priorities as it reflects the preference information contained in local pairwise comparison matrices of alternatives properly [66]. In order to obtain the priority vectors and the final ranking, we implemented the A'WOT model in the Super Decision software. The overall set of weights of criteria and sub-criteria are displayed in Table 1. According to criteria priorities displayed in the third column of Table 1, Opportunities play a major role (i.e., 0.479) in the successful implementation of valorization strategies, whereas Weaknesses are ranked as fourth (i.e., 0.034). This result is rather intuitive with respect to asset valorization processes, in which the asset potential resides mostly in Opportunities, which counterbalance the negative impact of asset's Weaknesses on strategy implementation. As far as sub-criteria priorities are concerned (fourth column of Table 1), historical/cultural value has the highest priority with respect to strengths (i.e., 0.785), followed by state of conservation (i.e., 0.121) and by accessibility (i.e., 0.083), whose impact is negligible with respect to other factors. As far as Weaknesses are concerned current use has the highest priority (i.e., 0.669), whereas the quality of the context is the most important opportunity factor (i.e., 0.785) and the connection to network infrastructures is the least important (0.066). As expected, experts considered budget constraints as the most crucial Threats (i.e., 0.649) and, although it might appear counterintuitive, regulatory risks are ranked as third (i.e., 0.072). It is worth noting that the above priorities represent the relative importance of SWOT factors with respect to the parent node SWOT category. Therefore, although regulatory risks are ranked as last, this does not imply that they are not worth considering in absolute terms, being identified as a Threat in the SWOT analysis.
Finally, Table 2 illustrates alternatives' priority vectors with respect to each sub-criterion as well as ducal farmhouses' final ranking.
According to results, Cascina Lavanderia has the highest potential in the successful implementation of asset valorization strategies. This is mainly because the asset is not currently in use, thus easing any potential intervention, and to the quality of the surrounding context. In fact, it is very close to the park and its favorable location is of paramount importance in the successful design and development of a touristic circuit connecting the four ducal farmhouses in a unitary management perspective. The remaining farmhouses reveal the same potential, with a small preference for Cascina Lamandria, which is ranked as second, due to its good state of conservation. By contrast, Cascina Gozzano is ranked as fourth due to both its state of abandonment and distance from the Castle.
The Lavanderia farmhouse has a great potential in creating a synergy with the park system due to its favorable location and its original reason for construction, as it was built to be of service to Aglié Castle. Although it fell into neglect, its relatively small size (approximately 1400 square meters) increases the potential for timely maintenance and refurbishment of the structures, as well as the renovation of the roads connecting it to the park. The classification of the asset state of conservation and the identification of pathologies and degradation represent a crucial phase in the knowledge process and they are preliminary operations to establish the urgency of restoration works, defining the works to be undertaken in a specific site and their progressive order of intervention (Figure 9). The main objective is to recover the interconnections of this system to the reality of the Castle and the Park and to establish a unique well-coordinated management strategy.
From this preliminary analysis, it emerged the scenario hypothesis a, in which territorial, social and cultural peculiarities are the most suitable to the characteristics of the asset under investigation, to the detriment of the scenario hypothesis whose characteristics do not fully respond to its valorization needs. According to results, Cascina Lavanderia has the highest potential in the successful implementation of asset valorization strategies. This is mainly because the asset is not currently in use, thus easing any potential intervention, and to the quality of the surrounding context. In fact, it is very close to the park and its favorable location is of paramount importance in the successful design and development of a touristic circuit connecting the four ducal farmhouses in a unitary management perspective. The remaining farmhouses reveal the same potential, with a small preference for Cascina Lamandria, which is ranked as second, due to its good state of conservation. By contrast, Cascina Gozzano is ranked as fourth due to both its state of abandonment and distance from the Castle.
The Lavanderia farmhouse has a great potential in creating a synergy with the park system due to its favorable location and its original reason for construction, as it was built to be of service to Aglié Castle. Although it fell into neglect, its relatively small size (approximately 1400 square meters) increases the potential for timely maintenance and refurbishment of the structures, as well as the renovation of the roads connecting it to the park. The classification of the asset state of conservation and the identification of pathologies and degradation represent a crucial phase in the knowledge process and they are preliminary operations to establish the urgency of restoration works, defining the works to be undertaken in a specific site and their progressive order of intervention ( Figure 9).
The main objective is to recover the interconnections of this system to the reality of the Castle and the Park and to establish a unique well-coordinated management strategy.
From this preliminary analysis, it emerged the scenario hypothesis a, in which territorial, social and cultural peculiarities are the most suitable to the characteristics of the asset under investigation, to the detriment of the scenario hypothesis whose characteristics do not fully respond to its valorization needs.

Conclusions
The design of efficient strategies of cultural heritage assets valorization is a complex process, which requires a profound knowledge of its peculiarities and its identity through history and involves multiple decision variables, actors and stakeholders whose objectives are often conflicting and competing [67,68]. Enhancement of cultural heritage consists of giving forms and norms to those activities, which aim at both promoting its knowledge, use and public enjoyment and fostering conservation and restoration works. There is often a dichotomy between the economic and socio-cultural perspectives in defending human values and historical testimonies, which contribute to creating a cultural identity through centuries. Due to a lack of financial resources, it is fundamental to improve capacities for the sustainable use of cultural heritage by conserving, protecting, promoting and developing both natural and cultural heritage assets. Indeed, it is generally agreed in literature that sustainable development is a multi-dimensional concept and its evaluation is an interdisciplinary process, which involves cultural, social, environmental and economic disciplines, to show the impact of investment and allocation decisions on common resources. Integrated frameworks are thus necessary to cope with these issues and to support the decision-making processes [20,69]. In this respect, we provided a multi-criteria decision aiding approach for ranking valorization strategies of cultural heritage assets aimed at promoting their restoration and conservation, as well as at creating cultural and economic benefits by focusing on the ducal farmhouses of Aglié Castle estate in the Piedmont region, listed in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1997. We ranked the assets according to their potential in implementing successful valorization strategies. In order to be effective, these strategies should combine, on the one hand, efficient re-use of the above-mentioned buildings (currently in state of abandonment and partially or totally collapsed) and restoration of the original functions they were designed for, with the enhancement of existing synergies between them and the creation of new opportunities for their interconnections with cultural tourism circuits, on the other.
In order to provide guidelines to support the policymaker, it is of paramount importance to structure the analysis into sequential phases. In this respect, we firstly analyzed data relating to the real estate assets under investigation, with the aim of segmenting them for types of feasible interventions. Secondly, we developed the masterplan of the operation of valorization. We then implemented feasibility studies of individual assets in collaboration with the panel of experts to support the policymaker in the implementation phase of valorization actions.
The meta-design phase is de facto a fundamental preliminary step in the design of a future final project meant to the valorization of the farmhouses complex: it consists in constructing a structured mental scheme to clarify the needs that emerged in the preliminary study phase and provide guidelines for valorization strategies implementation. Contribution by different disciplines and technical competency are necessary in order to define the best project proposals to be developed within the preliminary planning stage and designing the final project. Many aspects that interact need to be carefully evaluated in order to obtain a sustainable proposal for compatible re-functionalization and re-use of this set of farmhouses.
According to our analysis, the main aspects to investigate are: • architectural features and priority ranking of action proposals, • environmental and landscape issues or road and infrastructure characteristics, • management and economic/financial outcomes, • social concerns.
The main objective in the conceptualization of the interventions designed to the restoration and valorization of the Agliè ducal farmhouses is to re-set in place synergies and interconnections between the farmhouses, the city center, and the Castle. In this respect, the determinant of the valorization process identified through our analysis is the inclusion in the Agliè estate of cultural activities, accommodation facilities and the establishment of biodynamic agriculture and organic farming experimental centers.
Cultural activities are key drivers in the valorization process as they add value to memory and testimony of cultural and historical traditions and enhance the knowledge of the historical phases, which have characterized the estate from construction. The development of accommodation facilities is necessary in order to attract and welcome to the farms' tourists (e.g., cultural tourists) from the town and the Castle to the farm: tourists coming to the Castle are currently at 20,000 per year, with a trend destined to grow. Our findings reveal that agriculture and hospitality could be the keystones of the restoration, conservation and financial recovery process involving these assets.
Based on our results, activities and functions with the highest potential in the implementation of successful management strategies relative to each farmhouse are listed below.

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Cascina Lavanderia: construction of hiking trails, accommodation, and reception facilities, aimed at acting as a filter between activities in the castle -park system and the other farmhouses. This is mainly due to its location directly connected to the park system, Acknowledgments: Part of the research presented in this paper was carried out within the specialization thesis "Il sistema delle cascine ducali ad Agliè. Dallo studio di fattibilità strategica ad una nuova proposta di valorizzazione" by Alessia Marello, Postgraduate School of Beni Architettonici e del Paesaggio of Politecnico di Torino. Authors are grateful to Professor Monica Naretto for her contribution to the historical archive search and the analysis of the historical issues this study bases on.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appendix A Table A1. SWOT matrix for the Lavanderia farmhouse. The Municipal Plan includes the area in the category of material goods that have generated the current shape of territory, as they constitute historical evidence of the production activity. The poor state of conservation and the large surface could make difficult to find financial resources and potential investors -Absence of interest in conservation and enhancement.