Employing Ecotourism Opportunities for Sustainability in the Aral Sea Region: Prospects and Challenges

The paper examines ecotourism in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan, an area with a fragile environment that has faced ecological crises and requires careful sustainable development. It looks at the supply side of ecotourism by examining Uzbekistani tour operators’ awareness of benefits derivable from promoting ecotourism in the region, and the local tourism industry’s motives to engage in this development. As a research methodology, the results of an exploratory survey of travel agents and tour operators highlight the policy-making and management interventions required for the more effective promotion and development of ecotourism in the Aral Sea region. The paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities associated with promoting ecotourism activities in the Aral Sea region in pursuit of sustainable regional development, improved livelihood for the local population, employment opportunity and income source creation, and enriched service exports. Key findings from the study show that stakeholders are aware of ecotourism’s value and are motivated to implement ecotourism in the region, but they have limited experience, competence, and international networks to promote and market ecotourism products and services. Local stakeholders have raised the issue that infrastructure development and access to microfinance are their greatest needs from local authorities in Uzbekistan.


Introduction
The tourism industry has emerged as one of the leading service industries in the global economy in recent decades [1]. The gradual development of tourism and the change of its status within society and economy go hand in hand with scientific and research activities in this sphere [2]. Contributing a significant share of the global gross national product and the total employment of many countries, tourism has become the lead economic branch of numerous countries [3]. The tourism sector accounts for about 7% of world exports and 10% of world GDP [4]. Tourism is integrated in 400 industries, annually provides more than USD 1.5 trillion in revenue, and is actually the only industry in the world that has shown steady growth in recent years [5].
The Aral Sea Basin (ASB)-extending to five Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, and a small part of Iran-is a fragile ecosystem threatened by man-made ecological crises. Environmental impacts in the region could lead to the collapse of ecosystems, the deterioration of the health and livelihoods of local populations, and the threatening of sustainable development of the region [6]. It is therefore critical that regional development takes into account the environmental issues at hand. The Aral Sea region, covering northwest Uzbekistan, has many historical, archaeological, and ecological sites. The unique nature of the existing ecosystems and their flora and fauna suggests this area has great potential for ecotourism opportunities. Uzbekistan, which has the most important tourist potential in the Central Asian region, is one of the oldest centers of world civilization. More than 7000 historical and architectural monuments with invaluable spiritual heritage are located in the ancient cities Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and Shakhrisabz, which are included on the UNESCO world heritage list [7]. Uzbekistan has a very strong competence in cultural, heritage, pilgrimage, and rural tourism, while ecotourism is considered a new, emerging direction of tourism in the country [8].
The modern development of tourism is based on the authentic quality of space and resources. For these reasons, and especially for its own long-term sustainable development, the tourism economy in Uzbekistan has to protect, improve and maintain the rational use of space and resources as its top priority. Ecotourism can contribute to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values, and can serve as a tool to finance the protection of natural areas and increase their economic competence [9]. Because of the special relationships common between the resources and local communities of protected areas, ecotourism's potential as a supplementary or alternative livelihood for local communities is frequently emphasized [10]. Given that ecotourism involves multiple goals, it inevitably involves stakeholders with different interests, roles, and responsibilities [11,12].
Despite government interest in ecotourism development [13], its use has not been systematically studied with empirical evidence to assess the ways in which tourism stakeholders in Uzbekistan conceptualize ecotourism in the first place [14,15]. The purpose of the paper is to understand the perspectives on ecotourism among local stakeholders (i.e., travel agents, guides, tour operators) by exploring the ways in which Uzbekistani tourism stakeholders conceptualize ecotourism. Using data gathered from a quantitative, explorative survey of 86 travel agents and tour operators in Uzbekistan, this paper confirms that nature-based tourism activities form a small but promising part of the local tourism industry, and argues that local stakeholders are highly aware of ecotourism's non-monetary benefits. The research examines the potential of ecotourism development to strengthen sustainability in the Aral Sea region, and its questions ask how ecotourism can increase well-being and sustainability in the Aral Sea region. The study's goals are to (a) conduct an exploratory study of local stakeholder awareness of ecotourism, and (b) assess key stakeholders' perceptions of the market potential and opportunity for ecotourism in the Aral Sea region.
This research provides important insights for the development of ecotourism in the Aral Sea region, and fills an important gap in such research in the current literature.

Benefits and Challenges of Ecotourism for Sustainable Development
Sustainable development through tourism has been an important topic of discussion in recent years [16]. Tourism is a major agent of transformation [17]. Wherever it occurs, tourism development changes society and its environment. Development brings new value to local resources and new strains on the existing infrastructure [18]. In addition to contrary evidence of tourism being a net contributor to poverty reduction and alleviation, tourism also contributes substantially to resource consumption and global change [19,20]. It is therefore critical that tourism development is undertaken to maximize benefits for the destination's community [21].
The development of ecotourism, a form of sustainable tourism, has been an important factor in the development of emerging destinations [22]. When it comes to ecotourism, there are different definitions and interpretations of the term. Hector Ceballos Lascurain, a Mexican environmentalist, coined the term ecotourism in 1983, defining it as "travelling to relatively undisturbed natural areas with specific objective of studying, admiring and enjoying scenery and its wild animals and plants" [23]. Since then, ecotourism has been described as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of the local people and involves interpretation and education" [24]. The key principles of ecotourism cover decreasing the negative environmental impact, increasing cultural and environmental awareness, and offering positive experiences for visitors and economic empowerment for the local population, while enhancing sensitivity to the host country's environmental and economic policy [25,26]. Sustainable tourism is the freedom of tourist traveling, satisfying their economic, social, and aesthetic needs, while also preserving the characteristics of the local natural and social environment, and the cultural and historical heritage [3]. Ecotourism has been shown to preserve threatened biodiversity and enhance local economies in remote regions [27], though some researchers [22,28] argue that the specific meaning and implications of the term are not clearly articulated. At least three elements of ecotourism can be distinguished: first, the experience of close contact with nature and people from different cultures; second, the choice of tourism forms that maximize revenues for poorer people rather than large (international) tourism companies; and third, reducing the overall environmental impact of travel [29]. Ecotourism has the potential to benefit the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values, and can serve as a tool to finance the protection of natural areas and increase their economic competence [9].
Because of the special relationships common between the resources and local communities of protected areas, ecotourism's potential as a supplementary or alternative livelihood for local communities is frequently emphasized [10]. Given that ecotourism involves multiple goals, it inevitably involves stakeholders with different interests, roles, and responsibilities [11,12]. Ecotourism development usually involves a wide variety of stakeholders, including tourists, residents, governments, managers, and so on [30,31]. As the description of ecotourism is made more complex and inclusive of multiple purposes [32], in practice it becomes increasingly difficult to meet various intentions simultaneously [19,33], mostly when confronted with complex natural, social and economic situations [10].
The importance of ecotourism has long been recognized politically, publicly and scholarly, and the related research agenda has grown significantly in the past two decades [34]. A seminal paper [35] effectively summarized the progress in ecotourism research and highlights that past studies have primarily been concerned with five major themes, namely (1) the supply of ecotourism activities, (2) the demand for ecotourism products and services, (3) the role of various institutions in planning, managing, and monitoring the development of ecotourism, (4) the impacts of ecotourism, and (5) the relationship between ecotourism and other tourism types and non-tourism economic activities. According to [35], the research within these five themes is, however, unbalanced, in that an increasing number of studies are examining the growing demand for ecotourism and the resultant accelerating impacts of ecotourism activities. Such themes as the supply side of ecotourism remain under-studied, and further research is required to expand this important field of knowledge [36]. Interestingly, the call for more research on the supply side of ecotourism was first made in 1999 (see a seminal study by Sirakaya et al. [37]), but the response to this call has apparently been insufficient to date [38]. Indeed, the review paper by Weaver and Lawton [35] suggests that the bulk of supply-side studies have focused on ecotourism venues operating, in particular, on protected areas. Further, scholarly interest in the industry providing ecotourism services has been limited in that the prime focus of existing research has been on the business success of ecotourism ventures [39]. The motives of tour operators and tourism businesses to engage in ecotourism have been studied to a much lesser degree [40].
The motives of tour operators and tourism businesses to engage in ecotourism can be intrinsic and extrinsic [36]. Such ecotourism stakeholders as policy-makers and destination management professionals should strive to comprehend these motives so as to design appropriate measures encouraging business engagement in ecotourism [29].
Arguably, the goal should be the "right" balance of motives; while tour operators and tourism businesses can be driven by a genuine desire to promote low-impact tourism in a specific destination (the intrinsic motive), it is critical to sustain this desire with tailored supportive actions and dedicated incentive mechanisms (the extrinsic motive). If one motive is absent or insufficiently articulated, it is fair to expect that tour operators and tourism businesses may gradually drop their initial intention to invest in ecotourism. This underlines the importance of recognizing the needs and wants of all ecotourism stakeholders, especially power-and finance-holders, from the outset of ecotourism projects [41]. Indeed, if a tour operator is intrinsically motivated to engage in ecotourism but national policy-makers do not see potential in developing ecotourism in a specific destination-and therefore provide no suitable support-then this "miss-match" in expectations may result in an unsuccessful business investment. Likewise, if policy-makers are willing to promote ecotourism in a specific destination as a vehicle for socio-economic development and/or environmental conservation, but a tour operator is only motivated by short-term financial gains, then this may lead to a conflict of interest, with subsequent challenges in ecotourism planning and management [42]. Ideally, all ecotourism stakeholders should understand the perspectives of each other and work collaboratively toward a mutual goal of sustained ecotourism development in a given destination [32]. This is particularly important in the context of developing countries and remote destinations, where the lack of resources and traditions of democratic governance may not only undermine the immediate success of ecotourism but also endanger the long-term well-being of natural ecosystems and local communities [43]. Nevertheless, ecotourism is often viewed as an easy entry into niche tourism markets, drawing on a perceived "inexhaustible" supply of natural products and gesturing toward ideals of sustainability and environmental awareness [28].

Ecotourism in Uzbekistan
The Aral Sea region is abundant with historical, archaeological, and ecological sites. The unique nature of the main river banks and their flora and fauna suggests that these places have great potential for ecotourism opportunities. The main functions of ecotourism-to protect natural areas, provide competitive tourism experience, and enhance local economies through nature protection, environmental education, and rural empowerment-may stimulate the rapid development of tourism, as well as other sectors of the economy, withhold the ongoing environmental degradation of the Aral Sea region, and improve the socio-economic well-being of the local population [14]. However, alarmingly, there is little awareness on the demand side (i.e., tourists) and the supply side (i.e., tour operators) about the ecotourism potential of the lower Amudarya state's biosphere reserve, the Aral sea shore's ship cemetery in Muynak, ancient Khorezm fortresses (i.e., Ayazkala, Tuprakkala), and especially the Nukus Art Museum named after Savitsky [15].
Uzbekistan has been taking extensive measures to promote ecotourism that can significantly improve living standards, create new jobs, and strengthen international relations. The successful implementation of ecotourism development in Uzbekistan shows the importance of properly understanding the scope and value of this advancement, as a factor of the whole state's sustainable development. Ecotourism opportunities in Uzbekistan are diverse and rich, including Ugham Chatkal State Natural Park, the riparian forests in the delta of the Amu Darya River, the region of environmental disaster in the Aral Sea, desert terrain and the Kyzyl Kum desert, and the mountains and lake Nuratin Aydarkul in the Farish district of the Jizzakh region [13].
The tourism-recreation complex in the Uzbek economy, and its effective management, have been developed by Khamidov [44], who identified the index of ecological tourism in protected natural areas and determined possibilities for increasing the share of ecotourism in the gross domestic product (GDP) by increasing the income of ecological tourism. The concept and current conditions of ecotourism in the case of the Khorezm region are analyzed, and recommendations are provided for further development [45]. The model of ecotourism development using protected natural areas in the Aral Sea Basin has been developed and tourist itineraries have been developed based on the Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve, the Sultan Uvays Mountains, the Ustyurt Plateau, Sudoche and Saigachia, and the Aral Sea ecotourism potential [15]. Furthermore, theoretical and methodological issues surrounding the development of ecotourism in the Republic of Karakalpakstan are explored to raise the problems and their solutions, given the tourism potential assessment of Karakalpakstan, including analyzing new ecotourism destinations in the region [13]. Khalilova and Allaberganov [46] defined ways to solve the Aral Sea basin problem, the current conditions and the improvement of the ecological situation, and recommendations to create tourist zones in the region.

Current Tourism Development in Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, which has the most important tourist potential in the Central Asian region, is one of the oldest centers of world civilization. More than 7000 historical and architectural monuments with invaluable spiritual heritage are located in the ancient cities Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and Shakhrisabz, which are included on the UNESCO world heritage list [7]. Uzbekistan has very strong competences in cultural, heritage, pilgrimage and rural tourism, while ecotourism is considered a new, emerging direction of tourism in Uzbekistan.
Modern tourism development is based on the authentic quality of space and resources. For that reason, and especially for its own long-term sustainable development, the tourism economy in Uzbekistan has to protect, improve, and maintain the rational use of space and resources as its top priority. Most incoming tourists to Uzbekistan visit in order to enjoy the cultural heritage of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva-mainly their historical buildings and delicious foods. Most of the touristic load is concentrated in three cities: Samarkand, Bukhara, and partially in Khiva.
With the new government's introduction in 2016, many strategic reforms have been taking place to promote the tourism potential of Uzbekistan. The cancellation of the Uzbek visa for over 80 countries and the removing of bureaucratic barriers to tourism investors are truly supporting the liberalization of the tourism market in Uzbekistan [47]. In 2019, over 6.7 million tourists visited the country, while the figure was 2.7 million in 2017. About 250,000 people are employed in the hospitality market of Uzbekistan [48]. International tourism is becoming an important source of foreign exchange, job creation, and economic growth in the country.
Uzbekistan has been taking extensive measures to promote ecotourism that can significantly improve living standards, create new jobs, and strengthen international relations. The successful implementation of ecotourism development in Uzbekistan shows the importance of properly understanding the scope and value of the advancement, as a factor of the whole state's sustainable development. Ecotourism opportunities in Uzbekistan are diverse and rich, including Ugham Chatkal State Natural Park, riparian forests in the delta of the Amu Darya River, the region of environmental disaster in the Aral Sea, the desert terrain and the Kyzyl Kum desert, and the mountains and lake Nuratin Aydarkul in the Farish district of the Jizzakh region [13].

Tourism Development in the Aral Sea Region
The Aral Sea region has an abundance of historical, archaeological and ecological sites. The unique nature of the main river banks and their unique flora and fauna suggests that these places have a great potential for ecotourism opportunities. The main functions of ecotourism-to protect natural areas, provide competitive tourism experience, and enhance local economies through nature protection, environmental education, and rural empowerment-may stimulate the rapid development of tourism, as well as other sectors of the economy, withhold the ongoing environmental degradation of the Aral Sea region, and improve the socio-economic well-being of the local population [49]. Some researchers [13,15] have suggested there is little awareness on the demand side (i.e., tourists) and supply side (i.e., tour operators) about the ecotourism potential of the lower Amudarya state's biosphere reserve, the Aral sea shore's ship cemetery in Muynak, ancient Khorezm fortresses (i.e., Ayazkala, Tuprakkala), and especially the Nukus Art Museum named after Savitsky (Figure 1). Because the Aral Sea region is not very accessible, most tour agencies prefer not to focus on travel to the Sea. It is associated with comparatively poor infrastructure (i.e., road, electricity) and noncompetitive service at hotels and restaurants in comparison with Samarkand and Tashkent [13]. However, to increase people's well-being and livelihoods in the Aral Sea region, policy-makers must stimulate all touristic units so as to increase the quality of the services provided, leading to marketing and the promotion of destinations in the long-term [51]. To diversify tourism in Uzbekistan, encouraging tourists to stay at least 1-2 nights more in the Aral Sea region is recommended (i.e., Nukus, Muynak or the seashore). While observing local travel agencies, the authors came across brilliant solutions to attract more tourists. An established tour agency in Khiva Islambek Travel includes a travel route to the Aral Sea and its surrounding areas.
Tourists arriving in Khiva drive to the Aral Sea while passing through the 5 or 10 ancient fortresses during their 10 h journey ( Figure 2). Long trips are favored by tourists when they want to discover more about the sea, desert, fortresses and lakes, while a short trip is less expensive and provides a general introduction to the Aral Sea and its surroundings. The desert's beauty and dry continental weather help visitors explore more about the climate and environmental situation in the region. Passing through canyons and staying overnight on the seashore expands visitors' insights into the enormous industrial potential of the 1960s. Rich flora and fauna show the region's diverse nature and climatic conditions. Indeed, the ancient Khorezm fortresses (i.e., Ayazkala, Tuprakkala) teach visitors about early human civilization in the region in the 3rd through to the 1st century BC [15].

Survey Design
A quantitative survey was designed to collect the perspectives of local stakeholders in the Uzbek tourism sector to examine the scope of ecotourism development in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan. The survey aimed at (1) establishing the motivations of tourism businesses in Uzbekistan to engage in ecotourism, (2) assessing how important the specific roles of ecotourism for local (destination and community) development are to tourism businesses in Uzbekistan, (3) evaluating the extent of business understanding of the "classical" attributes of ecotourism, (4) identifying the determinants of the successful provision of ecotourism products and services in Uzbekistan, and (5) outlining the key operational barriers to ecotourism development in the Aral Sea Region.
Six ad-hoc measures to determine business motivations were designed based on the literature review [37]. The literature claims that tourism businesses are driven by intrinsic and extrinsic motives when deciding on how or why to engage in ecotourism [37]; examples of such motives were extracted for use in this study. The measures were operationalized using a five-point Likert scale ranging from "Strongly agree" to "Strongly disagree".
To assess how important the specific roles of ecotourism for local destination development are to tourism businesses in Uzbekistan, nine original measures, which Kontogeorgopoulos and Chulikavit [40] studied for the perceptions of ecotourism among travel agents and tour operators in Thailand, were adopted. These measured the extent of agreement among Uzbek tourism businesses concerning the value provided by ecotourism for tourism businesses, tourists, and local communities in the Aral Sea Region. The measures included, among others, such values as profit-making, environmental conservation, and environmental education, to mention a few (Appendix A). The measures were operationalized using a five-point Likert scale.
Thirteen measures to evaluate the extent to which tourism businesses in Uzbekistan understand what ecotourism involves were adopted from Kontogeorgopoulos and Chulikavit [40]. These were operationalized using a five-point Likert scale and sought to establish the extent of the business association of various ecotourism attributes (for example, fun/relaxation versus education/conservation) with ecotourism provision in the Aral Sea region.
To identify the determinants of the successful provision of ecotourism products and services in the Aral Sea region, 12 ad-hoc questions were designed aiming to measure the extent to which tourism businesses in Uzbekistan agree with the importance of various factors in their engagement with ecotourism. The factors the importance of which was measured were institutional (availability of interest-free bank loans, dedicated governmental support, external marketing, and externally facilitated training opportunities), demand-related (sufficient demand from domestic and international tourists, including availability of direct flights from major European cities), and supply-related (support from local communities, availability of sufficient local transport, hotel and catering infrastructure, and availability of local tour guides). The measures were ad-hoc, as no past research has examined the potential of ecotourism in Uzbekistan. They were operationalized using a five-point Likert scale, and ad-hoc questions were developed for the survey. Six tourism faculties familiar with ecotourism research reviewed the questions to confirm the approach's face validity. A pre-test was conducted among a short list of six stakeholders that led to minor changes to the survey.
Finally, to outline the key operational opportunities of ecotourism in the Aral Sea region alongside barriers to its successful development, the last set of questions was designed to shed light on the quality of (transport, accommodation, and catering) infrastructure in the region, the reasons for "passiveness" of local tour operators and travel agents in promoting/providing ecotourism, and the scope for engaging local communities in the provision of ecotourism products and services.

Survey Administration
The survey was distributed among local tourism stakeholders (i.e., tour guides, hotels, travel agencies, and the State Committee for Tourism Development). Telegram is a popular social media platform in Uzbekistan, and the survey was distributed using an official Telegram group of Uzbek Tourism state committee stakeholders, to which all tour agencies, guides, hotels, museums, and NGOs are subscribed. Over 500 stakeholders subscribe to this group. The survey was announced and distributed to the stakeholders during the low-tourist season in February 2020. Eighty-six local stakeholders could allocate time to complete the survey questions online.

Findings
Eighty-six valid responses were collected when the survey was distributed to the Telegram group with over 500 tourism stakeholders. Fifty percent of the sample was represented by tour operators and travel agents, followed by hotels (29%). The rest of the sample was composed of tourist attraction managers, foodservices, and representatives of non-governmental organizations involved in ecotourism promotion and development in Uzbekistan. Fifty-two percent of the study participants had one or more ecotourism products already in operation in the Aral Sea region, while the rest of the sample had either considered offering such a product or were at the design stage. Table 1 shows the motivations of tourism businesses in Uzbekistan to engage in ecotourism in the Aral Sea region. Extrinsic motives (i.e., revenue generation) dominate the sample, with the majority considering ecotourism an opportunity to make money and take advantage of governmental incentives. Intrinsic motives (i.e., local employment) are also strong, with a large number of businesses seeing ecotourism as a vehicle for environmental conservation and local community engagement.  Table 2 indicates how important the specific roles of ecotourism in local destination development are to tourism businesses in Uzbekistan. It shows that profit-making, although seen as important by many businesses within the sample, does not represent the most important role of ecotourism. Environmental conservation, community education, and public awareness building are assigned more important roles.  Table 3 demonstrates the extent to which tourism businesses in Uzbekistan understand the main attributes of ecotourism. It shows good levels of understanding, with such attributes as authenticity, environmental education, and local community benefits dominating the sample. The importance of fun and relaxation is less pronounced, thus indicating that tourism businesses correctly understand why ecotourism should be promoted and developed. Table 4 shows the determinants of the successful provision of ecotourism products and services in the Aral Sea region, as perceived by Uzbekistani tourism businesses. It suggests that the under-developed tourism infrastructure, including the availability of qualified tour guides, in the Aral Sea region represents a major barrier to ecotourism development. The lack of demand from major tourism markets in Europe is another critical impediment. Interestingly, governmental support is seen as sufficient for ecotourism development, and marketing does not seem to be problematic. This may be partially attributed to domestic tourists being, at the moment, prime consumers of ecotourism in the Aral Sea region.  Lastly, tourism businesses in Uzbekistan claimed that local communities in the Aral Sea region could contribute substantially to promoting and developing ecotourism. Their main contribution was seen in providing tour guide services, which is important because local tour guides are a crucial attribute of ecotourism development in the Aral Sea Region. Local infrastructure was seen as a key impediment to ecotourism, with the majority of tourism businesses ranking its quality as poor or very poor. In particular, tourist accommodation was considered inadequate to meet the expectations of tourists (93% of study participants ranked it as average or below). Catering and transport facilities were also ranked as inadequate (83.7% and 79.1% of study participants marked these as average and below, respectively). The main reasons behind the unwillingness to actively promote ecotourism in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan are as follows: lack of experience (in the design and development of ecotourism products and services), lack of competence (in promoting ecotourism products and services), and lack of international networks (social capital) (to promote and market ecotourism products and services). Cumulatively, these factors accounted for over 50% of responses. Lack of demand, closely linked to limited marketing skills, was also frequently mentioned (about 20% of responses), thus indicating another area for intervention. Lastly, the under-developed tourism infrastructure of the Aral Sea region and the main demand for ecotourism coming from domestic tourists, who were far from wealthy, led to shorter ecotourism tours and their limited profitability [15]. Of all study participants, 80.9% highlighted that ecotourists spent less than USD 200 a day, while staying in the Aral Sea region, on average, no more than two days.

Discussion and Conclusions
This research clearly identified that the stakeholders in Uzbekistan's Aral Sea region see a range of benefits from developing ecotourism, including employment, income generation, and the ability to improve people's lives in local communities. The findings differ from the assessment of Kontogeorgopoulos and Chulikavit [40], wherein awareness of ecotourism among tourism suppliers was low. Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators were important to stakeholders in the region, which differs from similar studies. For example, the survey of ecotourism providers in Thailand [40] showed that Thai operators are only driven by extrinsic motives. In the current study, a large number of providers do not have a clear opinion on these motives, which suggests that tourism businesses tend to (almost equally) have intrinsic and extrinsic motives when deciding on how/why to get involved in ecotourism. We found that Uzbekistan ecotourism stakeholders are notably different, as they perceive their extrinsic rewards as being on almost the same level as their intrinsic rewards. These differences in motivation may result from both cultural differences between Uzbekistan and Thailand, and Uzbek respondents being highly aware of the stress on the Aral Sea environment. This difference has positive implications for policy-making [29], because policy-makers do not need to invest time (and money) to raise eco-awareness in Uzbekistan tour operators and tourism suppliers.
The following action framework is an advisory tool to offer recommendations for the most appropriate decision-makers and stakeholders (Table 5). Considering the implications of this study, a set of actions has been developed. The actions framework (Table 5) consists of three categories of activities (local, national, and international) with different engaged government authorities. When local needs are supported with international experience and know-how, ecotourism can have the highest level of social, economic, and environmental sustainability in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan.
These findings are encouraging and provide a strong foundation on which the growth of ecotourism in the region can be developed. While there is preliminary understanding of concepts around ecotourism, evidence exists that further training and capacity-building is required. Competence, or the knowledge of running an ecotourism business, has to be raised through corresponding courses and exchange visits for managers of tourism activities. Three levels of actions (local, national, and international) must be implemented to improve the ecotourism services in Uzbekistan. Indeed, the lack of experience, or practical skills, required for running ecotourism businesses of the Uzbek tourism stakeholders can be overcome gradually with increasing tourist flows. The findings suggest that training and skill development are required. These programs may use traditional training mechanisms such as courses and seminars, or use massive online open courses (MOOCs). MOOCs can be an accessible decentralized solution, as all stakeholders cannot regularly attend university courses.
The survey results reveal that stakeholders also see ecotourism as a means to achieve social and environmental goals, including generating funds to support environmental conservation and promote environmental awareness [53]. These expectations align with the experience of other communities seeking to develop ecotourism [54]. The respondents also demonstrate an understanding of the key attributes required to deliver ecotourism experiences. In particular, respondents recognized the needs of incorporating environmental conservation and education in their tourism experiences.
The respondents also identified a series of opportunities and challenges they perceived in developing ecotourism in the region. These factors include consumer demand and supply chain development, support for tourism business development, and infrastructure needs to support tourism development (Table 5). This expectation of government support and involvement in developing ecotourism is consistent with findings from other countries, as ref. [55] notes that government participation is very important in developing countries wherein tourism planning and promotion is directly controlled by public authorities. Stakeholders generally agree that the government of Uzbekistan needs to develop a strategic approach to stimulate ecotourism, from both the demand and supply sides. Government engagement has been shown to ensure the sustainable development of the tourism sector, as it guides the private sector's participation [56]. Government is the main initiator for infrastructure development, which can stimulate the private sector to offer a wide range of services based on the created infrastructure [57]. The government plays an important role in developing the region's tourism infrastructure, improving national legislation in this area, restoring cultural, historical, and ecological sites, and creating favorable conditions for tourists [58]. Effective development of the tourism sector is impossible without state regulation [59], coordination, and control by the structures responsible for its development. The government should be a key reformer in developing tourism infrastructure, as well as developing and implementing tourism policy [60]. Without the foundations of infrastructure development and other policy frameworks, the private sector does not consider the industry worthy of investment [61].
Respondents identified limited infrastructure as a critical impediment to tourism development in the Aral Sea region. Lack of infrastructure (i.e., transportation) is the problematic aspect of and barrier against ecotourism development. Providing high-quality infrastructure, which requires long-term strategic actions by the government, is an important enabler of tourism development, including ecotourism. These findings suggest that an important factor in ecotourism development in the region will be the development of transport and road infrastructure. Partnership with development organizations (i.e., UNDP, UNEP), financial institutions (i.e., World Bank, ADB), and tourism organizations (i.e., UNWTO) can offer a chain of systematic solutions. Local stakeholders mentioned that key destinations (i.e., Aral Sea shore, Muynak ship cemetery, and ancient Khorezm fortresses) need specific attention to increase tourists' turnover. These actions, while benefiting tourism development, will stimulate sustainable development in the region and improve local quality of life.
The findings also suggest that a need exists for increased training and capacity building in ecotourism, and for financing and microfinancing to support the development of new ecotourism businesses. Specifically, stakeholders noted that ecotourism development is constrained by the inability of entrepreneurs and small tourism businesses to access capital to meet the needs of the ecotourism market. One solution to this is providing tourism business development support to local tourism stakeholders, and access to finance at affordable low-interest rates. These are indispensable resources for local tourism sector stakeholders wishing to increase their supply of the relevant ecotourism services, such as opening a guest house or guiding and offering camel trips. The issues of training, capacity building and financial support for business development will require both government and local NGO responses to address the concerns. Indeed, to ensure ecotourism development meets international standards, tourism stakeholders in Uzbekistan should consider establishing strategic partnerships with international development organizations (i.e., UNWTO) and financial institutions (i.e., EBRD).
It is generally believed that ecotourism is not well developed in Uzbekistan, even though there is high potential and existing tour operators do not offer such touristic packages or services. The survey indicated there is awareness of ecotourism's benefits among local tourism stakeholders, but rather low awareness and support from the state authorities. Thus the results and recommendations drawn from the study can inform decision-makers, for better policy-making and management of the tourism sector in Uzbekistan.
Uzbekistan is a young country (being made independent in 1991) with as yet limited experience in ecotourism (in contrast to, for example, Thailand), and stakeholders are different in having both extrinsic and intrinsic motives. stakeholders are aware of ecotourism's value and are motivated to implement ecotourism in the region, but they have limited experience, competence, and international networks to promote and market ecotourism products and services. Thus policy interventions, at both the national and international level, have to target these bottlenecks.
The Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan has significant potential as an ecotourism destination. Ecotourism offers the region a sustainable, environmentally friendly means of development. The development of ecotourism has seen broad acceptance by the key stakeholders in the region's tourism industry, who see significant benefits both for themselves and the community. Nevertheless, to meet the region's potential, challenges at the both business and government levels of the tourism system must be addressed. Businesses and entrepreneurs need support in financing ventures to meet the opportunity and, while there is general awareness of ecotourism's needs, additional training and capacity-building are required. As members of an emerging destination, tourism operators must build demand for their operations and establish relationships with members of both domestic and international distribution chains. From a governmental perspective, infrastructure will be required to support the region's growth. Despite the challenges, recognition by both policy-makers and tourism industry stakeholders of ecotourism's benefits provides a positive foundation for future market development.
This case study can be related to other post-soviet countries located in Central Asia and the Caucasus, for example, which had a similar high potential for ecotourism development and similar starting socio-economic conditions, as well as a lack of awareness from the main stakeholders and poor infrastructure. Indeed, the Aral Sea region is directly influencing the ecological conditions in Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. The case study's outputs can be replicated in the decision-making of these respective neighboring countries. Funding: This research did not receive external funding. APC is funded by ETH Zurich.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.