Tracking the Interlinkages across SDGs: The Case of Hill Centered Education Network in Bogota, Colombia

: The main objective of this paper is to use the successful example of the Hill Centered Education Network in Bogota, Colombia, to discuss the role that education and bottom-up initiatives can have in the integrated implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Founded in 2015 by a team of three organisations, the Bogota Hill Network includes today more than 100 schools, 21 non-governmental organisations and three governmental agencies. Oriented to promote ecological conservation through education, the network uses the natural ecosystems of the city as a learning environment where collaborative projects are created and implemented. By involving a large number of pupils with di ﬀ erent socio-economic and cultural backgrounds, the initiative has been able to promote equality and inclusion while developing environmental stewardship of students and communities. The achievements of the projects, together with the main opportunities and challenges, are used in this paper to map the interlinkages across targets and goals and to discuss the role of education in the development of integrated partnerships across a wide range of sustainability dimensions. From a policy perspective, the discussion of the bottom-up initiatives and the identiﬁcation of successful examples can support the design of policies and the replication of sustainability initiatives.


Introduction
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the global community in September 2015, set an ambitious range of targets aiming to reach an integrated balance among socio-economic and environmental objectives [1].Unlike the previous Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the role of coordinated actions and aims to capture the interlinkages and dependencies existing between targets and goals [2].Based on the idea that sustainability dimensions cannot be managed with a disconnected silo approach, the SDGs call for integrated policies across thematic and geographical areas [3].A deep understanding of the interactions existing between the socio-economic and the environmental elements is then a key factor in the achievement of sustainability successes [4].In addition, the possibility to design policies able to address more than one target at the same time is an opportunity for cost reduction and efficiency, as highlighted by United Nations [5,6].
Within this context, a system thinking approach, devoted to combine multifaced knowledge perspectives in the analysis of the sustainability interactions, has been largely used as theoretical and operational structure [7,8].The interlinkages analysis and visualization tool, developed by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) [9] and the analytical frameworks proposed by European Commission [10] and International Council for Science [11] are just some examples of the multidimensional efforts devoted to promote a better understanding of the spill over effects.In a similar way, a large number of studies, have been specifically devoted to investigating the interactions of specific targets and goals, such as the analyses focusing on the Nexus approach [12,13] on the Integrated Assessment Models [14], on the use of indicators [15] and global CGE Models [16].As pointed out by Weitz et al. [17], these forward-looking modelling perspectives have mainly been used to investigate the interaction across targets and goals by (i) studying one specific goal to explore the relations with the others [18,19], (ii) grouping goals and targets to investigate the relationships existing among them [20], (iii) using scoring systems to analyse the interactions across the entire set of targets and goals [17,21,22].The related studies have then been oriented to investigate the sustainability effects using theoretical approaches or by the development of modelling tools [23].The identification of hypothetical links need, however, to be complemented by analysis of real-world situations.The development of case studies, specifically devoted to account for context-based circumstances, have then been advocated as a fundamental factor complementing the modelling approaches reported above [21].
Focusing on empirical rather than the hypothetical impacts, the case study approach provides a wide range of benefits.Firstly, the use of real examples of sustainability interactions makes easier to identify the interlinkages existing between targets and goals.Secondly, the possibility to perform preand post-evaluation of projects provides an important learning environment to compare the theoretical background used in the design of initiatives and the outcome generated by practices.Finally, the focus on bottom-up initiatives, developed through the participation of the local communities, can facilitate the identification of opportunities and constraints and promote the replication of good practices both at national and international levels [24][25][26][27].
It is within this context that the present paper develops.By presenting a case study of education for sustainable development projects implemented in primary school in Bogota, Colombia, the paper identifies examples of successful sustainability practices and contributes to the debate around replicability of bottom-up initiatives.The objective is to discuss the role of education in the integrated achievement of the SDGs by investigating the following research questions: (1) Which are the main interlinkages that the education for sustainable development projects have generated across targets and goals?(2) Which are the main opportunity and constraints related to the (i) design, (ii) implementation and (iii) replication of the education for sustainable development initiatives?

Methodology
To critically investigate the main synergies and trade-offs generated by education for sustainable development projects, two integrated methodological approaches have been used in this paper, namely: (i) case study analysis and (ii) interlinkages inventories.Following the definition proposed by Markus [28], a case study aims to investigate a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context.By using a story telling approach, case studies are functional to identify opportunities and challenges and to support the definition of policies through the replication of practices.The interlinkages inventories, on the contrary, uses a combination of case study analysis and literature support to identify the direct and indirect connections existing between the considered phenomenon to the sustainability targets and goals.The case study included the analysis of documents provided by the Network founders, interview to Network founders, publicly available data from the Network's website and social media.The data were focused on the following key aspects for the development of sustainable development networks related to the education sector, as suggested by previous studies in the field [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]: Within this methodological framework, the case study of the Hill Centered Education Network in Bogota, Colombia is presented and analysed in Section 3.1.Critical reflections around the potential and constraints of the sustainability educational projects are also included.In Section 3.2, the interlinkages inventories approach is used to map and discuss the interactions existing between the objectives of the case study considered in this paper and the SDGs.

The Case of Hill Centered Education Network
Founded in 2015 by a team of three organisations, the Bogota Hills' Network includes today 100 schools (i.e., private and public), 21 non-governmental organization and 3 governmental agencies.The Network is the first initiative in the city that provides space for collaboration between these stakeholders.Devoted to promoting ecological conservation through education, the Network uses the natural ecosystems of the city as a learning environment, where collaborative projects are created and implemented.By involving a large number of students with different socio-economic backgrounds, the initiative aims to promote equality and inclusion while enhancing biodiversity and urban ecosystems regeneration.The participatory design of projects and activities is also contributing to develop leadership skills and environmental stewardship of students and communities.
During the last five years, a wide range of initiatives have been implemented, and examples are reported below: (1) Organization of workshops on air and water quality where pupils from private and public schools have been invited to participate.The objective was to increase the environmental awareness around problems affecting the highly populated urban areas and to promote a collaborative environment between students from different socio-economic and cultural background.(2) Opportunities for continuous professional development of the teaching staff.Meetings on education for sustainable development, focusing on the topics explored during the student workshops, have for example been organised to promote the development of consistent projects both within and between schools.(3) Supporting the development of staff and pupils' skills for the use of citizen science tools such as iNaturalist and Water Monitoring.The Network has also created the concept of Network nodes based on the five watersheds in the city to develop and enhance collaboration around shared natural systems.Three nature reserves are free to use for educational purposes for the Network's members.These reserves include Reserve Mano de Oso which belongs to the Gimnasio Femenino, Reserve Umbral Cultural Horizontes owned by Bogota's Hills Foundation (Fundacion de Cerros de Bogota) and Reserve Venado de Oro owned by the Humboldt Institute (Figure 1).(4) Development of a project designed in collaboration with the Instituto Nacional para la Biodiversidad (National Institute for Biodiversity), the Jardin Botánico de Bogotá (Bogotá's Botanical Gardens) and numerous schools' communities.By implementing actions oriented to promote biodiversity conservation through the restoration of urban ecosystems, the project is an example of successful practice aiming to reduce ecological degradation in high urbanisation areas.In addition, the direct involvement of local communities and the participation of a large number of students represents an important opportunity for data collection and knowledge co-creation.(5) As required by the national policies of Colombia [30], the network has been able to develop Environmental School Projects (Proyectos Ambientales Escolares-PRAE) shaped in line with the individual circumstances of schools [37].National guidelines for the PRAEs suggest that the environmental project requires at least one staff member who has oversight and leads their environmental project.From experience through the Network, schools tend to limit staff engagement to one member.This is possibly due to national guidelines.However, the Network encourages less compartmentalised approaches by engaging other teachers than the PRAE leaders.This is done by providing continuous staff development for teachers from member institutions.This is one of the reasons why the Network complements the work of the national PRAE guidelines.In addition, PRAEs are a driver for the success of the network and the involvement of schools.This mutually complementary approach strengthens both national policy (i.e., PRAEs) and bottom-up approaches (e.g., the Bogota Hills' Network).The PRAE's policy framework focuses on environmental education [37].Similarly, there is not yet active work led by the Network to transcend the environmental focus of the PRAEs.The Network works through a participatory approach and it is driven by the interests of its members.Therefore, this might suggest that schools in Bogota are rarely working beyond environmental education which is traditionally embedded in Colombia's educational system and policies.However, "although there is not yet a holistic approach across schools (i.e., including economy, environmental and society as well as at levels of schools' activities) the SDGs seem to be encouraging a shift towards education for sustainable development", according to one of the Network's founders.This founder also suggested that "the network might need stronger connections between individual schools".This information suggests that the Network has potential for more holistic and co-ordinated work.( 6) Development of small-scale social science research around the Network's activity [38].This was a case study around the sustainable development related impacts of the work led by the Gimnasio Femenino which is one of the Network's school founders [38].The aim of the research project was to find out if there was a ripple effect emerging from the environmental project in one of the Network's founding schools (i.e., Gimnasio Femenino).Key findings suggested that there was an emerging ripple effect in terms of knowledge and skills development reaching local communities including school's neighbours and parents, as well as teachers [38].This was beyond the expected impact that the environmental project could have on pupils [38].These findings suggest that there are impacts related to the SDGs that could be further explored.Additionally, these findings may suggest that school's stakeholders such as teachers, local community members, pupils and pupil's families could help accelerate the implementation of the SDGs through schools and school-centred network initiatives if there was a supportive context for it.The case study [38] resulted in a paper published and presented at two international conferences.This is important because it shows potential of the Bogota Hills' Network for sustainable development research in the context of primary and secondary education.There is a dearth of papers around this topic in Latin America (only 35 results on google scholar when searching for "school network" and "Latin America" and "education for sustainable development"; most of these papers mention-but are not the focus of-these concepts).Therefore, undertaking interdisciplinary research (including natural and social science) whilst supporting the network's activity can help provide innovative pathways for sustainable development implementation.Additionally, this research project was the starting point to build capacity in terms of social science research as well as interdisciplinary and participatory methods within the network.More research around the school network and their work is required to understand in more detail the potential of such initiatives and the potential for upscaling and replicating.(4) Development of a project designed in collaboration with the Instituto Nacional para la Biodiversidad (National Institute for Biodiversity), the Jardin Botánico de Bogotá (Bogotá's Botanical Gardens) and numerous schools' communities.By implementing actions oriented to promote biodiversity conservation through the restoration of urban ecosystems, the project is an example of successful practice aiming to reduce ecological degradation in high urbanisation areas.In addition, the direct involvement of local communities and the participation of a large number of students represents an important opportunity for data collection and knowledge cocreation.(5) As required by the national policies of Colombia [30], the network has been able to develop Environmental School Projects (Proyectos Ambientales Escolares-PRAE) shaped in line with the individual circumstances of schools [37].National guidelines for the PRAEs suggest that the environmental project requires at least one staff member who has oversight and leads their environmental project.From experience through the Network, schools tend to limit staff engagement to one member.This is possibly due to national guidelines.However, the Network encourages less compartmentalised approaches by engaging other teachers than the PRAE leaders.This is done by providing continuous staff development for teachers from member institutions.This is one of the reasons why the Network complements the work of the national PRAE guidelines.In addition, PRAEs are a driver for the success of the network and the involvement of schools.This mutually complementary approach strengthens both national policy (i.e., PRAEs) and bottom-up approaches (e.g., the Bogota Hills' Network).The PRAE's policy framework focuses on environmental education [37].Similarly, there is not yet active work led by the Network to transcend the environmental focus of the PRAEs.The Network works through a participatory approach and it is driven by the interests of its members.Therefore, this might suggest that schools in Bogota are rarely working beyond environmental education which is traditionally embedded in Colombia's educational system and policies.However, "although there is not yet a holistic approach across schools (i.e., including economy, environmental and society as well as at levels of schools' activities) the SDGs seem to be encouraging a shift towards education for sustainable development", according to one of the Network's founders.This founder also suggested that "the network might need stronger connections between individual schools".This information suggests that the Network has potential for more holistic and coordinated work.( 6) Development of small-scale social science research around the Network's activity [38].This was a case study around the sustainable development related impacts of the work led by the Gimnasio Femenino which is one of the Network's school founders [38].The aim of the research Reserve Mano de Oso

Reserve Umbral Horizontes
Reserve Venado de Oro Although the Bogota Hills' Network has been actively leading education for sustainable development across Bogota, this is not without challenges.One of the founder members mentioned that "The network cannot yet afford permanent members of staff and its activities depend on the voluntary work undertaken by staff from the member organisations.Also, the network does not have a long-term financial plan and depends on the work done by volunteering staff and support from the member institutions.In the future, the network would like to create a membership model for the network to be financially autonomous, whilst maintaining inclusivity and an equitable horizontal format.If this was possible, the network would aspire to employ a project co-ordinator in a long term or permanent basis.Other plans include the creation of a publicly accessible geographic information system with data collected by pupils, to work in strengthening school collaborations around micro basins, and to provide water monitoring kits to low income schools."

Interlinkages Inventories
Despite the challenges reported above, the presented case study represents a clear example of success where the objectives of the projects have been able to connect with a wide range of targets and goals, as required by the integrated partnerships of Goal 17.In Table 1, a reflective analysis of the potential interlinkages generated by the Hill Centered Education Project is compiled based on the use of an "explicit" and "inferred" methodological approach.Following the work previously conducted by Alcamo [23], "explicit" refers to the targets and goals that directly mention education in their text, while "inferred" uses evidence from literature to track the indirect connections.For the case study considered in this paper, 3 main achievements have been identified and for everyone one of them, the sustainability objectives and the interlinkages with the SDGs have been discussed.

Table 1. Mapping the interlinkages between the objectives of the Hill Centered Education Network and the SDGs.
By involving a wide range of organization and an extensive number of school, the project has been able to: • Objective: 1) Promote inclusive educational opportunities for children with different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds.

•
Supporting literature: As highlighted by [39], education can play a fundamental role in poverty reduction, inequalities and growth.The possibility to create human capital, social participation and opportunities for emancipation is then considered as a key element for an integrated achievement of the SDGs.At the same time, the increased economic opportunities provide the space for a vicious cycle where prosperity can increase the educational possibilities from the private and the public sector [40].Project on air and water quality have been oriented to support a more sustainable management of resouces.
By involving students in project design and evaluation, the initiative has been able to: • Objective: 2) Promote a participatory, inclusive, mutual learning and democratic approach to problem solving and policy design.

•
Supporting literature: As reported by previous literature, democratic approach and participatory frameworks are fundamental elements for the achievement of the Agenda 2030 [41].In the last few decades, extensive works have been published in the area of sustainable governance, and today, a common agreement exists in considering governance as a democratic, mutual learning and participatory approach where actors, processes, structures and institutions are expected to collaborate for the achievement of sustainability objectives [42][43][44].
By focusing on a wide range of environmental issues and by developing bottom-up activities focused on the resolution of local criticalities, the project has been able to: • Objectives: 3) Improve the quality of education by promoting an interdisciplinary and problem-solving approach; 4) Improve students' awareness around sustainability challenges; 5) Improve the quality of the urban environment; 6) Facilitate the collection of data, the co-creation of knowledge and the development of good sustainability practices.

•
Supporting literature: As previously reported by [45], "Education for sustainable development aims to empower people with values, skills and knowledge, which will help them become active agents for change in their own lives and in their wider society".Within this context, the development of systemic thinking, interdisciplinary capabilities and problem-solving approach are then fundamental elements in the management of the complex and interrelated sustainability challenges [46][47][48][49][50].As recently reported by [51] citizen science, defined as the participation of individuals in the development of scientific and policy knowledge is today recognized as a fundamental factor for the Agenda 2030.The identification of local criticalities, together with the collection of data and the development of bottom-up approaches can then represent important aspects for problem resolution and for an integrated achievement of the sustainability objectives [46][47][48].

Discussion
SDG 4 Quality Education aims "to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all and promote lifelong learning".This aim seems to provide the basis for transformative education.However, authors such as [52] through their critical discourse analysis, argue that Agenda 2030 and the SDGs prioritise economic growth and a utilitarian approach to education.Therefore, the potential that SDG4 provides to support transformative paths towards sustainable development [53] might be truncated by pro-growth and utilitarian approaches.
Nevertheless, education is deemed to be an important factor for driving the implementation of sustainable initiatives and the creation of a long-term sustainability ethics across the present and the future generations [54,55].Education is a flexible tool that can involve a wide range of sustainability topics (e.g., water, air, equality, social development) and the achievements in every one of them will be able to generate spillover effects across all the other Goals [56].In addition, the SDGs have been crucial in the active engagement of students in education for sustainable development [57] possibly as the SDGs present a tangible framework to support the understanding of the complexities around sustainable development.For these reasons, education for sustainable development is one of the most powerful tools for the implementation of the integrated partnership auspicated by the SDG17.Discussion around opportunities and constraints related to the (i) design; (ii) implementation, and (iii) replication of the education for sustainable development initiatives provides here, insights into the tangible aspects of these initiatives as a tool for implementation of the SDGs.

(i) Design
Integrating education for sustainable development into the curriculum, student experience and lifelong learning at any level of formal, informal and non-formal education is challenging.This is likely due to the holistic nature of education for sustainable development which includes a range of skills and knowledge [58] relevant to all areas of human development.Education for sustainable development skills include creative thinking, holistic or systems thinking, problem solving, teamwork and communication [59].The knowledge required for education for sustainable development includes four areas: environment, society, economy and cross cutting knowledge [60].A second factor that makes education for sustainable challenging is that some pedagogical approaches provide a more suitable ground to develop these skills and knowledge than others [61][62][63][64].For instance, pedagogical approaches that favour authentic learning scenarios where students can be involved actively with local environmental aspects, nature or community engagement, are more likely to support students to develop problem solving skills as well as systems thinking skills.Although there is a shift towards more engaging, active, emancipatory and inclusive pedagogies, there is still a focus on didactic and passive pedagogies in education led by a neo-colonial system [65,66].The third factor that makes education for sustainable development testing in the current educational paradigm is the transdisciplinary approaches required to address systemic changes towards and beyond sustainable development [67,68].Schools work through disciplinary areas.Additionally, educational and organisational structures of educational sectors work in silos and networked approaches are slow to develop and require long term commitment and economic resources [29,30].
There are various ways to address these challenges.Firstly, other studies focused on sustainable development networks in the education sector show that a higher network density (i.e., more connections between members) could help develop a more holistic approach and systemic changes [30].Secondly, previous studies show that it is possible to include a wide range of member organisations, including teacher training organisations, funding bodies, universities, environmental associations, which has also the potential to support a more holistic approach [29,30].Therefore, further work in terms of the design of the Network can help to maximise the opportunities and minimise the constraints related to the Network's design.

(ii) Implementation
The case study shows that schools in Bogota do not seem to be working holistically to integrate sustainable development across all their activities.However, there is an emerging context that could be supportive of systemic integration of sustainable development (see Table 1).Some of the aspects that can support the implementation of sustainable development educational settings and their stakeholder networks have been discussed by [29,30].These key aspects have been used in the Table 2 reported below to show what is their status in the context of the Bogota Hills' Network case study:  1).

Bottom up activity
Established through the Bogota Hills' Network (Section 3.1).

Top down leadership
Established by nationally and internationally by policy frameworks (i.e., SDGs and PRAE policy)-Although schools are making the effort to have a member of staff focusing on the environmental projects (i.e., PRAEs) individual schools might need to further develop top down activity (Section 3.1).
The analysis of the case study shows that there are many levels of complexity when working to implement sustainable development through educational organisations.Case studies that show similar findings abound in the academic literature focused on schools [31][32][33] and other educational organisations such as universities [34][35][36].However, despite the barriers and challenges suggested by the case study and the non-apparent or emergent status of key aspects that support the implementation of sustainable development through educational organisations and their stakeholder networks, the Bogota Hills' Network is in an instrumental position to support work towards SDGs' and sustainable development implementation (Tables 1 and 2).This is because schools are in a similar position than other educational organisations such as higher education institutions.They are central to social innovations and transformative learning which are key areas to support the regional transition paths to sustainable development [53].

(iii) Replication
Although the Network's activity does not cover all the SDGs and does not integrate education for sustainable development holistically yet, the network may have potential to do this.To do this a systemic, comprehensive and participatory study on the role and impact of the Bogota Hills' Network might need to be undertaken and followed by an action research project.In addition, the network's design and implementation could be replicated in similar settings which could support the understanding and implementation of the SDGs.To replicate the Network's design and implementation, the constraints and opportunities discussed above would need to be carefully considered in relation to the context where a similar network would be developed.Whilst developing a similar network further research could be conducted for the design, implementation through a learning exchange experience between networks.This would support the development of the Bogota Hills' Network as well as the new similar networks whilst supporting and reinforcing the implementation of the SDGs.A sustainable development network case study of the United Kingdom's education sector which is one of the most developed in this area, shows that schools could have an active role in education for sustainable development initiatives [30].In addition, the wide range of stakeholders in other sustainable development networks, such as in the United Kingdom which includes schools, show that school networks could be replicated and developed reaching wider key members and audiences nationally and internationally [30].

Conclusions
In this paper, the role of education as a factor of interlinkages across the SDGs has been analysed.By considering a case study of sustainable education projects in Bogota, Colombia, the connections existing between targets and goals have been considered and the main opportunities and constraints related to the (i) design, (ii) implementation and (iii) replication of the education for sustainable development initiatives have been analysed.The results show that the objectives of the projects have generated a wide range of interlinkages across SDGs.In particular, the multidimensional nature of sustainability education initiatives has been able to increase the environmental awareness of students and communities and to create a sustainability culture shaping the perceptions of the youngest generations.The development of bottom-up initiatives, characterized by the active involvement of local stakeholders, has also promoted the design of activities specifically devoted to tackle the main urban problems of the highly populated areas.The possibility to extend the proposed initiatives to a wider network of organizations, and the replicability of the good practices, can also contribute to complement the top-down sustainability approaches at national and international scales.
Despite these positive results, a wide range of challenges seems to exist.The design of holistic and transdisciplinary educational projects is for example in contrast with the disciplinary division traditionally characterizing the school education system.Within this context training support for teachers and educators have been proven to be an effective tool in increasing the system thinking approach and in the development of multidisciplinary educational initiatives.In a similar way, the passive learning techniques should be complemented by more engaging and emancipatory initiatives, where students are directly involved in the identification of the problems and in the design of solutions.From an implementation perspective, a better integration across the organizations of the network would be needed to holistically achieve the sustainability development objectives.In addition, the limited availability of financial support and the voluntary nature of the projects could compromise the long-term duration of the initiatives.When considering the replication possibilities, the bottom-up approach adopted by the Centered Education Network of Bogota, has the potential to be extended to other geographical areas.However, as previously reported by other studies [67,68], "local lens" should be adopted to evaluate the replicability opportunities of existing practices.In addition, the involvement of local stakeholders and the related values and perceptions would also need to be considered for the design of effective sustainability strategies.
By considering the main interlinkages existing across SDGs, the present paper highlights the importance of a holistic and multidisciplinary approach and considers the role of bottom-up initiatives.The discussion of opportunities and constraints, together with the identification of good practices can support the definition of similar initiatives and promote the integration of sustainability policies booth at national and international scale.
(a) Network's members; (b) Network's objectives; (c) Main Network's initiatives; (d) Geographical space covered by the Network; (e) Network's links to national and international policy frameworks; (f) Challenges and opportunities of the Network's initiatives; (g) Results from evaluation of the Network's work.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location in Bogota of the Reserves Mano de Oso, Umbral Horizontes, Venado de Oro.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location in Bogota of the Reserves Mano de Oso, Umbral Horizontes, Venado de Oro.

Table 2 .
Status of key aspects that support the implementation of sustainable development in educational settings and their stakeholder networks.