The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a Basis for Innovation Skills for Engineers in the Industry 4.0 Context

Teaching methods for calculation and project development, focusing on theoretical principles and the reproduction of validated procedures, has been the traditional focus of engineering education. Innovation has been present in universities, mainly in the creation of processes and technologies for the development of products, services, or companies, based on entrepreneurship. Training in innovation has been limited to interested students, and not encouraged for all students, despite how relevant it is for current and future global development. According to the literature research and the opinion of the experts, this research identifies the characteristics of innovation that engineering students should acquire, in response to the challenges of engineering in the 21st century, considering as a basis the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in the context of the increasingly demanding requirements of industry 4.0. The identification of the relevant aspects in innovation were categorized according to the expertise and academic performance of the authors. In addition to this, the investigation of the representative elements of Industry 4.0, and the incorporation of Sustainable Development Goals, establish the basis of this study to guide the development of innovation skills in the process of engineering student education. Furthermore, in order to integrate innovation skills, elements of Industry 4.0 and aspects of Sustainable Development Goals, the concept of competence is introduced, with a conceptual structure that considers knowledge, attitude and performance context, thus this research provides a conceptual framework for those interested in constructing innovation skills in engineering, oriented towards the development of an innovation culture and mentality, as part of the expected professional performance.


Introduction
Industry 4.0 represents a new paradigm of digitalization and automation of manufacturing processes, but it not only aims at optimizing production itself, but also considers the organization as a whole, mobilizing in a certain way the focus towards a digital business model, which integrates IT infrastructure and service providers, manufacturing aspects and the importance of data, includes collection from different sources, applying analysis techniques in order to generate information that promotes collaborative spaces

Research Methodology
The research method is organized in three stages: (1) Identification of innovation characteristics for engineering students; (2) Workflow for the construction of innovation skills for engineering students; (3) Application example. The research methodology used in this study presents an approach that combines aspects related to literature review, including an exhaustive analysis of different sources of information related to innovation characteristics, Industry 4.0 and Sustainable Development Goals, and, on the other hand, the construction of concrete results represented in a proposal to classify innovation skills and a workflow capable of integrating the aforementioned concepts, from which, as an example of the application of this, a set of definitions of competencies built on the basis of the proposed model is provided. Figure 1 shows the stages and specifies the research tools and activities, along with the results of each stage. In the first stage, a literature review was carried out for the identification of the challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the requirements for new roles for Industry 4.0 professionals, along with the identification of characteristics of innovation in engineering. In order to identify these characteristics, it was necessary recognize some keywords, which were selected based on their relevance, frequency and application tendency. The search was carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus libraries, together with the incorporation of manuals on innovation from recognized entities in the area and university accreditation organizations. Documents were selected from the year 2000 to the present. The following search topics were considered: (a) Sustainable Development Goals-SDGs (challenges, implications); (b) Industry 4.0 (new professionals, challenges); and innovation in engineering (characteristics, skills, abilities). Later, based on the bibliographic support, the research team analyzed and categorized the innovation characteristics for engineering students. In the second stage, based on a new literature review (in the same collections already defined. Documents were selected from the year 2000 to the present. The following search topics were considered: innovation skills, learning outcomes, skills), characteristics for the construction of educational skills were identified. With this, the research team developed a workflow for the construction of innovation skills for engineering students (in Industry 4.0 and SDG contexts). Based on this, key innovation skills for engineering education were developed. These frameworks, and the skills considered in them, were validated by a panel of experts. Five experts were selected who met the following requirements: a) more than 10 years of practice in innovation activities, and b) experience as a consultant, researcher or university teacher in innovation topics, detailed in Table  1. Based on a focus group, the experts discussed the proposed key innovation skills. In the third stage, 10 examples of innovation competences were constructed, based on the developed workflow.  In the first stage, a literature review was carried out for the identification of the challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the requirements for new roles for Industry 4.0 professionals, along with the identification of characteristics of innovation in engineering. In order to identify these characteristics, it was necessary recognize some keywords, which were selected based on their relevance, frequency and application tendency. The search was carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus libraries, together with the incorporation of manuals on innovation from recognized entities in the area and university accreditation organizations. Documents were selected from the year 2000 to the present. The following search topics were considered: (a) Sustainable Development Goals-SDGs (challenges, implications); (b) Industry 4.0 (new professionals, challenges); and innovation in engineering (characteristics, skills, abilities). Later, based on the bibliographic support, the research team analyzed and categorized the innovation characteristics for engineering students. In the second stage, based on a new literature review (in the same collections already defined. Documents were selected from the year 2000 to the present. The following search topics were considered: innovation skills, learning outcomes, skills), characteristics for the construction of educational skills were identified. With this, the research team developed a workflow for the construction of innovation skills for engineering students (in Industry 4.0 and SDG contexts). Based on this, key innovation skills for engineering education were developed. These frameworks, and the skills considered in them, were validated by a panel of experts. Five experts were selected who met the following requirements: a) more than 10 years of practice in innovation activities, and b) experience as a consultant, researcher or university teacher in innovation topics, detailed in Table 1. Based on a focus group, the experts discussed the proposed key innovation skills. In the third stage, 10 examples of innovation competences were constructed, based on the developed workflow.  The concept of Industry 4.0 originated in Germany, and describes the trend towards digitalization and automation of manufacturing environments [1]. The context considers, in general terms, the use of technology for more efficient production, which includes different aspects related to connectivity, applications, product as a service and even the customer experience. According to [9], Industry 4.0 "is the sum of all disruptive innovations derived and applied in a value chain to address trends in digitization, automation, transparency, mobility, modularization, networked collaboration and socialization of products and processes". Therefore, Industry 4.0 can implement an environment and provide a more intelligent service, making processes run smoothly in various industry sectors, having a wide range of applications. In this sense, technology takes a key role in many aspects, such as Internet of Things (IoT), use of digital sensors, data processing techniques, and many others.
Although Industry 4.0 is an established term in today's modern world, its meaning and implementation is still absent in some cases due to the lack of real awareness of people on these issues [2]. The advances will have a profound effect on society and individuals, as the production, integration and management of information systems will be improved.
One of the great challenges that organizations will have to overcome is increasing the technical capacity of their workers, since they will have to be able to analyze failures, overcome constant changes, learn new tasks and focus on problem solving. Therefore, training and continuous professional development will be a critical factor in the success of Industry 4.0, as it will not only change the occupations that workers currently perform, but also modify the skills frameworks [10]. Dynamic innovation will play an important role, as it provides the opportunity to develop new organizations and business models, leading to a higher degree of participation by representatives. In addition, the process of digitalization and virtualization ensures and presents several opportunities for manufacturers to develop new values and drive innovation. However, there are few studies in the field of engineering and management education regarding the training needs of university students who will be the workforce in this dynamic revolution that is taking place [8].
Connecting this concept with that of sustainability, industry 4.0 is directly related to the evolution of society, which has been involved in different revolutions, since the beginning of mass manufacturing, with the incorporation of electricity from energy as the main engine to support the process of production [10]. Nowadays, the incorporation of technologies, and the use of the internet towards the interconnection of various devices, goes beyond the conversion of data into information; the concept of sustainability joins industry 4.0, in the sense of a perspective that considers the full scope of business, social and environmental considerations. In this scenario, the potential for energy savings and efficiency, and the continuous and systematic control of processes, take special importance in order to detect possible problems at the right time, optimize the use of resources and introduce renewable energies to the production process, all in a sense of responding proactively rather than reactively [11]. In this way, the professionals who work in Industry 4.0 must know the business models as well as the techniques for analyzing large volumes of data, have an entrepreneurial spirit based on the characteristics of innovation, and lead new digital workers; above all, they must learn about the most disruptive technologies and their effect on the cost structure, and understand their impact on the organization now and in the future, with a great sense of responsibility towards preserving the environment [12].

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Governments have taken a leadership role and many have decided to start evolving towards Industry 4.0 [2]. It is therefore to be expected that such a transformation will take place in accordance with the objectives and goals that each country commits to fulfil both with its own nation and with the world at large. In this context, and based on the commitment made by a large number of countries, the initiatives for the development of industries in the 21st century are linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations. The SDGs are a set of objectives within a universal agreement that aim to address the empirical and scientific evidence that the world needs a more sustainable approach [3]. Consequently, the SDGs are intended to reflect the moral principles that no country or individual should ignore, with all being responsible for making the global vision a reality, and for articulating the sustainability challenges facing the world.
The goals are summarized in 17 targets, which provide a sufficiently scientifically sound, politically acceptable and publicly intuitive framework [4]. These goals are: • Goal 1-No Poverty: economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote equality. • Goal 2-Zero Hunger: the food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for development, and is central for hunger and poverty eradication. • Goal 3-Good Health and Well-Being: ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential to sustainable development.

•
Goal 4-Quality Education: obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people's lives and sustainable development.

•
Goal 5-Gender Equality: gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. • Goal 6-Clean Water and Sanitation: clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in. • Goal 7-Affordable and Clean Energy: energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity.

Engineering Innovation
Innovation, focused on the use of existing or new knowledge for the creation and/or improvement of new services, processes or products, obtaining original results of high social or economic value, which respond to the challenges of sustainability and fit into current and future technological environments, is key [3]. With this, innovation skills will be essential for the successful inclusion of professionals in Industry 4.0, providing a possibility of development framed by the new development goals [13].

•
Multiple alternatives seeker (capable of looking for a better way to execute a process, design or manufacture a product). Responsible (able to take control of his or her activities and oversee a project from start to finish, responding to results and accepting possible mistakes). • Persistent (committed, determined, resilient. He/she is convinced that he/she will achieve his/her objectives). • Passionate (professional who is passionate about his/her work and the objectives he/she has achieved, transmitting his/her passion to his/her team).

•
Collaborative and integrative (able to collaborate with others with specific knowledge and skills, to successfully achieve an innovation).

•
Creative (able to generate new ideas or associations between ideas to produce original solutions).

•
Risk-taker (willing to take risks and fail). • Visionary (professional with a clear vision and objectives).

•
Challenging (willing to do things differently, questioning traditional methods).

•
Team leader and manager (professional who is a team leader and manager, facilitating and driving innovation). • Implementer (who efficiently organizes and manages resources to develop an innovation). • Analytical (meticulous, examining carefully).

•
Business savvy (who knows the role of finance, sales, supply chains and the innovation market).

•
User-focused (who seeks solutions focused on user needs). Table 2 shows the evidence identified for each of the 20 characteristics of innovation in engineering, according to the literature studied.

Risk Taker Experimenter
Edwards et al. [23] x [24] x x x x x x Satheesh et al. [25] x [27] x x x x Edwards-Schachter et al [15] x x Cao et al. [28] x x x x x Zuo [29] x x x x x x x x Garud et al. [30] x x x x x x x x Palavicini and Cepeda [31] x x x x x x x x x Jarrar and Anis [21] x x Poveda et al. [32] x x Lounsbury et al. [22] x x Hebles and Llanos-Contreras [20] x x Radharamanan and Juang [33] x [34] x x x x x x x x x Shuli et al. [18] x x Bilén et al. [14] x x Browder et al. [35] x x Creed et al. [36] x x Huang-Saad et al. [37] x [16] x x Selznick and Mayhew [39] x x Taks et al. [40] x x Wang and Kleppe [41] x x Xu et al. [42] x x Hables et al. [43] x x Sánchez et al. [44] x

Engineering Innovation Skills
The innovation characteristics incorporated in the context of industry 4.0 must consider soft skills and technological competences [45]. The former focus on the competences that the industry requires to assume positions associated with teamwork, leadership, effective communication, knowledge of the area, negotiation and business skills, service and achievement orientation, analytical thinking, problem solving, interpersonal relationships, and decision making, among others [45][46][47]. The latter focuses on technological skills, which are associated with the ability to search for digital information and digital literacy, the use of technologies for communication processes and interaction of digital resources and content creation, computer programming, the design and development of digital content, data and information security, and technical problem solving [5].
In these contexts, innovation training for engineering students is key, and must be aligned with the relevant challenges [48]. This is indicated by international accreditation bodies, which point out that innovation capacity and creativity must be taken into account in all of the training of future engineers [49]. Universities should respond to these requirements and establish a structure to guide the teaching of these topics. To this end, engineering careers require the incorporation of innovation skills training, which must be built according to established educational methodologies [50][51][52].
A competence in education is a set of social, affective behaviors and cognitive, psychological, sensory and motor skills that enable the adequate performance in fulfilling a role, activity or task [53]. There are several studies for the denomination of a competence [54] in the context of higher education, from which it is possible to identify four transversal aspects: (1) Domain of action: this indicates the level of complexity of an object of study, referring to the degree of appropriation of the conceptual construct. In this context, Bloom's taxonomy, and its updating by Anderson, establishes hierarchical models to classify learning objectives at different levels of complexity, which depend on the acquisition of knowledge and different skills [55]; (2) Know: body of knowledge that characterizes the discipline. They may be knowledge, model development, application of techniques, use of instruments, use of resources or other professional products, among others; (3) Knowledge to be: demonstrates the attitudinal part in the application of knowledge and skills (knowledge), which gives the professional a different trait in the application and therefore a distinctive significance in the results obtained. It should reflect a transversal denomination of their training, beyond their own disciplinary area. It shows attitudes and values that allow the identification of a distinctive feature in the training; (4) Know-to do: it comprises, on the one hand, the space (context) where the professional is inserted to develop his/her performance. These can be in a global context (institutions, public and/or private sector) or specific areas, as well as quality reference (performance condition), reflected by the position the professional takes when faced with a given situation [56]. Figure 2 shows the scheme of interaction of the above-mentioned elements in the construction of a competition.

Engineering Innovation Skills
The innovation characteristics incorporated in the context of industry 4.0 must consider soft skills and technological competences [45]. The former focus on the competences that the industry requires to assume positions associated with teamwork, leadership, effective communication, knowledge of the area, negotiation and business skills, service and achievement orientation, analytical thinking, problem solving, interpersonal relationships, and decision making, among others [45][46][47]. The latter focuses on technological skills, which are associated with the ability to search for digital information and digital literacy, the use of technologies for communication processes and interaction of digital resources and content creation, computer programming, the design and development of digital content, data and information security, and technical problem solving [5].
In these contexts, innovation training for engineering students is key, and must be aligned with the relevant challenges [48]. This is indicated by international accreditation bodies, which point out that innovation capacity and creativity must be taken into account in all of the training of future engineers [49]. Universities should respond to these requirements and establish a structure to guide the teaching of these topics. To this end, engineering careers require the incorporation of innovation skills training, which must be built according to established educational methodologies [50][51][52].
A competence in education is a set of social, affective behaviors and cognitive, psychological, sensory and motor skills that enable the adequate performance in fulfilling a role, activity or task [53]. There are several studies for the denomination of a competence [54] in the context of higher education, from which it is possible to identify four transversal aspects: (1) Domain of action: this indicates the level of complexity of an object of study, referring to the degree of appropriation of the conceptual construct. In this context, Bloom's taxonomy, and its updating by Anderson, establishes hierarchical models to classify learning objectives at different levels of complexity, which depend on the acquisition of knowledge and different skills [55]; (2) Know: body of knowledge that characterizes the discipline. They may be knowledge, model development, application of techniques, use of instruments, use of resources or other professional products, among others; (3) Knowledge to be: demonstrates the attitudinal part in the application of knowledge and skills (knowledge), which gives the professional a different trait in the application and therefore a distinctive significance in the results obtained. It should reflect a transversal denomination of their training, beyond their own disciplinary area. It shows attitudes and values that allow the identification of a distinctive feature in the training; (4) Know-to do: it comprises, on the one hand, the space (context) where the professional is inserted to develop his/her performance. These can be in a global context (institutions, public and/or private sector) or specific areas, as well as quality reference (performance condition), reflected by the position the professional takes when faced with a given situation [56]. Figure 2 shows the scheme of interaction of the above-mentioned elements in the construction of a competition.

Results and Discussion
Based on the background described above, this section proposes a model that integrates, on the one hand, the SDGs in the context of Industry 4.0 and, on the other, the innovation skills in the field of engineering and the scheme of integration of elements in the construction of competition. Figure 3 shows Considering the above, the elements that interact in the identification of a competence are integrated in order to build innovation competences. In this way, it is possible to connect the aspects of the scheme in Figure 2, where "know" and "know-to be" are related to the categories identified from the characteristics of innovative engineers, and "know-to do" is related to the elements of industry 4.0 and ODS, reflecting their impact on the context and performance condition. Based on the background described above, this section proposes a model that integrates, on the one hand, the SDGs in the context of Industry 4.0 and, on the other, the innovation skills in the field of engineering and the scheme of integration of elements in the construction of competition. Figure 3 shows the proposed flow for the construction of engineering innovation competences in the context of Industry 4.0 and SDGs. It contains, at the top, the 17 sustainable development objectives and the relevant elements of Industry 4.0. From them, it is possible to link the 20 characteristics of innovative engineering professionals, which have converged in 10 skills grouped in 4 categories: (1) Technical or Practical; (2) Interpersonal or Social; (3) Reasoning; (4) Management or Business. Considering the above, the elements that interact in the identification of a competence are integrated in order to build innovation competences. In this way, it is possible to connect the aspects of the scheme in Figure 2, where "know" and "know-to be" are related to the categories identified from the characteristics of innovative engineers, and "know-to do" is related to the elements of industry 4.0 and ODS, reflecting their impact on the context and performance condition.   Table 3, associated with the abilities categories of innovation characteristics, which can be considered a starting point to incorporate into the curricula for engineering students. Table 3. Examples of innovation skills, based on Industry 4.0 and SDGs contexts.

Type Abilities Characteristics (AC) Skills (S) Example
Technical or Practical

Adaptability
To analyze situations of the environment, applying strategies to create or improve products and services, facing changes with flexibility and constructively promoting the sustainable growth of society.

Knowledge
To integrate knowledge from the area of science, engineering and industry, autonomously and with the capacity for abstraction, for the continuous improvement of physical and virtual processes in order to promote the well-being of all kinds of communities.

Troubleshooting
To evaluate, select and use resources, tools and technologies from the field of industry and engineering, to transform problems into opportunities, in order to design methods and models of the service of automation and control in sustainable production processes.
Interpersonal or social

Communication
To express ideas clearly and adapt depending on the informative purpose, using appropriate language and recognizing the importance of communication skills in personal and integral development to achieve the settlement of people in multicultural contexts.

Collaboration
To participate in multidisciplinary work environments, incorporating social, cultural and environmental aspects, opting for group interest over personal, to carry out predictive planning in relation to the access and use of reliable energies for everyone in the same way.

Dedication
To focus actions to comply with commitments undertaken, effectively managing time and planning activities to achieve the objectives of sustainable development, within the established deadlines and in the context of an inclusive, equal and fair society.

Creativity
To design alternative solutions to model industry systems and processes, finding learning opportunities in the problems and generating new ideas that allow responding to future demands of the environment and that promote an efficient and sustainable use of ecosystem resources.

Proactivity
To demonstrate initiative in facing situations in the environment, seeking opportunities to innovate in organizational services and production systems, generating interdisciplinary work networks, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization.

Leadership
To manage projects and work in teams, assigning tasks according to resources, applying tools and techniques to promote the achievement of individual objectives and therefore the growth of the organization as a whole integrated system.

Analytical thinking
To plan studies and conduct research in order to analyze situations with the capacity for abstraction, synthesis and critical reflection, to solve problems in the field of engineering applied to industry, in the service of the sustainable development of society.
The workflow proposed, as well as the competencies identified from it, are inserted into the training process for students, who belong to some quite special generations in terms of understanding the environment, ranging from the incorporation of technologies in different aspects of their lives up to the instantaneous availability of information and services both in their daily work and in the educational field. In concrete terms, the model and competencies should be applied to students belonging to Gen Y and Gen Z, who have individual characteristics [57]. Gen Y denominates Millennials, which is comprised of people in both elementary school and high school, who might be the same generation, but they have very different views and needs. Gen Z was born together with ICT; many of them grew up playing with their parents' mobile phones or tablets. Both generations have grown up in a hyper-connected world and the smartphone is their preferred method of communication [58][59][60]. In this sense, their conception of the world is somewhat limited by the individuality of the vision of their own world, formed by beliefs about others that they base on the information they have at their disposal, but, in many cases, they are not able to process them adequately [61,62]. Considering the previous points, although innovation seems to be a more natural aspect related to the use of technology, social responsibility in the performance of actions is an aspect that requires a greater effort to incorporate in the training of students, a challenge that needs to be faced in higher education [63].
In this sense, the incorporation of the identified competences could be considered as the basis of the curricular redesign processes, from the declaration of the graduation profile, to the definition of the learning results that will allow the demonstration of the appropriation of knowledge, skills and attitudes in the performance of future professionals.

Conclusions
This study identifies the relevant aspects of the Industry 4.0, associated with digitalization, automation, connectivity and efficient production, focusing on the impact of these characteristics in professionals. These aspects are framed within the challenges of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), serving as a basis for the identification of new characteristics and abilities that engineers will require. This research includes a categorization of the innovation characteristics, obtained in the literature review, which includes definitions from several authors, and also this study provides concrete examples of each innovation category proposed, which should be considered as the starting point to introduce important aspects considering industries, environment and education as a complex integration of today's requirements and future needs.
In this work, the authors have proposed a model for the construction of engineering innovation skills, which represents an interesting approach to integrate concepts related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and industry 4.0 contexts, in order to incorporate them in the scope of the university education process. Thus, the workflow described has demonstrated an alternative way to consider these concepts in the redesign or adjustment of the curriculum and is a guideline to define the skills necessary for the engineering profiles declared. In other words, the knowledge, abilities and attitudes required to face the challenges and needs for the current society in the innovation environment.
Another important aspect of this study points out that the proposed workflow is based on characteristics of innovation, and on the incorporation of sustainable development objectives, which are cross-cutting elements of current student training processes; therefore, its application could be considered beyond the field of engineering, towards other disciplines that prepare professionals to face the problems of society and the challenges that Industry 4.0 considers.
Finally, in future work, the authors plan to go deeper into the methods to evaluate these kinds of skills, in order to explore the effectiveness of their incorporation into engineering study programs, and allow the students to contribute to environmentally friendly practices in their professional performance to reach interdisciplinary objectives.