Incorporating Consumer Insights into the UK Food Packaging Supply Chain in the Transition to a Circular Economy

The growth of eating lunch purchased out of the home has led to an increased need for pre-packaged food-to-go products. Single-use plastic packaging is frequently chosen for its food safety and convenience attributes; however, the material format is under scrutiny due to concerns over economic waste and environmental impact. A circular economy could transform linear make-use-dispose supply chains into circular systems, ensuring the cycling of valuable plastic resources. However, there has been limited research into how consumers will behave within circular economic systems. Understanding consumer behaviour with packaging disposed out of the home could aid designers in developing solutions society will adopt in the transition to a circular economy. This study evaluates the application of behaviour research methods, and the behavioural insight outputs, with stakeholders from the UK food-to-go packaging supply chain. A novel co-design workshop and business origami technique allowed multiple stakeholder groups to collaboratively discuss, evaluate, and plan how consumer behaviour techniques could be used within their supply chain packaging development process. Although all stakeholders identified strengths in incorporating behaviour studies into the development process, providing essential knowledge feedback loops, barriers to their application include the cost and time to implement, plus the existing inconsistent UK waste infrastructure.


Introduction
An increase in the UK's convenience lifestyle has led to significant growth of the retail food-to-go (FTG) market, valued at £2.9 billion in 2019 [1], with a further £2 billion growth forecasted by 2022 [2]. With three in five consumers in the UK regularly eating lunch out of the home [3], 16-44-year olds are most likely to have lunch on the move [4]. The popularity for UK workers to buy lunch out of the home has grown in the last five years, self-attributed predominately to a time poor lifestyle [5]. Research conducted by environmental charity Hubbub Foundation UK found, on average, workers purchased four packaged items for lunch, generating an estimated 10.7 billion separate items of waste per year [5]. Single-use plastic packaging forms a significant proportion of this waste, and since 2016 concerns have been raised about the global economic and environmental impact of plastic packaging waste [6]. Pre-dating the BBC's 2017 Blue Planet series, which in turn heightened public awareness leading to the European Commission's 'Single-Use Plastics Directive', reports showed that after a short first use cycle, 95% of plastic packaging material value is lost [6]. Post-Blue Planet, the social and environmental case has been amplified, with plastic pollution cited by 47% of UK adults as the "most important environmental issue" [7]. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6106 3 of 32 include surveys, interviews, ethnographic studies, and the use of empathic tools [22,23]. A technique developed by the lead author prior to this study, applied a remote ethnographic study using digital tools allowing consumers to self-document their actions and thoughts in relation to their FTG packaging interactions over a period of several weeks [24]. The data generated from this intensive study was further investigated through semi-structured interviews and an adapted Self Report Habit Index questionnaire [25], forming a mixed-methods approach to understanding consumer behaviour with packaging disposed out of the home. The outcomes of this prior research study are illustrated in Figure 1, with the three main themes identified as: Disposal knowledge, waste disposal behaviour and awareness, and packaging and its context. The subthemes within each of these three themes were explored to determine which of the three main determinants; behavioural factors, contextual factors, or interplay factors, they aligned to, as evidenced in the colour coding of Figure 1. This research yielded a rich depth of understanding framed by behavioural theory (informed by Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour and model of habits [26,27]) to establish the relationship between observed practice (through the remote digital tools) and reported action.
Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 34 technique developed by the lead author prior to this study, applied a remote ethnographic study using digital tools allowing consumers to self-document their actions and thoughts in relation to their FTG packaging interactions over a period of several weeks [24]. The data generated from this intensive study was further investigated through semi-structured interviews and an adapted Self Report Habit Index questionnaire [25], forming a mixed-methods approach to understanding consumer behaviour with packaging disposed out of the home. The outcomes of this prior research study are illustrated in Figure 1, with the three main themes identified as: Disposal knowledge, waste disposal behaviour and awareness, and packaging and its context. The subthemes within each of these three themes were explored to determine which of the three main determinants; behavioural factors, contextual factors, or interplay factors, they aligned to, as evidenced in the colour coding of Figure 1. This research yielded a rich depth of understanding framed by behavioural theory (informed by Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour and model of habits [26,27]) to establish the relationship between observed practice (through the remote digital tools) and reported action. The cognitive dissonance of consumers, their perception of plastic, and growing convenience lifestyle trends can create a challenging conundrum for the food packaging supply chain. With few exceptions, NGO and governmental CE intervention strategies tend to focus on single-issue engineering aspects of the CE, such as materials manufacturing, novel recycling, and re-manufacture processes. Yet, recent research suggests it is cultural, not technological, barriers that prohibit the transition to a CE. The role of design in involving users, influencing behaviour, collaborating with industry, and improving product and service-delivery is increasingly recognised as key to successful circular solutions. Within FTG packaging development for a CE, the role of design to assist in the change of behaviour has yet to be defined. There is an opportunity to explore whether arming packaging development teams with consumer behaviour knowledge can lead to innovative solutions, providing behavioural intervention for positive behavioural change within the UK FTG context.
Further knowledge is required about the role of the user within CE design, leading to consumption changes and their impact on societies, and how this thinking can be included within the packaging development process. The aim of this research study was to understand how packaging development stakeholders can apply consumer behaviour research methods within the packaging development process to aid the UK's FTG supply chain in the transition to a circular The cognitive dissonance of consumers, their perception of plastic, and growing convenience lifestyle trends can create a challenging conundrum for the food packaging supply chain. With few exceptions, NGO and governmental CE intervention strategies tend to focus on single-issue engineering aspects of the CE, such as materials manufacturing, novel recycling, and re-manufacture processes. Yet, recent research suggests it is cultural, not technological, barriers that prohibit the transition to a CE. The role of design in involving users, influencing behaviour, collaborating with industry, and improving product and service-delivery is increasingly recognised as key to successful circular solutions. Within FTG packaging development for a CE, the role of design to assist in the change of behaviour has yet to be defined. There is an opportunity to explore whether arming packaging development teams with consumer behaviour knowledge can lead to innovative solutions, providing behavioural intervention for positive behavioural change within the UK FTG context.
Further knowledge is required about the role of the user within CE design, leading to consumption changes and their impact on societies, and how this thinking can be included within the packaging development process. The aim of this research study was to understand how packaging development stakeholders can apply consumer behaviour research methods within the packaging development Sustainability 2020, 12, 6106 4 of 32 process to aid the UK's FTG supply chain in the transition to a circular economy. This research will help establish consumer behaviour and value-chain focused, design-led multi-disciplinary research as a key approach to tacking plastic waste, building an area of niche expertise in the UK through the collaboration of industry stakeholders and academic experts.

Methods
A co-design workshop with 5 to 20 industry stakeholders with a good knowledge of the business ecosystem across the FTG packaging supply chain was used to evaluate the application of consumer behaviour insights within the development process [28]. Participants were selected from across five industry stakeholder groups due to their key involvement and decision-making influence within FTG product development. Stakeholders all worked within a leading UK FTG retailer's supply chain, supplying the Retail stakeholder with food products, FTG packaging of various formats, or waste management service advice. Using the lead author's prior knowledge of professionals within the UK food packaging supply chain invitation emails were sent to 23 industry professionals with 15 agreeing to attend the workshop. The participants represented packaging development roles across the Retail stakeholder's FTG supply chain (Table 1), giving a broad representation of industry stakeholders within the workshop. The insights used for the stakeholder evaluation were gained using a remote-ethnographic mixed-methods study conducted prior to this study, as outlined in the previous section. A co-design workshop method was selected to promote a collaborative stakeholder environment, which was identified as one of the CE enablers within a Scoping Study [10]. The co-design workshop was conducted during a three-hour session, held at Loughborough University's London campus in January 2020. Due to the size of the sample, the stakeholders were split into two groups of seven participants, Sustainability 2020, 12, 6106 5 of 32 with equal numbers of stakeholders from each representative supply chain group. The one retailer representative moved between the groups so they could be involved in both discussions.
The objectives for the workshop were to: 1.
Understand the current development process for FTG packaging including at what stages they engage with consumers.

2.
Evaluate how the consumer behaviour methods could be applied within the FTG development process, their strengths, and weaknesses and how they could be used.
The Co-design Workshop consisted of three stages, some with multiple tasks, aligning to the four interrelated co-design engagement questions outlined by Zamenopoulos and Alexiou [29]. The workshop stages are outlined in Table 2, which explains the task objective, the timings, and a justification of why the stage was used within the workshop. business origami map from Stage 1 to capture their ideas.

3B (ii)
Evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of incorporating behavioural insights into the FTG development process. Stakeholders ideas were captured on post-it notes and added to each Group's task poster ( Figure A13).

min
Each stakeholder was asked to consider the strengths and weaknesses of incorporating behavioural insights into the FTG packaging development process. Justifying their decision.
As part of the workshop, a desktop system mapping ('business origami') method was used [28]. This method aids the understanding of "complex value networks using simple paper cut outs representing key people, locations, channels and touchpoints" [28] (p.152). It is an interactive, rapid process allowing 5 to 15 team members to engage in the task, simply adding the cut-out icons to the map or drawing onto it. This technique is ideal for co-designing a new system but can also be used to understand how existing systems operate, aligning well with the aims of this study. The paper map was prepared prior to the workshop incorporating a process timeline and dotted line indicating whether the process stage was visible to the consumer or a behind the scenes supply chain stage, see Figure 2. Each stakeholder group was asked to analyse their existing development process and then review it later in the workshop, indicating how they would incorporate consumer behaviour research into the process. The cut outs were placed on a large piece of paper where the different stages, interactions, and flows between system elements are drawn, see Figure 3. A colour-coded key was used to identify each stakeholder group on the process map. As part of the workshop, a desktop system mapping ('business origami') method was used [28]. This method aids the understanding of "complex value networks using simple paper cut outs representing key people, locations, channels and touchpoints" [28] (p.152). It is an interactive, rapid process allowing 5 to 15 team members to engage in the task, simply adding the cut-out icons to the map or drawing onto it. This technique is ideal for co-designing a new system but can also be used to understand how existing systems operate, aligning well with the aims of this study. The paper map was prepared prior to the workshop incorporating a process timeline and dotted line indicating whether the process stage was visible to the consumer or a behind the scenes supply chain stage, see Figure 2.
Each stakeholder group was asked to analyse their existing development process and then review it later in the workshop, indicating how they would incorporate consumer behaviour research into the process. The cut outs were placed on a large piece of paper where the different stages, interactions, and flows between system elements are drawn, see Figure 3. A colour-coded key was used to identify each stakeholder group on the process map.

1A
Understanding the current process.
Each stakeholder group was asked to imagine they were developing a new piece of FTG packaging, and as a group map the existing process from design brief through to packaging launch identifying the stakeholder actions at each stage.

min
The use of the provided business origami map ( Figure 2) and coloured icons allowed a collaborative way for the stakeholders to discuss and plot the current FTG packaging development process.

1B
Exploring current packaging user trials.
Stakeholders were asked to plot using a yellow post-it note where current user trials are conducted in the process. They were asked if there is a need to better understand how consumers dispose of packaging out of the home.

min
The identification of existing user trials in the process allowed a comparison with later tasks on future consumer behaviour testing.
Collating their YES or NO answers on a Group poster ( Figure A11) provided a clear visual representation.

Research Method and Findings
In this stage the Investigator described the remote-ethnography and mixed-methods approach used to gain the consumer behaviour insights and introduced the ten behavioural insight sheets, see Appendix A Figures A1-A10.

min
Allowed the stakeholders to firstly understand the methods used to create the insight sheets and then introduced them to the contextual, behavioural and interplay insights they were asked to evaluate.

3A
Analysing the Insights Using the provided task table ( Figure A12) each group were asked to evaluate five insights (Appendix A), stating reasons for it being interesting to the packaging development process, or not.

min
Each group was given an equal mix of the insight sheets. This task allowed the stakeholders to discuss their interest and concern towards the insights with their thoughts captured on a prepared table to assist the analysis.

3B(i)
Adapting the development process to explore consumer disposal behaviour This task aimed to find out how the participants could apply the consumer behaviour insights within the FTG development process. Using their business origami map from Stage 1 to capture their ideas.

min
Stakeholders were asked to add their ideas for including behavioural insight methods, establishing where and when in the development process and in what mechanism or format such ideas could be included.

3B (ii)
Evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of incorporating behavioural insights into the FTG development process. Stakeholders ideas were captured on post-it notes and added to each Group's task poster ( Figure A13).

min
Each stakeholder was asked to consider the strengths and weaknesses of incorporating behavioural insights into the FTG packaging development process. Justifying their decision. Data were collected in the forms of business origami maps (representing current development process, pain points, where decisions are made and where user trials should be applied); audio and video recording of the discussion between packaging development practitioners were taken during the workshop; and other tangible outputs created from the workshop tasks. Thematic analysis was used to analyse this qualitative data set. Within Braun and Clarke's version of reflexive thematic analysis the "subjectivity of the researcher is seen as integral to the process of analysis," [30]. This was an important consideration within this research when the co-designing researcher brings prior knowledge of packaging development to the study. An inductive approach to coding and theme development was used, allowing a more flexible process with the coding improving as the researcher immerses themselves further within the data [30]. Affinity Diagramming is an inductive thematic analysis technique; in this approach, the themes are discovered from the data collected [31]. It helps designers move from 'data' to 'information' by visualising links, patterns, and connections between statements from different users [32]. Terry et al. describe this stage of analysis as a "productive, iterative, reflective process of data-engagement" [30].

Results and Findings
The results and findings from the three stages of the workshop that relate to the objectives set out in the previous section will be explained in this section, defining the existing consumer engagement in the FTG packaging development process, the need to better understand how consumers dispose of FTG packaging out of the home, and the stakeholder evaluation of how consumer behaviour methods could be applied.

Existing Consumer Engagement in the FTG Packaging Development Process
During Task 1A of the workshop, both groups plotted the current packaging development process onto a business origami map; see Figures 4 and 5, which have been redrawn for clarity. Data were collected in the forms of business origami maps (representing current development process, pain points, where decisions are made and where user trials should be applied); audio and video recording of the discussion between packaging development practitioners were taken during the workshop; and other tangible outputs created from the workshop tasks. Thematic analysis was used to analyse this qualitative data set. Within Braun and Clarke's version of reflexive thematic analysis the "subjectivity of the researcher is seen as integral to the process of analysis," [30]. This was an important consideration within this research when the co-designing researcher brings prior knowledge of packaging development to the study. An inductive approach to coding and theme development was used, allowing a more flexible process with the coding improving as the researcher immerses themselves further within the data [30]. Affinity Diagramming is an inductive thematic analysis technique; in this approach, the themes are discovered from the data collected [31]. It helps designers move from 'data' to 'information' by visualising links, patterns, and connections between statements from different users [32]. Terry et al. describe this stage of analysis as a "productive, iterative, reflective process of data-engagement" [30].

Results and Findings
The results and findings from the three stages of the workshop that relate to the objectives set out in the previous section will be explained in this section, defining the existing consumer engagement in the FTG packaging development process, the need to better understand how consumers dispose of FTG packaging out of the home, and the stakeholder evaluation of how consumer behaviour methods could be applied.

Existing Consumer Engagement in the FTG Packaging Development Process
During Task 1A of the workshop, both groups plotted the current packaging development process onto a business origami map; see Figures 4 and 5, which have been redrawn for clarity.  Although the Red Group stated there were four stages and the Blue Group stated there were seven, during the analysis stage it was found there were six individual stages discussed by the groups during the task. Stage 1 was split into two different ways to formulate a design brief (see Figure 6).   Although the Red Group stated there were four stages and the Blue Group stated there were seven, during the analysis stage it was found there were six individual stages discussed by the groups during the task. Stage 1 was split into two different ways to formulate a design brief (see Figure 6). Although the Red Group stated there were four stages and the Blue Group stated there were seven, during the analysis stage it was found there were six individual stages discussed by the groups during the task. Stage 1 was split into two different ways to formulate a design brief (see Figure 6). Stage 1A,  In Task 1B each stakeholder group used post-it notes to plot on their business origami map where they currently engage with consumers in the development process. Table 3 summaries the existing consumer engagement with the supply chain during the FTG development process.  In Task 1B each stakeholder group used post-it notes to plot on their business origami map where they currently engage with consumers in the development process. Table 3 summaries the existing consumer engagement with the supply chain during the FTG development process. Final packaged FTG product is launched into the retail store. In rare cases this will be a soft launch in store, forming a consumer trial. In most cases the product is launched without consumer testing.
"There's very rare cases, where if I'm looking at doing something that is outside of this process, I might initiate a trial at a specific store. I might do a trial before I roll it out." (RET01)

6: Post Launch Review
An internal review at the end of the process to evaluate the project including the product and packaging. If launch does not provide anticipated sales volumes Food Processor may conduct instore evaluation with consumers. Feedback from consumers used as insights to start a new project.
"Particularly if we launch something that we all think is amazing and then the consumer isn't picking it up. We will go in and try and work out why they are not." (PMN01)

Consumer Engagement at the Front End of the Development Process
During the task, both groups discussed the interaction they have with consumers during Stage 1B in the development process, when insights are formed into a design brief. The front end of projects, also known as the insight stage, is growing in importance, with engagement from retailers, food processors, and packaging manufacturers. A packaging manufacturer explained that, "Quite often though, early stage, before we've seen the brief and the insights, we'll do consumer panel surveys and thing like that to get their take." (PMN03) The insights drive the project and feed into the packaging design brief as illustrated from both groups business origami maps (see Figures 4 and 5). There was also evidence of variations in how insights are used, with a retailer explaining, "it depends it you are taking top line strategic insight, or if you are using insight to feed into what you are going to develop." (RET01) and a packaging manufacturer explained how, "We would also do that on new materials and things potentially, investing in consumer research probably. It would be here for us (pointing at left hand side of the business origami map), at the beginning of the process for a new range." (PMN05)

Consumer Engagement at the Back End of the Development Process
Participants also discussed the interaction they have with consumers during the back end of the packaging development process (Stages 4 to 6), from testing the packaging prototypes to the post launch review. Stage 4 included the product and packaging testing phase, which was explained by both groups in detail. Retailers rely on food processors for packaging information and testing, with much of the validation happening internally between multiple departments. This stage checks the functional integrity of the packaging in performing its role in protecting the FTG product through the supply chain. A food processor explained how "you've got a piece of packaging you check how it is going to run down the machines or equipment. (It is the) shelf life bit and modifications that are required." (FPR06) During Stage 5, the finalised packaged FTG product is launched into store. Occasionally, this will be a soft launch within a retail store, forming a trial phase with consumers, but most often there is no engagement with the consumer during this phase. A food processor described that "If it's nothing new and we trust that it works, existing material, got the shelf life, all of that, they (consumers) wouldn't see it until it was there for them to buy." (FPR01) Stage 6 was defined as when the internal post-launch review occurs, evaluating stakeholder's performance during the process as well as the final product and packaging outcomes. If a product is launched and it does not sell the anticipated volumes, an instore consumer review will be conducted. This review and the learnings made from it can feed into the front end of the next packaging development project, with a food processor explaining "we will go in and talk to people who we see picking up the product and buying it and get their feedback. Which would then kind of loop back into your insights and start that off again." (FPR01)

Consumer Engagement Identified as Missing within the Development Process
It became clear to most stakeholders during completion of this task, especially when reviewing their business origami maps, that consumer engagement is missing within the middle of the development process; Stage 3, Packaging Development. This is the stage when design ideation, iterative design development, trialling, and sign-off of the packaging design is completed. Currently there is no engagement with the consumer within this complex looping system of design development. A food processor explained that: "I think what is interesting for me coming from the task already is there is some insight that we've got from either something that the end consumer is doing or something that is happening in the world, an environmental issue or something. We get on and do all this mess. And then we go back to the end consumer when we've decided what good is." (FPR01)

The Need to Better Understand How Consumers Dispose of FTG Packaging out of the Home
All participants, in both groups, agreed there is a need to better understand how consumers dispose of FTG packaging out of the home. Going forwards, the stakeholders felt the need to engage with consumers earlier in the process and how ideally, they should be testing with consumers during the whole process with a food processor explaining, "Because you need to obviously make sure that you are developing the right packaging in the first place for the consumer." (FPR02) There was a consensus that consumer needs are speeding up the process and the supply chain must be more reactive with a food processor clarifying that, "Gone are the all year round projects, it's a different world. We have to react to the consumers at the end of the day, quickly don't we. Consumer needs." (FPR06)

Consumer Behaviour Driven Packaging Development Considerations
Consumer material awareness and perception of packaging was seen by Stakeholders as the driving force for understanding how consumers dispose of FTG packaging out of the home. Stakeholders believe consumers dispose of packaging depending on the pack's predominant material and that mixed-material substrates will not be separated at disposal, with a food processor explaining that "I think people go majority rules as well on the packaging. If it is mainly cardboard, they'll just stick it in cardboard." (FPR03) Stakeholders believe that more consumer insight is required to guide future selection of packaging materials. They want the information on packaging and bins to be easy to understand. A food processor stated that, "I think everyone would be in agreement that there needs to be consumer education on materials and what's good and what's bad." (FPR02) Stakeholders agree they need to consider end of life of packaged products and how the consumer recognises how to dispose of it before a new pack material is launched. A packaging manufacturer explained, "We discussed it from a manufacturer's perspective, and we said that now it would always be a lead top of mind programme about end of life before we introduce any new material." (PMN05) Stakeholders had a clear but generalised view about consumer FTG packaging disposal behaviour out of the home. There was a consensus that FTG consumers are lazy, wanting ease when disposing of the packaging waste as explained by a food processor: "I think people, I think consumers are and I include myself in it, we are inherently lazy, and we want everything to go in one bin and someone sort it out. Until we sort out that mindset, I think we are all a bit stuffed." (FPR05) Stakeholders feel that consumers are not looking for recycling option if a general waste bin is available. If there is more than one bin to dispose of the packaging, stakeholders want to understand how consumers throw FTG packs away when out of the home. Stakeholders discussed how they have witnessed a convenience and ease of disposal nature with consumers first-hand. A packaging manufacturer explained how: "It's more than what bin, it's how they actually throw it away. I've seen people, just for convenience, they get a sandwich skillet and they shove the plastic wrap in the sandwich skillet and they put the bottle in the sandwich skillet, because it is easy and then they put this thing in the bin." (PMN03)

Stakeholder Evaluation of How Consumer Behaviour Methods Could be Applied
This section will report findings from Stage 3 of the workshop where stakeholders evaluated the insight sheets found in Appendix A and discussed how the FTG packaging supply chain needs to adapt to incorporate consumer behaviour understanding within the development process.

Evaluation of Consumer Behaviour Research Methods
Several advantages of consumer behaviour research methods were discussed by both groups. They agreed that the contextual environment where the consumer research occurs can influence the insights gained. The retailer explained that, "If it is an open focus group it is a very different behaviour than actually physically doing it, that's the issue isn't it. Someone might say that they're David Attenborough and then the next minute they don't really care." (RET01) The remote-ethnography mixed-methods approach used to gain the behavioural insights was very well received by stakeholders, described as an 'accessible' and 'insightful' tool. However, the stakeholders discussed several limitations to the research method, with some concerned about how they would fit consumer behaviour testing into the current process, due to the tight project time scales. Some stakeholders were worried about the consumer being conscious of being observed, therefore adapting their natural behaviour, leading to false insights as explained by the Recycler, "It comes back to that key question of asking the question is totally different to what they are actually doing in real terms because of the other things that are going on. So, you physically need to get someone to do it in an environment and watch it." (REC01) A Food Processor stated, "It is difficult because you seem to be the experts within the industry, within your own fields. Then the snapshot of ten or twenty consumers, how real is that going to be? It's a bit of a balance really." (FPR06) Ultimately stakeholders were keen to balance behavioural consumer insight research methods with their expert industrial packaging knowledge.

Changes Required in the Supply Chain Process
The requirement for process changes within the FTG supply chain as discussed by the stakeholders in this study, includes how to: Implement consumer testing in the process, change the way the supply chain design and test packs with consumers, and future process change requirements. The findings are illustrated in Table 4 and explained in the following subsection. Table 4. Changes required to include consumers within the FTG packaging development process.

Alter the Supply Chain Approach to the Design and Testing of Packs with Consumers
Observe consumers within their FTG out of the home environment to gain insights. What people say versus what they do in context.
Stakeholders agree they need to conduct live pack trials with the consumer when implementing large scale change. Understand how consumers dispose of FTG packaging out of the home and therefore which waste stream FTG packs currently go within.
The supply chain needs to test packs with consumer in volume, in the real context.
Need to improve consumer questioning to include disposal related questions.
Establishing consumer behaviour knowledge, testing existing product to guide next project within the development pipeline. Place consumers in the driving seat to explain the packaging solutions they would like implemented.
Use consumer knowledge to improve the disposal process, making it a positive and easy task to complete.
Add further consumer workshops into process to explore product and packaging use.
Stakeholders need to work behind the scenes on the best materials to use for FTG packaging, promoting this to the consumer using clear messaging.

Incorporating the Consumer within Future CE Packaging Development Process
During Task 3B stakeholders applied post-it notes and annotation to indicate how behavioural insights could be applied within future development processes, as illustrated in Figures 7 and 8.
Correct communication and consumer understanding of why the changes have been implemented was viewed as a vital link in the transition to future CE approaches within the supply chain. Coffee cup PR was evidenced as an example of the positive impact system change can have, as explained by a Food Processor, "if people could see if it had a benefit (in relation to reusable coffee cups and drinks bottles). Whereas with FTG and a bin on the high street I don't think people understand that there's a benefit if they change their behaviour." (FPR01). A packaging manufacturer suggested that there needs to be a three-way communication approach to sustainability factors describing how: "You've got the consumer, but you've got the recycler and the printer with the food processor. Because I think it needs to be three-way, it needs to have all that scoping out of materials. Which is the best material sustainability wise? Can it be recycled? What are the credentials about the material recyclability?" (PMN01)     Stakeholders discussed the use of on-pack smart technologies such as QR codes or Near Field and how these could interact with bins to aid the consumer during the disposal process. Technology was also suggested as a way of improving consumer communication whilst the disposal process is completed, with the retailer explaining how, "It would be good if your bin only opened because your QR code for certain bins. You basically wave your pack over the bin and it wouldn't open, 'Oh I can't put it in there,' next bin 'Oh it opens, I'll put it in there.'" (RET01) Technology was also discussed in relation to tracking packs through the existing system from retail store to user to reprocessor, with the recycler explaining that: "It needs to be a wider piece of work that could be referenced to every product going through. So, we know how many are on the market. This is the pack, can you do an assessment to see physically how many of these came through the facility when you look at the funnel of where they would go to in the process? To work out the real recovery rate of that individual pack. We haven't done any of it yet, but the question has been asked a couple of times." (REC01)

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Incorporating Behavioural Insights into the Process
During the final task of the workshop, stakeholders plotted the strengths and weaknesses of incorporating behavioural insights into the FTG development process onto their Group task sheet (see Figure 9). There was an even distribution of responses in both groups.

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Incorporating Behavioural Insights into the Process
During the final task of the workshop, stakeholders plotted the strengths and weaknesses of incorporating behavioural insights into the FTG development process onto their Group task sheet (see Figure 9). There was an even distribution of responses in both groups.

Strengths of Incorporating Behavioural Insights
Most stakeholders felt remote-ethnography used as a mixed-methods research approach offered a good opportunity to gain consumer insight. By capturing unconscious consumer behaviour and then questioning them on the reasons why, as explained by a food processor, "I thought keeping the diary and then reflecting on the diary back was really powerful." (FPR05) However, discussions centred on how consumers know what they want, when this is often gained from media influencers, as raised by another food processor, "Insights are useful because you know what people want, but they only know what they want based on what they've been told before that." (FPR04) Stakeholders suggested applying insights to review pack formats with consumers and use this information to inform key packaging decision makers in the supply chain. The consumer disposal behaviour analysis of existing packs could be used to provide vital knowledge, influencing the front end of the design process, as explained by a food processor, "Understand how they dispose of it this way,

Strengths of Incorporating Behavioural Insights
Most stakeholders felt remote-ethnography used as a mixed-methods research approach offered a good opportunity to gain consumer insight. By capturing unconscious consumer behaviour and then questioning them on the reasons why, as explained by a food processor, "I thought keeping the diary and then reflecting on the diary back was really powerful." (FPR05) However, discussions centred on how consumers know what they want, when this is often gained from media influencers, as raised by another food processor, "Insights are useful because you know what people want, but they only know what they want based on what they've been told before that." (FPR04) Stakeholders suggested applying insights to review pack formats with consumers and use this information to inform key packaging decision makers in the supply chain. The consumer disposal behaviour analysis of existing packs could be used to provide vital knowledge, influencing the front end of the design process, as explained by a food processor, "Understand how they dispose of it this way, then put them down an actual disposal route, two different routes and how would they do it. How would we design it to be done and see where they both end up in the recycler and then pick out the key bits that need to be changed in the design?" (FPR02)

Weaknesses of Incorporating Behavioural Insights
Stakeholders discussed the need to broaden the consumer behaviour research so that the sample size and demographic represents the whole population who purchase FTG products. Due to the scale required to achieve this, the methods of data collection may need to be altered.
"Depends on the sample size as well. Because if you get a smaller sample size and it's kind of scattered, it's not really helpful. Or if you get a smaller group size and it's all positive, is it all just specific for that demographic?" (FPR07) Existing infrastructure challenges were expressed as a major weakness of using behavioural insights within the design of packaging. Stakeholders explained how they must design for the existing UK waste infrastructure, which has limited recycling bin options for FTG packaging disposal out of the home. The recycler led a group discussion on whether the supply chain just needs to accept this and design packs to fit current infrastructure, explaining that "You can do the best you currently can. So you can do it absolutely perfectly, but if it's not in a collection policy of that area in the UK, then there is absolutely nothing you can do about it." (REC01)

Discussion
The thematic analysis process and clustering of the data developed the following three themes; contact with consumers in the existing development process, change required in the supply chain process, and future CE approaches for the supply chain. An overview of the themes and their interrelation is illustrated in Figure 10.
All stakeholders in the co-design workshop agreed that understanding consumer behaviour is important when developing FTG products, as it is the consumer driving change within the supply chain. However, as evidenced within their business origami maps, engagement with consumers in the development process is currently limited. Only certain stakeholder groups, mainly retailers and food processors, and departments of these groups, predominantly marketing, have access to consumer insights. Currently, insights are applied at the front end of the packaging development process, aligning with the work of Nordin and Selke (2010) [33]. Industry has clear perceptions surrounding consumers and their convenience lifestyles, believing they seek ease when disposing of packaging out of the home, due to their time-poor working lives. Yet, industry stakeholders believe consumers have incorrect perceptions about packaging derived from societal influencers such as the UK media. It could be said this is a significant and damaging disconnect between industry and consumers.
Current user testing focusses on functional and aesthetic validation of packaging, often conducted online. This provides an instant emotional response, but not the detailed behavioural insights signalling how the packaging is used and disposed of within an out of the home contextual environment, and maybe more importantly lacks consumer's reasoning behind their behaviour. Investment both in process time and available capital form the current constraints in consumer testing, preventing the inclusion of behavioural research studies, run at sufficient scale, to provide meaningful and useful insights. This investment was only seen as justifiable if the project posed a business risk due to revolutionary changes to packaging formats. It would not be considered within the normal evolutionary packaging development process. Stakeholders were concerned about how to capture consumers natural behaviour out of the home. They felt that consumer observations are vital as packaging waste and the environment has become a very emotive subject, accelerated by the influence of media, feeding incorrect information to consumers, shaping their knowledge and attitudes towards plastic packaging materials. Stakeholders are all too aware that consumers will say what researchers want to hear and that there are differences between what people say and what they do. Current user testing focusses on functional and aesthetic validation of packaging, often conducted online. This provides an instant emotional response, but not the detailed behavioural insights signalling how the packaging is used and disposed of within an out of the home contextual environment, and maybe more importantly lacks consumer's reasoning behind their behaviour. Investment both in process time and available capital form the current constraints in consumer testing, preventing the inclusion of behavioural research studies, run at sufficient scale, to provide meaningful and useful insights. This investment was only seen as justifiable if the project posed a business risk due to revolutionary changes to packaging formats. It would not be considered within the normal evolutionary packaging development process. Stakeholders were concerned about how to capture consumers natural behaviour out of the home. They felt that consumer observations are vital as packaging waste and the environment has become a very emotive subject, accelerated by the influence of media, feeding incorrect information to consumers, shaping their knowledge and attitudes towards plastic packaging materials. Stakeholders are all too aware that consumers will say what researchers want to hear and that there are differences between what people say and what they do.
The triangulation of mixed methods used to gain the data that formed the consumer insight sheets used in this study was viewed positively by stakeholders, providing the ability to thoroughly understand behaviours in the real contextual environment with existing packaging formats. The retail stakeholder could especially see how the methods could be applied within closed loop environments, such as the workplace, where the contextual environment remains consistent and the variations in disposal behaviours and the underlying drivers can more easily be seen. Barriers to applying behavioural studies were mainly viewed in this study as the investment both in time and money within the existing complex development process. The commercial viability of integrating the methods into the process caused concern. Investment in these techniques would most likely increase development time and financial investment across all stakeholder groups, having a knock-on effect

Analysis of Consumer Behaviour research methods
Importance of consumer understanding value of change The triangulation of mixed methods used to gain the data that formed the consumer insight sheets used in this study was viewed positively by stakeholders, providing the ability to thoroughly understand behaviours in the real contextual environment with existing packaging formats. The retail stakeholder could especially see how the methods could be applied within closed loop environments, such as the workplace, where the contextual environment remains consistent and the variations in disposal behaviours and the underlying drivers can more easily be seen. Barriers to applying behavioural studies were mainly viewed in this study as the investment both in time and money within the existing complex development process. The commercial viability of integrating the methods into the process caused concern. Investment in these techniques would most likely increase development time and financial investment across all stakeholder groups, having a knock-on effect on the cost of the packaging within the supply chain and the price of the product to the consumer. Stakeholders have additional concern about how the inclusion of consumer insights within the development process could impact negatively on packaging technology, decreasing the product shelf life, or compromising product protection, all essential for the supply chain.
Stakeholders openly admitted a need to move away from their perceptions of consumer behaviour with packaging to actual knowledge of how they will interact with different pack formats. The FTG packaging development team need to understand how the design attributes and material selection can contribute to the responsible disposal of packaging waste. They see strengths in integrating consumer behaviour methods into the development process, especially within the complex mid-development stage, providing better understanding of disposal behaviours with packaging prototypes before approval for launch. They also identified how it could be used during the post-launch review process, evaluating the ease of disposal, with the insights being fed into the front end of the next development project. This would form feedback loops of knowledge to iteratively improve the development of FTG packaging in a transition to a CE, aligning with the findings of Lofthouse and Prendeville (2018) [34].
A collaborative approach and understanding between the stakeholder groups is required to ensure agreement on which sustainable materials and pack formats are, with the competitive nature of the retail industry placed to one side when these discussions occur. A recurring theme throughout the task was the need for a collaborative input from consumers, industry, and government. Industry and Government need to work together, with the latter driving the legislative measures to support industry in the implementation of CE systems for FTG packaging. Consumers and industry jointly need to take responsibility for changes to how single-use plastics are designed, used, and disposed (see Figure 11). The supply chain can redesign FTG packaging solutions and influence consumer choice, using existing established retailer-consumer relationships.
on the cost of the packaging within the supply chain and the price of the product to the consumer. Stakeholders have additional concern about how the inclusion of consumer insights within the development process could impact negatively on packaging technology, decreasing the product shelf life, or compromising product protection, all essential for the supply chain.
Stakeholders openly admitted a need to move away from their perceptions of consumer behaviour with packaging to actual knowledge of how they will interact with different pack formats. The FTG packaging development team need to understand how the design attributes and material selection can contribute to the responsible disposal of packaging waste. They see strengths in integrating consumer behaviour methods into the development process, especially within the complex mid-development stage, providing better understanding of disposal behaviours with packaging prototypes before approval for launch. They also identified how it could be used during the post-launch review process, evaluating the ease of disposal, with the insights being fed into the front end of the next development project. This would form feedback loops of knowledge to iteratively improve the development of FTG packaging in a transition to a CE, aligning with the findings of Lofthouse and Prendeville (2018) [34].
A collaborative approach and understanding between the stakeholder groups is required to ensure agreement on which sustainable materials and pack formats are, with the competitive nature of the retail industry placed to one side when these discussions occur. A recurring theme throughout the task was the need for a collaborative input from consumers, industry, and government. Industry and Government need to work together, with the latter driving the legislative measures to support industry in the implementation of CE systems for FTG packaging. Consumers and industry jointly need to take responsibility for changes to how single-use plastics are designed, used, and disposed (see Figure 11). The supply chain can redesign FTG packaging solutions and influence consumer choice, using existing established retailer-consumer relationships. Consumers and supply chain stakeholders could learn from each other, with industry using consumer behaviour methods to provide insights, increasing their knowledge, and understanding. This could influence both the design of sustainable packaging and how consumers improve their packaging knowledge, building trust between the two parties, enhancing their relationship. Knowledge feedback loops, as illustrated in Figure 12, between the supply chain stakeholders and consumers, appear vital in the communication and transfer of packaging change information in the transition to CE products, systems, and infrastructures. Ultimately, consumers need to understand the value and benefit of the changes implemented and industry need to provide and communicate the facts to prove the sustainable advantages. Consumers and supply chain stakeholders could learn from each other, with industry using consumer behaviour methods to provide insights, increasing their knowledge, and understanding. This could influence both the design of sustainable packaging and how consumers improve their packaging knowledge, building trust between the two parties, enhancing their relationship. Knowledge feedback loops, as illustrated in Figure 12, between the supply chain stakeholders and consumers, appear vital in the communication and transfer of packaging change information in the transition to CE products, systems, and infrastructures. Ultimately, consumers need to understand the value and benefit of the changes implemented and industry need to provide and communicate the facts to prove the sustainable advantages.
Behavioural research methods could offer a successful and innovative approach to providing consumer insights within the supply chain. Stakeholders in this study agreed that there is a need to better understand how consumers dispose of FTG packaging out of the home and saw the strengths in using remote-ethnography mixed-methods approaches to gain insights; however, they also had some concerns about applying them (see Figure 13). Their apprehensions lay with the scale of research required to give a true representation of the target market. They raised fears about the reliance of behavioural insights to drive packaging development decisions as they may obscure other important factors such as sales context and commercial considerations of the pack and product. There may also be unintended consequences such as an increase in process time or, more worryingly, a rise in packaging or food waste. Stakeholders are also concerned that the consumer only knows what they want from packaging because of the knowledge gleaned from media influencers. Industry feel they are the experts and therefore should be instructing the consumer on what is best. This disconnect highlights the need for increased communication and knowledge transfer between consumers and multiple stakeholders from the supply chain. Behavioural research methods could offer a successful and innovative approach to providing consumer insights within the supply chain. Stakeholders in this study agreed that there is a need to better understand how consumers dispose of FTG packaging out of the home and saw the strengths in using remote-ethnography mixed-methods approaches to gain insights; however, they also had some concerns about applying them (see Figure 13). Their apprehensions lay with the scale of research required to give a true representation of the target market. They raised fears about the reliance of behavioural insights to drive packaging development decisions as they may obscure other important factors such as sales context and commercial considerations of the pack and product. There may also be unintended consequences such as an increase in process time or, more worryingly, a rise in packaging or food waste. Stakeholders are also concerned that the consumer only knows what they want from packaging because of the knowledge gleaned from media influencers. Industry feel they are the experts and therefore should be instructing the consumer on what is best. This disconnect highlights the need for increased communication and knowledge transfer between consumers and multiple stakeholders from the supply chain.  Behavioural research methods could offer a successful and innovative approach to providing consumer insights within the supply chain. Stakeholders in this study agreed that there is a need to better understand how consumers dispose of FTG packaging out of the home and saw the strengths in using remote-ethnography mixed-methods approaches to gain insights; however, they also had some concerns about applying them (see Figure 13). Their apprehensions lay with the scale of research required to give a true representation of the target market. They raised fears about the reliance of behavioural insights to drive packaging development decisions as they may obscure other important factors such as sales context and commercial considerations of the pack and product. There may also be unintended consequences such as an increase in process time or, more worryingly, a rise in packaging or food waste. Stakeholders are also concerned that the consumer only knows what they want from packaging because of the knowledge gleaned from media influencers. Industry feel they are the experts and therefore should be instructing the consumer on what is best. This disconnect highlights the need for increased communication and knowledge transfer between consumers and multiple stakeholders from the supply chain. Frustratingly for stakeholders, the greatest limitation to using behavioural studies when implementing change within the packaging industry is the restrictive UK waste infrastructure. The inconsistent processes and limited capacity of the UK waste infrastructure is a major barrier to implementing the scale of change required for circular systems to exist. The recycler representative in this study described the investment constraints facing local authorities who do not have the available budget to improve the collection reprocessing facilities necessary to circulate the volume of high-quality plastic material for circular systems to succeed. A collaborative response from Industry and the UK Government is required to implement cost-effective systems and legislative measures to ensure improvements and changes occur. Involving consumers, and their behavioural insights, could simultaneously bring the knowledge required to change the UK's recycling infrastructure, and re-educate UK citizens about the value of packaging materials, ultimately leading to a more sustainable society. Technology was discussed as an enabler to both gain consumer insights and implement change to existing linear systems. However, robust behavioural studies providing high-quality insights could be obsolete, if the infrastructure does not exist to support the CE solutions developed using these insights.

Conclusions
Academic tools for consumer behaviour, although established for research projects, are yet to be applied to the packaging sector. The outcomes from this research showed clear benefits in firstly using mixed-methods approach to gain disposal behaviour insights, and to advance the development process using the data outcomes. Supply chain stakeholders in this study viewed the research approach to gain consumer behaviour insights as accessible. However, their concerns lie with the scale of study required to form a true picture of societies' disposal behaviour.
The main limitations to the application of the behavioural study methods within the FTG packaging development process are the time and cost to implement within an already fast-paced, commercially competitive process. This could be overcome through repeat use of the methods, iteratively improving them, so that they become both routine and valued procedures within the FTG packaging development process. In this way, behavioural research methods, and the insights they provide, become valued within the decision-making process, without being overlooked due to other project objectives. Product safety is paramount and will always be the first consideration in the development of packaging formats for food products.
An additional benefit gained from conducting the study was the collaborative nature of the stakeholder workshop, allowing knowledge from across the supply chain to be pooled, in a format that placed the competitive nature of the food packaging industry to one-side. Many stakeholders had little understanding of others involvement in the packaging development process, leading to valuable discussions and knowledge transfer during the workshop. It is a process many of the stakeholders are keen to repeat.
Currently, it is unclear which stakeholder group within the supply chain would take ownership of implementing behavioural studies into the development process. Traditionally, this would be the retailer, who drives the project through the supply chain, however this research has shown that a more collaborative approach is required and therefore a working group of multiple stakeholder representatives may be most suitable.
The research methodology used to gain the consumer disposal insights evaluated by industry stakeholders in this study must be trialled within an actual FTG packaging development process. The outputs can then be applied to developing packaging formats, which encourage a positive change in disposal behaviour. The design outcomes need to be tested with consumers to validate whether they provide the level of change in disposal behaviour required for a transition to a CE.