Stakeholders’ Interests and Perceptions of Bioeconomy Monitoring Using a Sustainable Development Goal Framework

: The bioeconomy as an industrial metabolism based on renewable resources is characterized by, not intrinsic, but rather potential beneﬁts for global sustainability, depending on many factors and actors. Hence, an appropriate systematic monitoring of its development is vital and complexly linked to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as diverse stakeholder expectations. To structure a framework of the important aspects of such a monitoring system, we conducted a series of stakeholder workshops to assess the relevance of SDGs for the bioeconomy. Our results show how the complexities of these issues are perceived by 64 stakeholders, indicating signiﬁcant commonalities and differences among six SDGs, including speciﬁc interests, perceptions, and, in some cases, counterintuitive and contradictory issues. Eventually, the idea of a bioeconomy is a question of the perception of ends and means of a societal transformation toward holistic sustainability. Global implications like trade-offs, hunger, poverty, and inequalities are aspects of high relevance for monitoring of bioeconomy regions in which they actually do not seem to be substantial.


Introduction
Sustainable development has been and remains a challenge for policymakers and the scientific community, as the definition of sustainability and the strategies for how to actually foster it still remain ambiguous [1], even though it has mostly become a collective global value of governments, science, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society actors [2]. Needless to say, it is not yet possible to ensure a sustainable future since there are no certain global pathways for guaranteed sustainable development. As one considerable option to achieve sustainable development, in line with the Communiqué of the Global Bioeconomy Summit 2015 [3] bioeconomy (BE) can be understood as "the knowledge-based production and utilization of biological resources, innovative biological processes and principles to sustainably provide goods and services across all economic sectors" [4]. We follow this existing definition, even though sustainability is not an intrinsic characteristic but rather a promising potential of BE. However, there is still no unified definition of bioeconomy [5], because there is a whole range of stakeholders with diverse interests and perceptions. The vast majority of BE and sustainability related publications see conditional benefits but many others have a perspective of tentative criticism of BE, when it comes to ecological and social sustainability or even state a The SDGs are considered to be the most appropriate global framework of goals for holistic sustainable development available, due to their rudimentary democratic character, wide recognition, and internationally comparable indicator framework [32][33][34]. For these reasons, they are increasingly becoming an overarching topic in BE strategies, policies, and action plans [4,35]. Putting forward such a goal system is a normative political challenge, beyond descriptive and empirical science, and is determining the controversial understanding and interpretation of sustainability [2,36], leading to some characteristics of the SDGs as (i) mainly containing elements of holistic sustainable development but presented as separate and not fully integrated [34]; (ii) implicitly interdependent, with complex synergies, trade-offs, and contradictions also depending on regions [37]; and (iii) goals and targets combining policy ends with means without proposing a hierarchy [38].
Previous research [2,27] has outlined 11 out of 17 SDGs that are potentially highly relevant to a developing global BE (see Figure 1).   [2,27,37,[39][40][41][42]). The diverse and rapidly developing field of new biotechnologies has the potential to address a series of SDGs in the energy and chemical sectors by substituting fossil materials; in the health care sector with new drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics; and in the primary sector by increasing food supplies and conserving natural resources [43]. When it comes to their implementation by measures, which should be in a simultaneous and not sequential manner [44], policymakers still lack tools and evidence to identify interdependencies and balance or to prioritize the most important issues [29,37,45]. Besides, there is a risk of reversing achievements by poor governance, escalating conflicts, and insecurity [46].

What Gets Measured Can Get Managed
Because of all these complex risks and chances, we should consciously evaluate and discuss potential options such as bioeconomy based on evidence, to achieve more sustainability before and during integration into policy, economy, and society. Hence, monitoring BE development and sustainability is vital and reasonable but no internationally agreed methodology exists and the framework conditions of such are not trivial due to diverse notions of what to actually monitor, especially when it comes to nontechnical aspects such as socioeconomics connected with visions and narratives.
The first contributions from science toward implementation can be to develop scientifically robust tools with defined indicators in order to help operationalize the SDGs on a global, national, and regional scale: to identify urgent challenges, to measure and manage progress, to assess and evaluate BE-supporting policies [31], and to fill data gaps in order to begin a process of data-driven and evidence-based implementation as well as follow-up [38,47,48]. Ideally, the analysis and interpretation of such measurements should be done by independent government-backed organizations within a global collaboration and according to international standards [49]. An increasing number of national strategies acknowledge the necessity of establishing complex BE monitoring systems [15]. Although defined and applied measurements of progress and sustainability are fundamental [16], they remain a major challenge [15] due to insufficient concepts, methods, and data. Thus far, for urgent use in political governance, there are no holistic, indicator-based, intersectoral or holistic monitoring systems available and quantitative assessments of how bioeconomy addresses the SDGs do not exist [29]. The purpose of BE monitoring is not just to show whether it is big or small but above all to understand its development and driving forces, and it should ultimately be about well-being-related outcomes [31]. Furthermore, it is also about understanding the relationships between different BE sectors (e.g., between material and energy streams) and at least the effects and potential impacts on society, economy, and nature as well as on their relationships. Short-term results can be adaptations of national and international policies and strategies, like the lacking environmental policy by the EU [10], setting global standards for meaningful certification [27], and delivering valid information to stakeholders such as NGOs and economic actors. Recently launched projects on an EU-wide scale, such as BioMonitor [50], BioSAM [51], and Sat-BEE [52], are moving on a EU-wide scale move in this promising direction.
Regarding this context, necessities and requirements of a smart monitoring system for assessing the sustainability of German BE must derive key criteria, indicators, and models from an integrated and holistic modelling approach. Several national statistical authorities and the Inter-Agency and Expert Group (IAEG) on SDGs [32] have drawn up comprehensive indicators or indicator sets for each subgoal so that suitable indicators for all SDG subgoals can be specified. However, the SDGs and their individual subgoals represent a general global political agenda and cannot be applied directly to BE; they serve more to identify the normative aspects of BE monitoring than already constituting the monitoring framework itself. So far, such a comprehensive monitoring system fulfilling all the named criteria does not exist on any national scale, and Systematic Monitoring and Modelling of the BE (SYMOBIO), of which our study is a part [53], will be the first of its kind. Developing an appropriate monitoring framework is a challenge, because it has to be general in order to cover all relevant topics but also detailed in order to identify specific hotspots of general interest [54]. Due to Sustainability 2019, 11, 1511 5 of 24 the limited extent of the monitoring and its framework, the topics, drivers, and hotspots need to be selected and weighted, especially when it comes to the global dimensions of BE.

Stakeholder Participation: A Necessity Rather Than a Burden
In that regard, the insights and results from systematic stakeholder participation from the beginning can play an important role in addressing persistent societal problems in a credible, transparent, and multi-perspective way [35,47], as well as enable innovations [55]. Public decision making on sustainability is characterized by uncertainty, different values and interests, communities in dispute, as well as urgency [56][57][58], so that holistic approaches have included multiple fields of knowledge and perspectives of different stakeholders [59,60]. Most of the policy strategy developments in BE have already adopted a more or less participatory approach by stakeholder conferences, workshops and surveys [4], and private-public partnerships to encourage successful market integration [15]. Poor coherence between decision makers, scientists, and stakeholders was assessed to be at the origin of regulatory failures [61,62], and biotechnology was the subject of controversial public debates, making societal acceptance an enabling factor [63]. Basing BE policy on a broad societal debate should be a democratic imperative, and NGOs, as important public-opinion formers, have to participate [64]. Thus, the new European Bioeconomy Strategy explicitly calls for strategic and systematic approaches to bringing all stakeholders together in an attempt at policy coherence [28]. Therefore, researchers, initiatives, NGOs, and market actors have to be linked more closely with multilateral policy processes and intergovernmental discussions [12,27,34,44], far beyond the traditional "triple helix" concepts (public sector, academia, business) or "fig leaf" participation, and should be mobilized by a common vision of a sustainable BE system. Otherwise, stakeholders with specific interests may dominate these developments and not necessarily contribute to the public good [6].
Previous studies on stakeholders in the context of the bioeconomy pursued completely different goals and scopes [35], were too general for our context [26,65], and/or used other stakeholder categories and attributes [26,65] and/or used other stakeholder-categories and attributes [66,67]. From an organizational point of view, Future Earth's Knowledge-Action Networks [68] set a good and ambitious example by initiating a growing number of locally implemented and globally networked collaborative frameworks of researchers and practitioners in both public and private sectors and civil society. Such an approach has the potential not only to provide a knowledge base for short-term democratic agendas of incentives and measures toward a potentially sustainable BE but also to actually put them into practice. So, shortcomings and insufficiencies of policy strategies can be overcome, risks and conflicts can be minimized, and difficult choices can be made to, at least practically, implement the SDGs simultaneously [69,70]. Science should contribute to these smart policies by providing a fundamental and integrated knowledge base of synergies, trade-offs, obstacles, and ways to combine these goals, identifying high-priority objectives and investigating questions that society defines as important [2,12].

Present Knowledge Gaps and Objectives of This Research
In a nutshell, as the main causes of several far-reaching effects impeding the potential sustainable development of BE, we see the different interests and perceptions of sustainable development in general and of BE specifically among stakeholders. This manifests as a missing common definition, diverse and partly opposing visions and narratives, and insufficient governance frameworks. Holistic and extensive monitoring systems of the social, ecological, and economic effects of BE at an intersectoral level are in demand as the first step to address these issues. But the complexity of sustainability and economic systems like BE already generates too much information and normative conflicts for limited working groups to identify the most relevant aspects. This leads us back to the main causes. Stakeholder participation is therefore the most appropriate means to identify the key objectives in the first place. As a framework to grasp potential objectives, the SDGs offer a globally recognized general holistic goal system with some indicators and related comprehensive debates and are already implemented in most sustainability strategies and policies.
Accordingly, the general objective of this study is to capture, map, and analyse the societal interests and perceptions of the most relevant stakeholder groups of BE in Germany empirically by means of the SDGs. In reflecting upon their sometimes contradictory interests by the relevance of the SDGs, we want to provide indications for identification of key objectives and potential indicators and a basis for necessary weightings for the monitoring of BE. Additionally, insights into underlying perceptions can clarify the constellation of visions and narratives. The developed scientific tools could support evidence-based decision making in short-term governance, long-term political strategies, public and media discussions, and business processes to successfully implement a coherent vision of a BE pathway as a transformation addressing several big societal challenges.

Methods
Stakeholder perceptions and expectations regarding the effect of BE in SDGs in Germany were collected in a workshop series held in Berlin in October 2017. Research on practices or methods of stakeholder participation concerning BE or comparable issues or objectives is nascent (see [26,35,[65][66][67]) but is led by different objectives and specific methodologies. Stakeholder analysis should explore configurations of sustainability issues like the bioeconomy from multiple or at least different, perspectives [71] and deliver critical reflections on social preferences without forcing consensus [59]. The chosen method of stakeholder participation should therefore provide an introduction to the topic; be able to identify potential and relevant stakeholders, their interests, perceptions, and priorities in relation to sustainability issues; and identify shared problem perceptions, and at least create a basis for a monitoring-framework for the German bioeconomy [59]. For our methodical framework we used established general approaches of stakeholder participation in terms of sustainability, in this case social multicriteria evaluation (SMCE) [59,[71][72][73][74]. This method entails the following steps [59,72,73]: (i) identify and classify relevant stakeholders; (ii) define the problem; (iii) create alternatives and define evaluation criteria; (iv) assign values to criteria in a multicriteria impact matrix; (v) select a multicriteria evaluation method; (vi) assess social actors' preferences, values, and weights; (vii) apply the model through a mathematical aggregation procedure; and (viii) conduct social analysis and discuss the results to check the robustness of the analysis. We oriented our methodology in line with these steps and established methods but we did not follow a set of formal axioms; and rather, we composed the right methods for the right problem [73].

Identifying and Bringing Together a Spectrum of Relevant Stakeholders
We divided the workshops into three parts, held on different days, according to the stakeholder groups identified [75]: science, business, and society. To include a total set of stakeholders with the aspiration of representing all relevant stakeholders of German BE, we looked up the participants of important BE events in Germany from 2011 to 2017. Out of this, we identified 400 persons and the organizations they were assigned to. We selected and invited 200 of them to our workshops in such a manner that every organization was represented without personnel redundancies. The actual participants of our workshops were those persons or their stand-ins who responded our invitation, a total of 64. According to the role, objective or interest of their organizations, we classified them into one of our stakeholder groups. Relevant nongovernmental organizations were represented by 6 major environmental organizations; 6 important developmental aid, food, and agriculture associations; 1 journalist; and 2 foundations. Those 15 stakeholders were classified as the society stakeholder group and represented the main relevant actors of NGOs when it comes to discussions on BE in Germany. The business stakeholder group comprised 9 associations from the biochemical, bioenergy, agricultural, and manufacturing industry sector; 5 working BE companies; 4 BE consulting agencies; and 3 other associations, such as certifiers, for a total of 21. Thereby, the most important BE branches, clusters, and representatives of different commercial interests and fields of action could participate. The science stakeholder group consisted of 28 national and non-profit research institutes with explicit engagement in BE research topics, among them 13 universities. This wide and well-networked research community on BE, which covers technological, ecological, economic, and societal issues of an established and developing BE with global interdependencies, was able to represent interdisciplinary expertise on all potentially relevant BE-related issues.
To ensure the quality of our method and the results, it was very important that all perspectives of the different stakeholders were presented at the workshops and that not only professionally organized groups but also social actors, participated [73], which we achieved. As a shortcoming, such classification into groups is only of limited accuracy, since the groups and the stakeholders could only be roughly defined. But it has decisive analytical and practical advantages. On the one hand, the perceptions of reality and the expectations of monitoring can be polarized but without forcing consensus, and fundamental societal conflicts of interest can be modelled. For those debates, monitoring can provide a scientific basis for decision making and formation of opinions. On the other hand, the potential for conflict in the stakeholder workshop process was reduced, resulting in greater productivity and consistency in the groups as well as more precise evaluation.

Identification of Interests and Perceptions in Relation to the Problem Being Addressed and Indication of Relative Priorities
In each workshop, we introduced the participants to the problem via a short presentation on the current situation and challenges of the bioeconomy, the problems, and envisaged steps for the development of a monitoring methodology of the German BE (see introduction). Basically, we explained the objective of their participation in this process, which was to provide opinions, from their perspective, on what is relevant in a monitoring system with the desired characteristics. We explicitly stated that this question should be thought of independently from how to measure it via indicators, since the creation of a monitoring framework at this stage should not be compromised by detailed challenges of the indicator-based measuring itself. The quality of monitoring, modelling, and other concepts that reflect reality or the system was also essentially dependent on how far all relevant aspects of perceptions of this reality were at least taken into account. To reduce the complexity in multicriteria evaluation (MCE), the virtually infinite information space has to be reduced to a limited set of narratives, expectations, and goals [59]. Now the task for the participants was to classify the SDG subgoals according to their relevance to BE monitoring in the given relevance categories (must be, may be or should not be part of national BE monitoring). In order to initiate the discussion process within a stakeholder group, to gain an even more differentiated picture of expectations and perceptions, and to reduce the complexity of the SDGs, the stakeholder groups were again divided into several smaller working groups (consisting of 4 persons on average), each of which had to categorize a specific part of the overall SDG subgoals. Thereby we lowered the risk that powerful stakeholders would influence the whole stakeholder group [72] and force consensus. Which part of the SDG subgoals a working group categorized was random and not determined by seeming expertise. We explained to the participants that specific political goal formulation of the SDG subgoal should not be of importance per se but only represents the abstract subject that was connoted by the goals and may be important to BE and its monitoring. Therefore, we asked the stakeholders to arrange the different subgoals into sections of relevance classes: the topic of the SDG subgoal must be, may be or should not be part of BE monitoring in Germany. We explicitly chose an ordinal variable here, since the character of variables is crucial for the fundamental issue of compensability [73]. The classification of each topic was discussed within the small working group under the supervision and assistance by one of our team members. Subsequently, all working groups were able to assess and comment on the categorization of the other groups via sticky notes in a feedback matrix according to attribute more relevance, less relevance, questions, and new ideas.
This option of deliberation is particularly important, because preferences and priorities can change and be formed through the discussion process. We followed ideas of deliberative and discursive democracy rather than simply aggregating individual preferences and assuming that they were fixed [59,76,77]. We were thus able to document the stakeholder workshops in this process and in the collection of all working groups by noting key points of discussion. We explicitly encouraged the participants to leave the SDG setting and name their own subject areas, which also outlined very concrete, stakeholder-specific questions. This method is only applicable if the stakeholders can come together in person with a sufficient amount of time, which is a potential shortcoming when these resources are scarcer. Moderators have to follow the discussions within these smaller working groups carefully to avoid dominant individuals forcing consensus.

Scoring, Aggregation, and Robustness
After each workshop, we transferred the categorized SDG subgoals and related feedback to a spreadsheet matrix for quantification (see Supplementary Material). The use of a relevance classification with ordinal variables originates "non-compensatory aggregation procedures and gives the weights the meaning of importance-coefficients [78][79][80]." As a consequence, the respective relevant weights cannot be understood as trade-offs or as compensatory between different issues [59,73] in a national monitoring system of BE. This is especially important in this case, since the SDGs should be seen and handled as a whole, and to avoid misunderstanding of a potential compensatory character related to sustainability issues. Otherwise we would implicitly assume that, for example, environmental impacts could compensate hunger, which is obviously not true even if there is a complex relationship between them.
The ordinal variable values of relevance (must/may/not) were rescaled to dimensionless ordinal variable scores of 3.0 to 1.0 for further processing, aggregation, and visualization (must: 3.0; may: 2.0; not: 1.0). Some of the SDG subgoals (subgoals 1.b, 6.5, 17.18, 10.2, 12.c, 8.10) were considered by some stakeholder groups as not at all applicable to monitoring or their meaning could not be deduced, and they got a value of 0.0. To incorporate the important role of discussions between working groups into the results, we operationalized them by adjusting their values if there were one or more items of feedback of more or less relevance attributed. For each given item of feedback, the related score of the SDG subgoal was increased (more relevance) or decreased (less relevance) by an adjustment value of 0.2. Since the ordinal scale reached from 3.0 to 1.0 and every stakeholder group was made up, on average, of 5 working groups (which means the given ordinal score can be theoretically increased or decreased up to a maximum of 0.8), a sensitivity analysis on this adjustment value was conducted to ensure robustness. In the chosen configuration, we got adjusted scores from 0.0 to 3.4. If the adjustment values would have been higher than 0.2, in some cases the group feedback would have distorted the results too much and scores would have become negative. If they would have been lower than 0.2, the results would have been too insensitive to feedback. We qualitatively appraised this configuration as an adequate compromise between methodical robustness efficiency and overall comprehensibility to conduct it as a feasible workshop with so many participants and within a limited time.
The adjusted scores that emerged from each stakeholder group for each subgoal were then collated. By a consistent equal weighting of all stakeholder groups, the scores of one group for the SDG main goal were calculated by simple linear aggregation of the average scores of the corresponding subgoals (see Figure 2). Likewise, for every SDG subgoal, an average score of all scores given by the 3 stakeholder groups was calculated. Since there is no meaning behind a differentiation of relevance below an ordinal score of 1.0 ("not" category) but values between 0.0 and 1.0 existed, we treated them in the subsequent rescaling as an ordinal score of 1.0. By using trivial transformation and normalization (cf. [73], Equation (23.7)), we scaled the ordinal scores from 1.0 to 3.4 to a scale of 0.0 (1.0) to 10.0 (3.4). The only purpose of this rescaling was to have a more intuitive and better reading and presentation of the results, and only these scores were subsequently used. groups over all 17 SDGs, as well as for all 169 subgoals. But again, when it comes to mainly social aspects of sustainability (SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16), a clear qualitative correlation between the science and society stakeholder groups becomes visible: these stakeholder groups assign significantly more relevance to social aspects than the business stakeholder group. For all other SDGs, the differences in relevance between stakeholder groups do not have a significant qualitative correlation.  This aggregation procedure met the main requirements: all SDGs were treated in general as equally important and specifically were weighted by importance coefficients; all stakeholders were treated as equally important; and the aggregation and allocation of subgoals to main goals followed the legitimized system of the SDGs. The chosen approach is a purely qualitative method and assessment even if ordinal variables were rescaled as numerical scores for better processing and presentation. In this case, basic mathematical operations were conducted or average values were calculated. However, they did not necessarily meet all mathematical assumptions and requirements or produce precise results but were used for the purpose of presentation and visualization. Consequently, the data and results have no sufficient quantitative characteristics for statistical analysis. However, for future research and the application of such methods, more relevance classes and scales could be chosen, such as Likert scales, if this is feasible. This would avoid several scores of different subjects having the same value, which was the case in our study. Improving this would lead to a better resolution of aggregated scores, clearer rankings, and more options for further statistical analysis. Furthermore, the participants would be able to assign significantly more importance to aspects that are relevant from their point of view, for example, food security.

Using Input from Stakeholders to Evaluate the Understanding of a Problem and Discuss the Results
Based on social choice theory [81], this method of deliberative and discussed preferences of members of society and their decisions is supposed to reflect the convergence of collective preference [66]. Assuming this, the results from the stakeholder groups and the general aggregation are able to reflect the appropriate relevance of a group. The top third of the SDG subgoals, up to a score of 6.66, which respectively rank 48th, we consider as highly relevant for monitoring (i.e., "must" category). In the middle third, at scores of 3.33 to 6.66, ranking 67th to 113th, we see all SDG subgoals and topics as optional and nice to have (i.e., "may" category). From rank 113 to 169, with normalized scores of 3.33 to 0.00, the aspects of sustainability with little to no relevance (i.e., "not" category) for BE in Germany are distributed. These scores are the aggregate scores of all stakeholder groups for each subgoal.
Nevertheless, it is necessary to provide the complete ranking of all aspects and not exclude or just select some alternatives a priori [72]. It was discussed that these results of scaled societal preferences could be used in a later stage of monitoring development to set up the weightings of the utilized parameters. However, the elicitation of weights should not be used in the further context of political evaluation but rather ethical and political principles [72], and thus those weights are limited for the presented application in quantitative monitoring. Our scaled results offer the first important insights into constellations of such preferences. However, just as important are the documented discussions, which enable us to interpret and give a first understanding of these constellations and which interests and perceptions are behind them. Since we assess no common method of multivariate statistics applicable to our data in a scientifically robust manner, our analyses have a qualitative character.

Results: Reflecting Interests and Perceptions
In order to avoid lengthy tables, we have included the scores of all stakeholder groups for each subgoal in Tables A1-A3 for detailed consideration. In summary, the stakeholders classified the subgoals so that 56 of them should not be part (score < 3.33, "not" category), and 47 of them may be part (score 3.33 to 6.66, "may" category) of this monitoring. Another 66 subgoals were classified as so relevant that the issues they represent must be part of monitoring German BE (score ≥ 6.66, "must" category).
For presentation of the results, the subgoals are grouped as corresponding SDGs. First, from the "not" category (see Tables 1 and A1), 36 subgoals had little relevance (score 0.00 to 3.33), which means that at least one working group of a stakeholder group assigned them any relevance by their own classification or gave feedback on them. The remaining 20 subgoals (score = 0.00) had no relevance at all for any stakeholder group or working group. Most of the subgoals from SDG 3, 5, 16, and 10 are part of this class, even though some of them are much more relevant (e.g., "reduce pollution of air/water/soil, health protection" (score(3.9) = 8.61); "reduction of bribery/corruption" (score(16.6) = 7.22); "improvement of representation/participation of developing countries" (score(10.6) = 7.50)).
Secondly, the same amount or more than half of the subgoals from SDG 6, 9, and 4 may be part of future monitoring. This class of 47 SDG subgoals (27% of all subgoals, see Tables 1 and A2) may be part of a monitoring system and includes subgoals with scores between 3.33 and 6.66. Of these, 59.6% scored higher than 5.00, therefore tend to be in the "must" category and should be carefully evaluated before being neglected. Finally, the widest class represents 39% of all subgoals that must be part of a monitoring system from a stakeholder perspective (see Tables 1 and A3). A majority of subgoals from SDG 15, 14, and 13 were assessed as "must haves" in monitoring and stand for basic environmental aspects. At least as relevant are many subgoals of SDG 2, 12, 7, 6, and 2, representing food security, sustainable agriculture, production and consumption patterns, and sustainable infrastructure in cities and rural areas.
Taking a closer look at the 10 most relevant SDG subgoals according to their average scores by overall stakeholder groups shows a set of very different aspects with relatively close scores of relevance (see Table 2). The reduction of waste and urban pollution (subgoals 11.6 and 12.5), the protection of ecosystems (6.6 and 15.9), food security (2.1 and 2.2), research on sustainability (12.a) and governance aspects (13.2, 17.14, and 12.2) combine a series of different SDGs as well as high relevance by all stakeholder groups. A high average score results from high relevance by all stakeholders and indicates consensus regarding their importance.
Next, regarding stakeholder-specific scores of individual subgoals and the differences between them, on average they are most significant in the "may" category, followed by the "not" category, and subgoals in the "must" category are the least controversial (see Table 3). Of 169 subgoals, the science stakeholder group gave an average score of 5.10, the business stakeholder group 4.42, and the society group 5.37. This shows a tendency of stakeholders in the science and society group to consider more subgoals as relevant for monitoring than stakeholders in the business group. Related to all subgoals, there is no clear evidence of a general higher convergence of the scores of science and business, science and society or business and society compared to the others. However, a detailed view of the 10 most controversial subgoals shows that 5 of them are societal aspects: ending the discrimination of women (subgoals 5.1 and 4.1) and issues of supporting developing countries (8.a, 9.5, and 10.a). Strikingly, 4 of them were seen as very relevant by the science and society stakeholder groups, whereas business stakeholders neglected them. Concerning feedbacks to attribute more or less relevance given by the different working groups within a stakeholder-group: 6 working groups of the stakeholder group science attributed 52 times more and 3 times less relevance to sub-goals as their colleagues; 5 working groups of business attributed 22 times more and 4 times less relevance; and in the case of 4 working groups of the stakeholder group society 28 feedbacks that gave more relevance were recorded. Furthermore, a first glance at the aggregated scores of the 17 SDGs based on the scores of their corresponding subgoals (see Figure 2) shows the same common strong and widespread relevance for all environmental aspects (SDGs 13-15) without significant differences between stakeholder groups. Following a preference order calculated by the mean values of the relevance of an SDG given by all stakeholder groups, ending hunger (SDG 2), responsible consumption and production (12), all environmental aspects (13-15), infrastructure (9), energy (7), and drinking water supply (5) are the most relevant SDGs for monitoring of the German BE. These are followed by global partnerships, sustainable cities, decent work, inequalities, and education (SDGs 17, 11, 8, 4, and 10).
Peace, gender equality, and health (SDGs 16, 5, 3) appear to be topics of less relevance. However, against the background of these orders of preference and relevance, we have to emphasize that the SDGs cannot be put into a hierarchical order, since they represent a complex and interlinked means-end continuum of socioeconomic relationships. The loss of information in this representation lies in subgoals whose relevance has been assessed significantly differently from the other subgoals of the same key goal. For example, subgoal 11.6 (urban pollution, air quality, waste treatment) is assigned much higher relevance (score(11.6) = 9.17) than SDG 11 in general (score(11) = 6.17).
An interesting aspect from the results shown in Figure 2 regarding the different stakeholder groups, besides the expected similarities (SDGs 15, 16, 17, 11, 2, 3) and significant differences (1,7,8,5,9,6), is that the strongest divergence by far emerges in the perception of ending poverty (1). No clear evidence can be found for a general convergence of relevance between specific stakeholder groups over all 17 SDGs, as well as for all 169 subgoals. But again, when it comes to mainly social aspects of sustainability (SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16), a clear qualitative correlation between the science and society stakeholder groups becomes visible: these stakeholder groups assign significantly more relevance to social aspects than the business stakeholder group. For all other SDGs, the differences in relevance between stakeholder groups do not have a significant qualitative correlation.
From recording the discussion process at our stakeholder workshops, a series of further, partly fundamental questions and positions appeared, some in line with the additionally proposed aspects above. Stakeholders in the science group emphasized that not only national but necessarily global effects of a German, European, and transnational BE must be taken into account in order to identify trade-offs, leakage effects, and refire and backfire effects and avoid them in the future. Business stakeholders were particularly interested in the international regulatory framework for BE activities such as market access, commodity restrictions, trade restrictions, subsidies, and financing options. In addition, price indicators of products and raw materials as well as political-economic instruments, for example, internalization of external costs or physical material flows, were relevant for them. These issues stand in general for information necessary for strategic economic management decisions in BE. For stakeholders in the society group, the main question was to what extent BE merely represents a substitution of the resource base of capitalism or is an actual socioeconomic change toward a more sustainable world. Identifying international land use changes and effects on food prices, and thus the nutritional situation of a growing population as well as the ecological effects, is also a central objective and conflict of interest.
Overall, the results indicate that topics of ecology from marine pollution to environmental education are as significantly relevant as food security and the associated political development and economic framework. Thus, from the perspective of all stakeholders, a series of aspects representing the social, ecological, and economic dimensions of sustainability as well as enabling factors of policy-making have to be considered in a monitoring system. Relatively irrelevant are the subjective visions of discontiguous topics, such as drug abuse but also increased GDP growth.

Discussion: Means, Ends, Perceptions, and Contradictions
Our empiric results, aggregated into main goals, mainly corroborate the findings of previous research and discussions on BE-related SDGs. Many of the SDGs that experts have defined as important (see Figure 1) are also highly relevant for most our stakeholders, such as ending hunger (SDG 2), water and sanitation (6), energy (7), sustainable growth and infrastructure (8 and 9), sustainable cities (11), sustainable consumption (12), climate change (13), and terrestrial and oceanic ecology (14 and 15). However, stakeholders in general see less relevance of health issues (SDG 3) but consider ending poverty (1), global partnerships (17), and education (4) as far more important. We assume that the reasons for this are the popular, general scientific, political, and societal discourse dimensions of BE (fuel vs. food, green cities and green growth) in case of similarities. Two convergent issues, ensuring food security and ending malnutrition (subgoals 2.1 and 2.2), are among the most relevant subgoals from all stakeholder perspectives, emphasizing that biomass should be primarily used for nutritional purposes. On the other hand, the potential of biopharmaceutical technologies and products in the health sector still seems to be an unpopular topic of discourse of specialists in this field, since research and development of medication and access to them (subgoals 3.b and 3.8) are classified as irrelevant. Better communication of BE high-tech potentials (e.g., biopharmaceuticals) and their transparent development would also help in this regard and contribute to faster implementation.
Taking a closer look at the SDG subgoals, it is quite surprising that reduction of urban environmental impact and waste (subgoals 11.6 and 12.5), ranking at number 1, may not seem to be the most popular BE-associated topic (see Table 2). Even though waste is a feedstock with significant potential for the bioeconomy, not only in highly industrialized economies [82]. Of course, there are strong connections between urban development and climate change [83], and green cities and sustainable urbanization play a certain role in the BE discourse [4]. But we assume this significance could also be strengthened by viral societal and media discussions, as urban air pollution was in Germany at the time of our workshops, where some stakeholders made remarks on such topics as biofuels, waste, and urban farming. These are well-known lessons learned from the fuel versus food debate [84,85] and show the strong influence of sometimes volatile topics of medial narratives affecting policy process and public opinion [9]. This does not mean that these topics are therefore less relevant. The high relevance of most ecological aspects and sustainable consumption and production is in line with the results of general surveys on the perceptions of BE. In addition, it also became clear how important the governance frameworks and policy coherence (subgoal 17.14) appear among all stakeholders, showing the relevance of enabling factors and interdisciplinary aspects that are quite uncommon in monitoring systems.
On the one hand, our results show what may seem to be counterintuitive in terms of monitoring in one of the most industrialized nations in the world: the dimensions of sustainability are far beyond local ecological concerns, and the awareness of global environmental effects, international trade-offs, and big societal challenges such as hunger, poverty, and inequality is rising. In particular, a growing German or European BE will depend on imports [25], so national monitoring has to implement these aspects. Nevertheless, when a monitoring framework of regionally quite diverse BEs is developed on a global scale or with another regional focus [14], in our case subordinate aspects like health (SDG 3), education (4), gender equality (5), economic growth and jobs (8), and peace and justice (17) can be much more relevant aspirations. Even within the EU, the socioeconomic effects of biobased activities are found to be highly heterogeneous [51].
On the other hand, our results show how much the relevance of different topics is a question of interests and perceptions depending on stakeholder groups, showing the need to take different BE visions and narratives into account beyond scientific discussions (cf. [8]). Our results show rather strong particular interests by business stakeholders in contrast to more universal interests by society and science stakeholders. This became particularly clear in most of the social aspects, and a closer look at the most and least contentious SDG subgoals (see Table A2) supports this assessment, as well as the most significant difference in relevance between stakeholder groups: the assessment of ending poverty (SDG 1), to which business stakeholders assign far less relevance than the others. However, a bias that those stakeholders are not at all interested in societal challenges is contrasted by their interest in ending hunger. Even though there are similarities in the relevance of some SDGs as assessed by different stakeholders, all stakeholder perspectives are motivated by specific means of achieving specific ends based on values that can, of course, overlap and change in an ongoing progress or regress. These different means, ends, and values seem to be the guiding factors in what we have understood as conflicting interests and perceptions, and they are context-specific. Furthermore, they seem to be the main reason for a lacking common definition of BE. It has been assumed that all stakeholders should have an incentive to internalize external effects [31,86], which remains to be fundamentally questioned [87,88]. Moreover, it is a question of the visions and narratives: when BE is superficially understood as a potential socioeconomic transition toward holistic sustainability, ending poverty, global partnerships, and education play more vital roles; when BE is only a substitution of primary resources, the changes in socioeconomic dimensions are abstract in contrast to environmental effects. The successive changes of the European and German BE strategies toward transformation-centred visions underline the first case. Addressing this complexity and interlinkages, future policy strategies and legislation in Germany should be strongly interministerial, coordinated by a common strategy and appropriate measures at a federal and regional level [29].
One intrinsic quality of the SDGs is to implicitly combine ends and means. In the emphasized case, purchasing power (ending poverty, SDG 1) is a necessary condition for the purpose of satisfying needs (ending hunger, SDG 2), at least within the current widespread economic system. Regarding this, the characteristic for the discussion process was the relevance of individual subgoals determined by how and to what extent stakeholders rate these as more or less related to BE. Such subjective perception of the mediating relationships of certain aspects of the (bio-)economy with ecological and societal effects seems to be the crucial cause, not only for the relevance of topics of monitoring but also for the interpretation of sustainability in general [34,89]. These relationships cannot be reduced to simple, one-directional causalities but rather have to be understood as a whole [90,91]. Inherent contradictions between socioeconomic development and ecological sustainability, which manifest as conflicts and trade-offs between partly incompatible SDGs [92,93], exemplify this and remain a global governance challenge [14].
Comparing our results with the mentioned BE visions [8] and narratives [9] is possible only to a very limited extent, since the objectives, methodologies, and criteria are too different and aspects overlap. However, no vision or narrative can be clearly allocated to a specific stakeholder group, and vice versa. In our case, we cannot define clear images of "heroes," "villains," or "victims" [9]. While the qualitative and quantified interests and perceptions show an affinity of the business stakeholder group to biotechnology-centred visions and narratives of the society stakeholder group, mainly ecological and social ones, the science stakeholder group shares interests with all visions and narratives.
We have shown that it is crucial for a monitoring system to be able to inform and measure the aspects of and provide information about current and future risks and chances resulting from a developing bioeconomy. Regarding our main objective, to identify the most important aspects of monitoring BE from a stakeholder perspective, the subgoals of the "must" and "may" categories should be a substantial basis for the development of a national monitoring framework for BE in Germany (see Tables A2 and A3). Consequently, besides the more common ecological and economic aspects, food security, sustainable production, infrastructure, and final consumption (SDGs 2, 8, 11, 12) have been integrated explicitly as key objectives in "Conceptualization of an Indicator System for Assessing the Sustainability of the Bioeconomy" [54] in the context of SYMOBIO. Furthermore, the science stakeholder group in particular followed our hint to leave the SDG setting and proposed a series of issues specific to the discussions around BE that were not part of the SDGs but should nevertheless be implemented (e.g., new primary biomass resources, national and global potentials; advanced indicators to measure leakage, rebound, reduction, and substitution effects; awareness, acceptance, and significance regarding BE; BE-specific energy consumption, emissions, footprints, and animal welfare; political evaluation of BE and indicators for policy strategies). When it comes to indices formed through aggregation, the relevance order and scores can be particularly important for necessary weightings.

Conclusions
We propose a comprehensive set of 66 aspects that must be part and 47 that may be part of a monitoring system. It is evident that sustainability has to be approached as a holistic and complex subject, because "social," "ecological," and "economic" aspects are at least equally important. In addition, institutional, political, and societal enabling factors are part of this. We emphasize that ambitious assessment and monitoring cover a variety of aspects, especially issues of vital societal discussion. Taking into account only certain issues, as too often in the past, can cause shortened analyses and possibly false scientific, political and media conclusions. Being sensitive to this can lead to a scientific knowledge base for these debates and their outcomes, as well as may avoid existential crises and discursive dead ends like the fuel versus food nexus and debate. Therefore, we have proposed indicators that all stakeholders consider important but also those that are valued differently in terms of their relevance.
The primary and obvious limitation of this research is the inclusion of only German stakeholders and the focus on monitoring the German bioeconomy. Not only international stakeholders play a role in highly interlinked national economies but the results are context-specific and only applicable in a limited and abstract manner to other regional contexts. Besides, in methodological terms, the way of collecting the relevance of aspects and aggregating can be improved by using more appropriate qualitative scales, such as Likert scales, and ultimately our setup of stakeholder groups has limited accuracy. Our results have a qualitative character and thus we did not conduct statistically sound quantitative analysis.
Future studies on stakeholder participation, interests, and perceptions should include international stakeholders and multiregional BEs. This is fundamental when implementing global governance frameworks, not only for BE. By increasing the number of stakeholders and methods of data collection, quantitative statistical analysis should be conducted as well as in-depth interviews to gain more solid insight into underlying interest, perceptions, and values. Those studies have to be aware of universal and particular interests of specific stakeholder groups. When it comes to developing further strategies to realize the SDGs by BE and implementing measures in legislation, governance frameworks, and practices based on evidence from monitoring [54], we also propose closer interactions with global institutions and structures like the Sustainable Development Solutions Network [46]. The continued pursuit of ambitious stakeholder participation can make a significant contribution to policy coherence and to avoiding regulatory failures in the future. By developing a monitoring framework oriented to addressing all stakeholders and their expectations as much as possible, benefits from the acceptance and usage of the monitoring, as well as bioeconomy concepts, are likely to be achieved.
Further basic research on societal relationships with nature can improve our understanding of these complex relationships [94,95]; however, global negotiation processes including all stakeholders will have to organize these relationships [68]. Following previous research and most stakeholders, BE should not just be considered as a substitution of the resource basis but rather as a societal and economic transformation toward more sustainable development [1,30]. Both a transition necessary to achieve sustainability and the already inevitable effects of being late at doing this will lead to significant political disruptions in the short and long term, so the need for democratic practices is urgent [91,96]. Monitoring can support such processes by providing an evidence base, necessary because holistic sustainability is not an intrinsic character of either BE or other economies. Beyond that and most importantly, we all need to argue for a narrative, means-end continuum, and vision of this transformation that is given by neither the SDGs nor the BE themselves. It would also be a significant step toward a common BE definition.
Author Contributions: D.T., U.M., A.J., and W.Z. prepared the workshops and carried out, supervised, and evaluated them. W.Z. did the data curation and general analysis as well as the conceptualization, writing, management, and submission of this research article. The manuscript has been edited by A.B. and D.T. and reviewed by all authors. Acknowledgments: Figures 1 and 2 were illustrated by Björn Schinkel.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.