Sustainability in the University: A Study of Its Presence in Curricula, Teachers and Students of Education

This work forms part of the R + D + i ‘Training project in Spanish universities for professionals as agents of change in order meet the challenges facing society’ (Educación e Innovación Social para la Sostenibilidad (EDINSOST) 2017–2019). The purpose is to analyse the presence of sustainability in terms of curriculum content and training in competence for students, teachers and the curricula of Science of Education degree courses at the University of Seville. In this context, the curricula of the Degree in Early Childhood Education, Primary Education and Pedagogy have been analysed. Two questionnaires have been drawn up, and four reflection groups have been created—in which, a total of 49 teachers and 170 students have participated. The results show that there is a low presence of sustainability in Science of Education degree courses. The teachers express the opinion that they are engaged in sustainable initiatives and have an interest in ethical models. The students express a high degree of interest in receiving sustainability training. Findings provide information for introducing innovation into the university curriculum and the training of teachers and students in order to improve their competency in sustainability.


Introduction
Social commitment is inherent in higher education and thus requires analysis in order to examine the training criteria of sustainability in greater depth. The Rio + 20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development concluded with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. At the heart of this Agenda are 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that address the main development challenges facing humanity. These SDGs are focused on key systemic barriers to sustainable development, such as inequality, sustainable consumption patterns, weak institutional capacity and degradation of the environment [1].
Tackling these goals demands a radical transformation in our way of thinking and acting. Education is one of the vital factors for achieving the implementation of sustainability in people's daily lives, and therefore we are required to train professionals capable of acting as agents of change and transformation of our socio-environmental reality.
Universities have a crucial role to play in this undertaking, since their function is not only to generate and transfer relevant knowledge, but also to educate and train leaders able to contribute to a (greater) sustainable future [2,3]. Furthermore, the experience and preparation acquired in the universities are essential for overcoming the challenges set by the SDGs. With the signing of international declarations, universities are contributing to this endeavour by their commitment to introducing SDGs into their

Implementing Sustainability in the Curriculum
The inclusion of sustainability in the curriculum does not mean introducing environmental content into teaching [16], but rather training people to enable them to critically analyse the interrelations between environmental, social and economic factors in such a way that their decisions are based on more sustainable and socially responsible criteria [19]. With the aim of providing directives to facilitate the implementation of sustainability in the curriculum, in 2005 the CRUE-Spanish Universities (Consejo de Rectores de la Universidad Española-Spanish University Board of Chancellors) drew up a document entitled "Guidelines for the Introduction of Sustainability into the Curriculum" [20], which was subsequently extended in 2011 in accordance with the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). This concerns the training of "participative and proactive people capable of making responsible decisions, acquiring awareness of the challenges posed by globalization, promoting respect for diversity and the culture of peace", as well as consolidating the training strategies for empowering an active citizenship capable of effecting change by direct action.
Different initiatives have been undertaken in universities with the aim of integrating sustainability by means of teaching-the most significant of which are the inclusion of sustainability in the curricula, the development of active pedagogies incorporating sustainability content and assessment systems to foster learning in sustainability (see, for example, [15,16,[21][22][23][24][25][26]). These initiatives involve some complexity because they require a change in worldview by teachers as well as specific training.
Furthermore, difficulties arise with the teachers when it comes to their understanding of the concept of "implementing sustainability in the curriculum" and its integration into different subjects, independently of the area of knowledge, since this process requires an innovative and interdisciplinary practical application [3,27]. Although teachers may understand this integration in a theoretical sense, they encounter obstacles when putting it into practice.
The inclusion of sustainability in the university is conditioned by some important factors, including sustainability in the curriculum, appropriate training for teachers, and the conceptions they integrate about sustainability itself. This latter factor has been analysed by Shephard, and Furnari [28], among others, who have found that it is vital to identify which ideas act upon teachers when conducting their teaching tasks. Such ideas play a crucial role in the educational and training processes aimed at equipping students with (more) sustainable habits.
Based on the existing literature regarding the perceptions and attitudes held by university teaching staff, some conclusions may be drawn about common concerns: diversity regarding points of view, teachers' discourse and understanding of sustainability, and uncertainty about the way in which students learn and how teachers teach the topics in the curriculum. Different levels of commitment to the idea of sustainability education exist about what its aims should be [13,29,30]. In the studies by Jones et al. [31] and by Leal-Filho [32] some of the factors limiting academics in the integration of sustainability were identified, such as personal beliefs and values, lack of awareness, time and capacity. Other studies, like those by Reid and Petocz [33], distinguish two extreme conceptions about the integration of sustainability into the curriculum, while one conception envisages the integration of sustainability and teaching, the other regards learning and sustainability as two remotely connected concepts. Furthermore, the studies by Tsz-Yan, Chow and Wing-Mui [34] indicate the slow and insufficient progress made to integrate sustainability into the curriculum. As pointed out by Aznar et al. [35], 'the literature and research in the field thus far provide very few examples of any great curricular change and the experiences available are scarce and anecdotal' (p. 227). Other studies suggest that even though teachers constitute the mainstay of any innovative process, difficulties exist regarding both their commitment to sustainability and to student training in sustainability [36].
In addition, students who are being trained in university classrooms are faced with a range of difficulties in the understanding of sustainability and its inclusion in their future professional activity. For instance, in studies conducted with teachers about training [37], it was concluded that they understand sustainability as an area of knowledge belonging to the natural sciences that has more to do with the conservation of nature than for the purpose of stimulating critical thinking regarding the prevention and resolution of socio-environmental problems.
Despite being a field that is growing in interest, further research is necessary to investigate more deeply the understanding that both teachers and students have about the challenges that arise when considering the principles on which sustainability education should be based. It is important to recognise the social usefulness of including sustainability in the curriculum, since it is capable of bringing about personal, cultural and economic changes. To that end, the purpose of this work is to consider carefully proposals made by teachers and students that may help to guide both teaching staff and researchers in the direction that leads to such changes.
This research forms part of the R + D + i Education and Social Innovation for Sustainability (Educación e Innovación Social para la Sostenibilidad (EDINSOST)) 'Training project in Spanish universities for professionals as agents of change in order meet the challenges facing society' [8]. A total of 13 degree courses in the fields of engineering and education have participated in the project, imparted in 10 universities throughout Spain (Autonomous University of Madrid, University of Cádiz, University Camilo José Cela, University of Córdoba, University of Girona, International University of Catalonia, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Technical University of Madrid, University of Salamanca and University of Seville) and with the collaboration of 59 researchers. The purpose of the project is the training of qualified personnel capable of leading the effort to meet the challenges posed by our society by means of integrating sustainability training in the Spanish University System. A diagnosis of both teacher requirements in sustainability training and university student requirements in sustainability learning forms part of these objectives.
Specifically, this paper focuses on the diagnosis of sustainability in terms of curriculum content and competence training on the part of both students and teachers in the Bachelor Degree in Early Childhood Education, the Bachelor Degree in Primary Education and the Bachelor Degree in Pedagogy at the University of Seville, with the aim of introducing innovation into the university curriculum and the training of teachers and students in order to improve their competency in sustainability.

Materials and Methods
The general objective of the EDINSOST project is to advance educational innovation with the aim of furnishing future graduates with the competences required to help bring about a more sustainable society. Among these objectives is an analysis of the type of sustainability training currently being provided in universities [26]. The purpose of this present work is to describe the current situation of sustainability competencies in Science of Education degree courses at the University of Seville. Moreover, it also aims to determine the knowledge and ideas regarding sustainability held by teachers, and to perform a diagnosis of the current state of sustainability learning by students The authors posed the following questions for determining the presence of sustainability competencies at the University of Seville Science of Education Faculty: Question 1: What is the presence of sustainability in the curricula of US Science of Education degree courses? Question 2: Do the teachers think that they have sufficient knowledge to undertake sustainability competencies in the US Science of Education degree courses? Question 3: What do students think about the level of training they receive for the development of sustainability competencies?
An analysis of the study plans of each degree course has been conducted in order to respond to Question 1. Two questionnaires have been drawn up and four focus groups established in the case of Questions 2 and 3.
This work is focused on the following degree courses-the Bachelor Degree in Early Childhood Education, the Bachelor Degree in Primary Education and the Bachelor Degree in Pedagogy-because they are directly associated with Education from a school standpoint. The target population for this study consists of the students and teachers belonging to the Faculty of Sciences of Education (US), which has enabled investigation into the teaching concepts and practices regarding sustainability in the university context.

Data Collection Instruments
The choice of instruments is based on the object of the study, the problems involved and the focus of the research instruments described below. This has enabled us to gather the information necessary to analyse and explore the field of study [38] and then select the most representative data once the actual situation has thereby been assessed.
The following instruments used in this research have been validated by experts in the EDINSOST Project [26,39] and are employed to analyse the state of sustainability education in Science of Education degree courses at the University of Seville: (a) A sustainability map of Science of Education degree courses used to analyse the presence of sustainability in the study plans, regarded as written sources of information intended to provide an answer to Question 1. (b) One questionnaire submitted to teachers and another to students in order to determine their perception of sustainability training, with the intention of providing answers to Questions 2 and 3. (c) Four focus groups consisting respectively of students and teachers belonging to the US Faculty of Science of Education.

Sustainability Map of Higher Education Degree
The Sustainability Map, on which the first research problem is focused, was designed within the framework of the EDINSOST Project and based on documentary sources [26], consultation with the different official sources (e.g., generic and specific competences for the qualification of the degree qualification of the memories and Australian Professional Standards) belonging to Science of Education degree courses, and the incorporation of the sustainability competencies as set out by the CRUE (Consejo de Rectores de la Universidad Española-Spanish University Board of Chancellors) Sustainability Commission in 2015. The Sustainability Map (see Table 1) is used as a rubric for analysing the presence of sustainability competencies in Science of Education degree courses. The Sustainability Map is arranged into competency units and domain levels. Each competency is divided into three simplified tiers using the Miller Pyramid [40], which establishes three levels of competency acquisition in the medical profession (and is applicable to other professions), as can be seen in Figure 1. The first domain level corresponds to knowledge and refers to "knows"; the second domain level corresponds to the integration of knowledge and skills, "knowing how"; the third domain level is linked to the demonstration of competence in action and the possibility of transferring it to other situations, "shows how and do".

The Sustainability Questionnaires
The questionnaires belonging to the EDINSOST project were submitted to the teachers and students and the data was subsequently analysed. To that end, two online questionnaires were designed to facilitate access to a total of 219 participants-170 of whom were students and 49 teachers. Validation of the questionnaires was conducted by means of an internal consistency reliability test. All the groups of variables present a Cronbach Alpha coefficient greater than 0.7; that is, they are all close to 1, which is the optimal consistency value.

Focus Groups
The establishment of the focus groups was preceded by the creation of a system of categories corresponding to the objectives and problems of the research. Each category was characterised, and a script was then drawn up for the focus groups and the questionnaires. Finally, the four focus groups were organized with the participation of 12 students and 12 teachers (6 in each group) belonging to all the degree courses, priority being given in the case of the students to those in the third and fourth years of study. A preliminary focus group had been created and analysed beforehand at the University of Murcia to check the script and the category system-this latter being designed differently for students and teachers. In what follows, we present a description of both categories, that of the student group (S) and the teachers' group (T), and finally a code corresponding to the initials of each title of the category, as can be seen in Table 2. The first domain level corresponds to knowledge and refers to "knows"; the second domain level corresponds to the integration of knowledge and skills, "knowing how"; the third domain level is linked to the demonstration of competence in action and the possibility of transferring it to other situations, "shows how and do".

The Sustainability Questionnaires
The questionnaires belonging to the EDINSOST project were submitted to the teachers and students and the data was subsequently analysed. To that end, two online questionnaires were designed to facilitate access to a total of 219 participants-170 of whom were students and 49 teachers. Validation of the questionnaires was conducted by means of an internal consistency reliability test. All the groups of variables present a Cronbach Alpha coefficient greater than 0.7; that is, they are all close to 1, which is the optimal consistency value.

Focus Groups
The establishment of the focus groups was preceded by the creation of a system of categories corresponding to the objectives and problems of the research. Each category was characterised, and a script was then drawn up for the focus groups and the questionnaires. Finally, the four focus groups were organized with the participation of 12 students and 12 teachers (6 in each group) belonging to all the degree courses, priority being given in the case of the students to those in the third and fourth years of study. A preliminary focus group had been created and analysed beforehand at the University of Murcia to check the script and the category system-this latter being designed differently for students and teachers. In what follows, we present a description of both categories, that of the student group (S) and the teachers' group (T), and finally a code corresponding to the initials of each title of the category, as can be seen in Table 2.

Analysis of the Presence of Sustainability in Science of Education Degree Courses
The curricula of the Bachelor Degree in Early Childhood Education (ECE), the Bachelor Degree in Primary Education (PE) and the Bachelor Degree in Pedagogy (P) contain 134 subjects. Table 3 shows the presence of sustainability identified in the analysis of the degree courses using the Sustainability Map. The information derived from the analysis on the presence of sustainability in the curriculum and how it is interpreted in the form of competencies and domain levels. One may observe the number of subjects that develop sustainability in each degree course. The results indicate that the level of presence of sustainability content in the curricula of ECE, PE and P is relatively low. Sustainability content is present in 37 of the 134 subjects belonging to the three degree courses. Table 3 shows the subjects in SUST1, SUST2, SUST3 and SUST4 in the corresponding domain levels (henceforth denoted as DL). Thus, one observes more than 37 subjects in Table 3, since a particular subject can be found in more than one competency. The number of subjects with sustainability presence is higher in the Bachelor Degree in Early Childhood Education and Pedagogy. The course with the least presence of sustainability in its programmes and official documents is the Bachelor Degree in Primary Education.
Significant differences are found in the number of subjects that each degree course devotes to developing sustainability. The Domain Levels (DLs) found in each course also vary significantly. Domain Level 1 has the highest presence with 53 subjects, followed by Level 2 with 22 subjects. Level 3 is the least developed in the Educational degree courses with only 9 subjects. This indicates that the subjects belonging to the Educational degree courses develop sustainability from a theoretical perspective, and to a lesser extent in Level 2 (Knowing how). No significant presence of sustainability competencies exists in Level 3 (Showing and doing).
In addition, the results show that the competencies SUST 1 and SUST 4 in the educational degree courses are those with the highest presence with 29 and 30 subjects, respectively, followed by SUST 3 with 11 subjects, and finally by SUST 2 also with 11. Thus, academic training in Science of Education degree courses has the highest presence of critical contextualisation of knowledge, the creation of interrelations with social, economic, environmental, local and/or global problems (SUST 1), and the application of ethical principles regarding sustainability values in personal and professional behaviour. Table 4 shows the results from the questionnaire submitted to 49 teachers of the three Educational degree courses about how they regard their own knowledge of sustainability competencies and its inclusion in teaching practice. It is necessary to point out that the information gathered in the questionnaire refers to competencies SUST1, SUST2 and SUST3, while information on SUST 4 is not gathered explicitly, but rather from questions regarding teaching strategies and methodologies. Thus, this information does not appear in Table 4 because it has little bearing on the objectives of the present work.

What Teachers Think about Whether They Have Sufficient Knowledge to Undertake Sustainability Competencies
With regard to Domain Level 1 (Knowing), the teachers state that they are mainly situated in N3 of all competencies, except for competency SUST 1 (1-2), where they state that they are located in N2.
Generally speaking, the results suggest that teachers are not found in the highest level (N4) in any of the competencies. The findings indicate the need to improve teacher training in sustainability skills. Table 5 shows the results based on the analysis of the questionnaire submitted to a total of 170 students belonging to the three degrees regarding their training in sustainability competencies. From the analysis of this table, a rating of more than 40% is considered to be relevant (agreement between researchers); that is, a total of 68 students or more who responded affirmatively to a question in the awareness that a figure of 50% would be desirable. SUST 1 is the only competency that DL3 is greater than 50%.

Student Perception of Their Knowledge of Sustainability Competencies
It is worth pointing out that there is no competency in which N4 is reached in the Domain Levels (DLs). Levels N2 are N3 those that stand out in the Competency Unit 1.1. It is also worth emphasising, as in DL3, that almost all the competency units are found in Levels N2 and N3, except in the case of Competency Units 1.2 and 3.1, even though they register a high rating. The students state that they have developed sustainability competencies to a great extent, which contrasts with the analysis of the curricula regarding sustainability and coincides with the good perception expressed by the teachers themselves. Nevertheless, it is true that both students and teachers have room for improvement in order to reach N4 at all the levels of progression.

Analysis of the Information Units Regarding the Opinion of Science of Education Teachers and Students about Sustainability
The results from the questionnaires are complemented by the results obtained from the analysis of 2 teacher focus groups and 2 student focus groups (each group consisting of six members), with a total participation of 24 students and teachers. Table 6 shows the analysis of the Information Units (henceforth denoted by IU) of sustainability in regard to the teachers and students belonging to Science of Education degree courses. The significance of each IU is represented by a repetition frequency of at least more than three different individuals (f > 3) based on the triangulation of data [41].
From the results, we extract that the teachers state that they understand sustainability in all the Domain Levels (DLs): Level 1 (Knowing), Level 2 (Knowing how) and Level 3 (Showing and doing), since 21 significant Information Units (IU) exist that refer to the conception of sustainability category, with code CS (21-CS). Significant reference is made to the three dimensions of sustainability: environmental, socio-cultural and economic .
Likewise, we extract from the results that the teachers believe that the lack of institutional and holistic support for sustainability in the education degrees is a fact . This is closely related to the Transversality Category (TC), where both teachers and students agree that transversality is necessary for the real and effective implementation of sustainability.
The students state that they possessed prior knowledge of sustainability (19-PK) before entering university, making reference to sustainability competencies acquired during their university studies (20-PU).
Furthermore, the teachers (14-MR) and the students (27-MR) agree that development of sustainability competencies in the degree courses depends largely on the methodologies, resources, categories, didactic strategies and dynamics, whether or not they are conducive to sustainability.
Regarding the idea of best practice at the university to enable the degree courses to develop sustainability training, the results show that many and varied teaching practices exist that are conducive to the development of sustainability competencies . Similarly, the teachers state that the incorporation of best practice in sustainability largely depends on the teachers' own ideology, without in many cases prior planning of teaching projects.
The students state that they feel unprepared for incorporating the sustainability dimension into their professional careers (20-CS), which is in agreement with the few notions they say they have of some of the domain levels of sustainability competencies.

Discussion
The first question to be dealt with in this research work refers to the analysis of the presence of sustainability in the curricula of the different degrees in Education Sciences at the US. The relevant finding is that it is present in less than 30% of these grades. It occurs mainly in the level of acquisition of competency 1 (DL1 Knowledge), with 19% of the subjects. Sustainability is present in the degrees of Education as theoretical knowledge. As stated by [42], alternative pedagogical approaches to traditional ones have not yet been widely used to transmit sustainability content in higher education.
9% are found in Level 2 competence acquisition (DL2 Know how), while in Level 3 competence acquisition (DL3 Show and do) this figure is only 4.5%.
Therefore, of the 4 competences of the CRUE, the SUST 1 is present with 13% of the subjects and SUST 4 with 21% of the subjects. Others have no significant representation in the Degrees of Education of the Faculty of Education Sciences at the University of Seville.
One may extract from the data that the academic training in sustainability of the Degrees of Education of the US consists mainly in the critical contextualization of knowledge, interrelations with social, economic and environmental problems, and/or in the application of ethical principles relating to the values of sustainability in personal and professional behaviour.
In relation to the second research question concerning the knowledge that teachers have for including sustainability competencies in their teaching practice, it follows that to a large extent teacher in the Faculty of Educational Sciences do not feel prepared to develop sustainability competencies. Their responses to the questionnaire, in which there were 4 levels of response from 1 to 4, place them mainly in N3 in all competencies, except in Competition Unit 1.2. In this Unit, they are considered to have a lower rating. This unit of competences refers to whether or not they possess critical reflection and creativity, taking advantage of the different opportunities presented (Information and communications technology-ICT, strategic plans, regulations, etc.) for planning a sustainable future. Similarly, in the capacity to show and do, serious in DL2, these teachers rank the lowest. The teachers acknowledge that they have knowledge about sustainability. This is concluded from their answers to the questionnaire at the highest levels of response. Teachers are familiar with the concept and are motivated and interested in including it in their teaching programmes. However, they do not feel prepared to explore the issue further and address sustainability through programmes, strategies, ICT and other alternatives.
Regarding question 3, students at the University of Seville consider that they have knowledge about the subject in the four competences (SUST1, SUST2, SUST3 and SUST4). However, in none of these competences are answers obtained in the scale or level 4; that is to say, the highest qualification. On the contrary, their classifications are mainly in N2. The knowledge about sustainability that students claim to have comes mainly from knowledge acquired before starting university, as shown by the analysis of discussion groups. The teachers state that they pursue sustainable initiatives, as well as being interested in ethical models that enable them to carry out actions and best practices for sustainability. However, this is insufficient; according to the results, more institutional support is needed to guide both individuals and society in general towards a sustainable world.
Data from written sources and from teachers do not match students' ideas, as they themselves claim to have knowledge about sustainability competencies. However, they express their uncertainty and lack of readiness to incorporate sustainability criteria into their professional activity.
The findings reveal a low knowledge of sustainability in teachers and students, so that competencies in sustainability are not incorporated into the Education Sciences degrees at the University of Seville. These findings shed a critical light on the consequences for teachers in the future in terms of their preparation and training in sustainability competencies, as it is necessary to improve such training in the Educational Grade courses at the US. By 2030, all learners will have acquired the skills, values and forms needed for sustainable societies through education for sustainable development [43].
The concept of sustainability is complex and holistic, which can lead to confusion about how it should be understood. This also explains why the Degree Map does not reflect any specific line of work that can be followed in sustainability competencies in these degrees.

Conclusions
The aim of this research work is to understand the presence of sustainability in the teaching at the University of Seville and in the conceptions of its teachers and students. The main findings are the scarce presence of sustainability in Science of Education degree courses, especially in the Degree in Primary Education. It is also concluded that teachers feel motivated and show interest in working on sustainability, although they develop it individually without the explicit help or support of the institution. In addition, teachers feel insecure about both the concept of education for sustainability and the competence for sustainability.
Likewise, the results show that, although students of Education Sciences at the University of Seville are aware of the importance of education for sustainability for their professional future, they do not feel that their academic training prepares them to apply it and evaluate it according to the criteria of competence for sustainability.
Universities in the 21st century are obliged to face the challenges that demand a new educational model in accordance with social expectations and based on the values of sustainability.
The analysis of sustainability in a given context requires careful consideration of how sustainability can be carried out in practice at the university institution. In addition, education for sustainability should be a subject of study for all students, regardless of their educational level. Education ceases to be an end in itself and becomes an instrument to promote the necessary changes in order to ensure sustainable development.
The challenge is to take into account all the means of transmitting existing knowledge in programmes, as well as measures to reform capacities, values, aptitudes and competencies to act in accordance with nature. A society with a high degree of sophisticated knowledge should be able to ensure its own existence.
The views of the teachers and students of this university are indispensable for addressing the revision and renewal of curricula at a time when sustainability is an emerging need. The common approach has been to conduct research on institutions and curricula, but rarely on teacher and student discourse when studying sustainability education, as pointed out in the work by Melles [30]. Progress towards Education for Sustainable Development must take into account not only competencies for sustainability, but also discourses about change and ways of thinking in the academic world in order to create a new educational paradigm. One of the challenges is to determine how the curriculum, through the subjects studied and teaching strategies, can improve students' conceptions of sustainability in the Educational Sciences.

Limitations of the Study
As this is a study of a single institution, the results cannot be generalized to other institutions. For this reason, each university participating in the Edinsost project is carrying out its own study.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.