Toward Inclusive Higher Education in a Global Context

: The aim of this study was to analyse the perception of teaching staff at the University of Jaen regarding the integration of students with a disability, and to describe the interventions they use to respond to the speciﬁc needs of these students, to examine the differences that exist in teachers’ interventions for students with a disability based on their faculty. To this end, a descriptive methodology was used ( n =300 teachers), and the data were gathered using a Tutoring and Attention to Special Needs in the Classroom Questionnaire (TASN-Q). The results were organised in terms of the tool’s different dimensions and, in general, revealed that the teaching staff do not consider themselves sufﬁciently prepared to provide an educational response to students with a disability. The best-prepared teaching staff belonged to the Faculties of Social and Legal Sciences and Health Sciences. This study conﬁrms the need for training in special needs processes to enable university teaching staff to participate in an inclusive model.


Introduction
The presence of students with different types of educational needs at university is an undeniable reality. Access to education in Spain for people with disabilities is regulated by the different laws enacted at different levels of compulsory or non-compulsory education. Rights involving no discrimination and equal opportunities are underlined; these rights are accepted by the United Nations through the World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons [1] and the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities [2]. Attention to students in higher education with a disability must follow the same guidelines as in all other levels of education; likewise, an institutional dimension is required to involve all members of the university community.
Thus, universities should encourage interventions that favour the existence of means, support, and resources that guarantee equality for people with a disability in relation to all other students; assure the universal design of buildings, learning environments, virtual environments, services, procedures, information, and study plans in such a way so as to guarantee that no one's right to enrol, move around, remain, communicate, study, or obtain information is affected.
We believe that a university is inclusive when it assumes an inclusive culture that consolidates a common language among the teaching staff, which considers differences among students as an opportunity to enrich knowledge. An inclusive university should avoid standardisation systems when it thoroughly analyses the obstacles that limit or condition students' participation, and when resources are effectively used to support students' learning. In short, university inclusivity occurs when conditions are created to stimulate the inclusive process that allow all students' needs to be satisfied [3]. Inclusive education is a global concept, considering access and the inclusion of students in the education system as a human right [4].
provide an educational response to special needs and, therefore, be in a position to provide personalised attention to all students.

Objective
The aim of this study was to analyse the perception of the teaching staff at the university regarding the integration of students with a disability, as well as the interventions they apply to respond to these students' specific needs, in order to have a better understanding about the differences that exist among teachers of disabled students in terms of their faculty.

Research Design
A quantitative methodology was used in this study with a non-experimental, correlational, and descriptive design, according to Bisquerra [25], García [26], and Martínez [27].

Participants
The population object of the study included a total of 910 teachers from the university during the academic year 2016-2017, taking into account all faculties and courses in which classes are provided. To determinate the sample size required for an accurate representation of the overall population using a formula for finite known population sample, a confidence level of 95% and 5% precision range was established [28], resulting in n = 271. The real sample was n = 300; these data confirmed the representativeness of the study sample (Table 1). The sample was characterised by sex, age, professional category, years of professional experience, and the faculty to which they belonged (Table 2).

Instruments and Procedure
The questionnaire was completed between the months of September and November in 2016. The questionnaire was sent in the form of a Google form link via email to the entire population (n = 910). To avoid possible biases in the investigation, such as failures in the reception of the email or transfers to the spam folder, a second shipment was completed in October. Finally, in the month of November, the questionnaire was closed with a total of 300 participating academic staff. The Tutoring and Attention to Special Needs in the Classroom Questionnaire (TASN-Q) [24] was used to gather the research data. This questionnaire has five dimensions. The first refers to all the variables corresponding to identification data; the second refers to information, training, and resources for working with special needs; the third dimension concerns disabled students and their specific difficulties. The fourth variable addresses interventions in the classroom and assesses the action taken by teachers and; lastly, tutoring interventions. The tool includes 53 items divided in to general were obtained using dichotomous questions (yes/no), and a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 to 10 (from not at all prepared to very prepared) was used to code the diverse deficiencies teachers have come across (motor or physical, visual, hearing, psychological) or by who and when the teacher was informed about the presence of disabled students in their class. The reliability obtained by the authors [24] using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS. IBM, New York, NY, USA), provided a value of α = 0.873, indicating the tool's good level of reliability [29]. Specifically, in this study, the reliability value was α = 0.85.
The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24 for Mac (Amonk, New York, United States), which we considered to be a suitable tool for this study. At the outset, a descriptive analysis was provided for the items comprising the tool's dimensions. Likewise, in order to adjust for the objective of this research, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to establish the statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between tutorial interventions and teachers' attention to special needs divided by faculty. We accepted equal variances using the Sheffé post hoc test given that the groups were not balanced and, if equal variances were not accepted (p < 0.05), the Games-Howell post hoc test was used.

Disability Information, Training, and Resources
The participating academic staff considered themselves moderately prepared to work with students with a disability on a general level (x = 4.99, s = 2.40), whereas on a more personal level, they considered themselves to be adequately prepared to work with students with some kind of disability (x = 5.71, s = 2.66). For the question of whether the academic staff considered it necessary for university teaching staff to be trained to deal with these students, they only considered training necessary for special needs teachers (x = 1.44, s = 1.17). Regarding the availability of university programs to support disabled students (x = 1.99, s = 0.97), taking into account the three possible responses to this item (yes, no, and do not know), we observed a dichotomy between those who do not know if these programs exist and those who confirm they do. However, with respect to knowledge about the organisation of training activities for teachers to help prepare them for dealing with disabled students, a clear tendency toward 'no' was observed (x = 2.42, s = 0.694). When their participation in training activities on a personal level increased in relation to the previous affirmation revealed that a great majority of the participants have never participated in this type of activity (x = 2.75, s = 0.559). Finally, with reference to the type of training requested by university teachers, there was a high demand for training in design and adaptation of materials (x = 7.68, s = 2.58) and training in the use of specific means and resources (x = 7.70, s = 2.54) ( Table 3). ANOVA revealed the existence of statistically significant differences between various items that constitute the dimension on information, training, and resources for disability in terms of the faculty. Statistically significant differences were found regarding the question of whether the university teachers considered themselves prepared, in general terms, to deal with students with a disability (B.1) (F = 5.260, p < 0.05, α = 0.000); whether they consider themselves prepared, on a personal level, to work with students with a disability (B.2) (F = 7.763, p < 0.05, α = 0.000); whether the university they work in provides any services or specific support program for teachers who have disabled students (B.4) (F = 7.380, p < 0.05, α = 0.000); and whether the university organises training activities for teachers with reference to the topic in question (B.5) (F = 3.709, p < 0.05, α = 0.001). Lastly, regarding the type of training requested, although we obtained differences in all the sub-items, we can highlight theoretical training (B.7.1) (F = 12.817, p < 0.05, α = 0.000), training in knowledge of alternative communication systems (B.7.5) (F = 10.484, p < 0.05, α = 0.000), and training in design and adaptation of materials (B.7.4) (F = 9.020, p < 0.05, α = 0.000).
Nevertheless, after completed the Scheffé and Games Howell post hoc tests, we observed the differences that exist among teaching staff belonging to different faculties. The majority of teachers considered university teaching staff to be relatively well prepared to teach students with a disability, particularly the academic staff belonging to the Faculties of Health Sciences and Social and Legal Sciences, as opposed to those belonging to the Faculty of Experimental Sciences, who presented a more negative perception (B.7.5). Regarding their perception of their own preparation to deal with students with a disability (B.7.6), the academic staff belonging to the Faculty of Experimental Sciences were the ones who maintained a more positive opinion, considering themselves to be adequately prepared together with the teaching staff from the Faculty of Social Work, who also considered themselves to be prepared, as do the academic staff from Faculty of Social and Legal Sciences.
As far as the availability of services or academic staff support programs for dealing with disabled students is concerned, teachers from the Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences were more aware, together with teachers from the Faculties of Social Work and Social and Legal Sciences. The teachers from the other faculties did not seem to be aware of the availability of these resources.
Lastly, in terms of academic staff demand for theoretical training in special needs attention processes, we can highlight the teaching staff from the Faculty of Health Sciences, whereas the teachers from Experimental Sciences were those who least demanded this type of training. Regarding practical training in methodology and teaching strategies, teachers from the Faculties of Health Sciences and Social and Legal Sciences most requested this type of training, whereas teachers from the Faculty of Experimental Sciences did not consider it to be relevant for their teaching practice. As far as the design and adaptation of materials is concerned, teachers from the Faculties of Health Sciences and Social Work presented a high demand for this type of training activity. Regarding training in the use of specific means and resources, the teaching staff from the Faculties of Experimental Sciences, Health Sciences, and Social Work expressed a greater concern for this type of training, as opposed to the teaching staff in the Linares Advanced Technical College (Table 4).

Disabled Students
The European Space of Higher Education aims to implement reforms in higher education based on common key values. Through this process, the members of the European Union adapt their higher education systems, where the main objective is to increase staff and student mobility and to facilitate employability. Therefore, the teachers included in this study confirmed that they have had disabled students in class since the European Space of Higher Education was introduced (x = 1.16, s = 0.369). As such, 41% of the participants confirmed they have worked with students with a motor or physical disability, followed by 24.7% who have had students with hearing difficulties in class, almost 20% have worked with students with a mental or visual disability and, lastly, 14% stated that they have never had any students with a disability.
In terms of when the university teaching staff became aware of the existence of disabled students in their classes, 44% stated that it was before teaching began, 20.3% claimed it coincided with when teaching started, 14.4% became aware of the situation as the course progressed, and 2.2% and 18.8% claimed it happened at the end of the course or not at all, respectively.
As far as who told them about the disabled student(s), 53.5% were informed by specific services at the university, 16.6% were informed by the students themselves, 15.1% stated that the cases were apparent and they were not informed by anyone, and 14.8% have not had any students with a disability (Table 5). In reference to whether the information allowed them to adapt their educational response to the disabled students ( Table 6), 11% of the teaching staff stated "relatively so", and 11.4% responded with "very little". As opposed to the 10.7% who emphasised that the information helped them to an acceptable degree, 11.1% confirmed that it was of hardly any help at all, and 11% of the participants agreed that this information allowed them to adjust their educational response quite well, and 7% confirmed that it allowed them to adjust their response to a great extent.
In terms of having had students with a disability, 25.5% of the teachers claimed it to have been a satisfactory experience and 18.8% very satisfactory, whereas 12.9% and 11.1% considered it to be moderately and acceptably satisfactory, respectively; and 5.2% of the sample considered the experience between not at all satisfactory, not very satisfactory, or slightly satisfactory. Finally, 15.5% had not had to adapt their educational response and 11.1% had not had any students with a disability. Table 6. Adaptation and satisfaction with the attention to students with a disability.

Mean
Standard Deviation After applying ANOVA and the post hoc tests (Scheffé and Games Howell), statistically significant differences between and within the groups were not found.

Classroom Interventions
The demand for the presentation of materials before the subject began tended to be very low (x = 3.53, s = 3.45), whereas requests to adapt subject assessment were moderate (x = 5.60, s = 3.49). Regarding the demand on teachers to adapt their methodology, we observed that the requests made by the students were low (x = 3.89, s = 2.94), as was the request for non-obligatory class attendance (x = 2.44, s = 2.27) and the possibility of entering and leaving the classroom during classes (x = 3.47, s = 2.97). In terms of the adaptation of materials (x = 4.67, s = 3.61) and the possibility of using technological devices to follow the explanations (x = 4.22, s = 3.64), the results were low (x = 2.75, s = 0.559). Finally, based on the type of training demanded by academic staff, we highlight the high demand for training in the design and adaptation of materials (x = 7.68, s = 2.58) and training in the use of specific means and resources (x = 7.70, s = 2.54). A greater demand was reported for accessible spaces and furnishings, for which teachers had received a moderate number of requests (x = 5.16, s = 3.67) ( Table 7). The academic staff affirmed providing adaptations for mental and visual disabilities is harder in class (x = 2.97, s = 1.33), whereas the majority affirmed that they have not had to adapt for students with disabilities (x = 1.72, s = 0.448). ANOVA revealed the existence of statistically significant differences among various items that comprise the dimension on classroom interventions with disabled students in terms of the faculty of the teaching staff. Statistically significant differences were found regarding whether university teachers have received requests by students to alter the presentation of subject materials (D.1.1) (F = 3.929, p < 0.05, α = 0.001); whether students requested an adaptation in the teaching methodology (D.1.3) (F = 2.341, p < 0.05, α = 0.032); whether students with a disability were allowed to enter and leave the classroom during class (D.1.5) (F = 4.537, p < 0.05, α = 0.000); and whether the adaptation of subject materials was requested (D.1.6) (F = 3.905, p < 0.05, α = 0.001). Finally, the availability of technological resources (D.1.7) (F = 3.479, p < 0.05, α = 0.003), accessible classes and furnishing (F = 4.611, p < 0.05, α = 0.000), and the demand for alternative systems of communication (D.1.9) (F = 14.256, p < 0.05, α = 0.000) were examined.
Moreover, after having completed the Scheffé and Games and Howell post hoc tests, we observed differences that have arisen between teachers from different faculties. Regarding the request to alter the presentation of subject materials, the teachers from the Faculties of Social Work, Experimental Sciences, and the Linares Advanced Technical College have received less requests compared to the rest. In the request for material adaptations, we observed some differences. The academic staff from the Faculties of Social and Legal Sciences, Health Sciences, and Linares Advanced Technical College received fewer requests compared to the academic staff from the Faculties of Social and Legal Sciences, Experimental Sciences, and the Linares Advanced Technical College. In terms of requests to be able to enter and leave the classroom during classes, the demand was moderate according to the teachers from the Linares Advanced Technical College and the Faculty of Social and Legal Sciences, with a moderate to high level of requests. In terms of adapting the materials, the teaching staff from the Linares Advanced Technical College stated that they have received many requests, followed by the teachers from the Faculties of Experimental Sciences and Health Sciences.
Regarding the demand for the use of technological resources by the students with a disability (D.1.7), differences existed among the teaching staff from the Faculty of Experimental Sciences (x = 6.27) and those from the Linares Advanced Technical College (x = 1.17); the former receiving more requests than the latter, who did not receive any at all. The same results were obtained for the requests for alternative communication systems (D. 1.9). Although the academic staff from the Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences hardly received any requests, the teachers at the Faculty of Experimental Sciences and the Linares Advanced Technical College received the most requests.
With respect to the difficulties teachers have encountered in working with students with a disability in their classes (D.1.6), we highlight that the teaching staff who have had most problems belong to the Faculty of Health Sciences (x = 5.83), whereas those from the Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences (x = 3.73) have had the least. As far as knowledge of alternative systems of communication (D.1.5), providing these systems has been more difficult for the Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences (x = 1.70) than for the teachers from the Faculty of Experimental Sciences (x = 7.15), the Jaen Advanced Technical College (x = 5.35), and the Faculty of Health Sciences (x = 3.93) ( Table 8).

Discussion
This study allowed us to determine how the teachers at the University perceive the integration of students with a disability, and what interventions they use to respond to their specific needs.
Based on the results obtained, participant subjects responded that they are not sufficiently prepared to work with disabled students. Academic staff belonging to the Faculties from Health Sciences, to Social and Legal Sciences, and Linares Advanced Technical College considered themselves to be more prepared than those belonging to the Faculty of Experimental Sciences, whose perception was lower. The results obtained coincide with the studies developed by Rodríguez-Martínez and Álvarez-Arregui [11], Sosa [13], Castellana and Sala [30], and Álvarez-Pérez and López-Aguilar [24], who concluded that university teachers need more preparation to be able to work with disabled students [31]. Nevertheless, teachers had a positive perception regarding the inclusion of students with disabilities in university classrooms [32][33][34]. However, university teachers do not train or attend training activities related to special needs.
Based on the type of training requested by university to improve their attention to students with a disability, we found a high demand for training in the design and adaptation of materials and training in the use of specific means and resources, which were demands also found in the studies undertaken by Hadjikakou and Hartas [14] and Álvarez-Pérez and López-Aguilar [24].
Regarding whether the university has support services or programs for the teaching staff for working with students with special needs, the teachers from the Faculty Health Sciences were more informed about their availability, together with the teachers from the Faculties of Social Work and Social and Legal Sciences. The other faculties tended to not know what resources were available.
Finally, teachers wanted theoretical training in attention processes, particularly those belonging to the Faculty of Health Sciences, whereas teachers from the Faculty Experimental Sciences had a lower demand for this type of training, perhaps due to the fact that it is the faculty with the lowest number of disabled students. Regarding training in methodology and teaching strategies, teachers from the Faculties of Health Sciences and Social and Legal Sciences had a higher demand compared with the teachers from the Faculty Experimental Sciences who did not consider this type of training relevant to their teaching practices. In terms of design and adaptation of materials, the teachers from the Faculties of Health Sciences and Social Work had a high demand for this type of training activity. Teachers from the Faculties of Experimental Sciences, Health Sciences, and Social Work were most concerned about receiving training in the use of specific means and resources, as opposed to the teachers from the Linares Advanced Technical College. We believe that the differences in the perception of the academic staff regarding their preparation to attend students with disabilities may be due to several factors. Firstly, the number of students with disabilities who access university studies and its prevalence in each of the faculties may affect this perception, as observed in the Linares Advanced Technical College. The academic staff of the Faculties of Social and Legal Sciences, Health Sciences, Humanities, and Education Sciences confirmed having students with mostly motor or visual disabilities, so the type of disability in a faculty may affect the perception. Furthermore, it may be due to the basic training of the academic staff, who, depending on their specialty, have acquired knowledge and skills that allow them to be more prepared in these situations, such as the academic staff in Health Sciences, Social and Legal Sciences, and Social Work.
This study highlights the need for appropriate training for special needs processes to enable university teachers to become involved in the inclusive model defended by Stainback and Stainback [35], Ainscow [36], and Loreman et al. [37]. Funding: This study was financed by PID18_201617 in the call for the Plan for Innovation and Incentives for Good Teaching Practices at the University of Jaen 2016-2019. This project was endorsed by the Andalusian Agency of Knowledge.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.