Sustainable Decision-Making in Civil Engineering, Construction and Building Technology

Sustainable decision-making in civil engineering, construction and building technology can be supported by fundamental scientific achievements and multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) theories. The current paper aims at overviewing the state of the art in terms of published papers related to theoretical methods that are applied to support sustainable evaluation and selection processes in civil engineering. The review is limited solely to papers referred to in the Clarivate Analytic Web of Science core collection database. As the focus is on multiple-criteria decision-making, it aims at reviewing how the papers on MCDM developments and applications have been distributed by period of publishing, by author countries and institutions, and by journals. Detailed analysis of 2015–2017 journal articles from two Web of Science categories (engineering civil and construction building technology) is presented. The articles are grouped by research domains, problems analyzed and the decision-making approaches used. The findings of the current review paper show that MCDM applications have been constantly growing and particularly increased in the last three years, confirming the great potential and prospects of applying MCDM methods for sustainable decision-making in civil engineering, construction and building technology.


Introduction
Civil engineering is based on fundamental scientific achievements. In the design and construction of engineering structures and buildings, theoretical methods are applied that are based on the fundamental sciences, such as mathematics, physics and chemistry. Over the last five years (2013-2017) a number of review articles have been prepared dealing with the achievements in these areas of fundamental sciences and their application in civil engineering as well as in building and construction. Optimizations "inspired by nature" based on chemistry [1], physics [2] and other natural sciences [3] were described. Applications of gravitational search algorithms [4], simulated annealing [5] and central force metaheuristic optimization [6] as nature-inspired conceptual frameworks in engineering are presented. Much attention is being paid to vibration control and the health monitoring of buildings and engineering structures [7][8][9][10][11], including bridges [12,13] and high-rise buildings [14][15][16]. A comprehensive review of tuned mass dampers for the vibration control of structures was provided [17]. In applying the principles of sustainability, besides technological and economic aspects, environmental and social aspects also need to be considered. Accordingly, when choosing the most effective project decisions, everyone is faced with the need to evaluate the performance of a number of criteria. Mixed information and a wide variety of information types can be managed by applying multi-criteria decision analysis methods [37]. Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods cover a wide range of somewhat distinct approaches. The methods can be broadly classified into two categories: discrete MADM (multi-attribute decision-making) methods and continuous MODM (multi-objective decision-making) methods. This classification has risen from two schools of thought regarding what human choice is based on: a French school and an American school. The French school mainly promotes the outranking concept for evaluating discrete alternatives. The American school is based on multi-attribute value functions and multi-attribute utility theory. Lately multiple- In applying the principles of sustainability, besides technological and economic aspects, environmental and social aspects also need to be considered. Accordingly, when choosing the most effective project decisions, everyone is faced with the need to evaluate the performance of a number of criteria. Mixed information and a wide variety of information types can be managed by applying multi-criteria decision analysis methods [37]. Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods cover a wide range of somewhat distinct approaches. The methods can be broadly classified into two categories: discrete MADM (multi-attribute decision-making) methods and continuous MODM (multi-objective decision-making) methods. This classification has risen from two schools of thought regarding what human choice is based on: a French school and an American school. The French school mainly promotes the outranking concept for evaluating discrete alternatives. The American school There are not many review articles aimed at analyzing MCDM (including MODM and MADM) for civil engineering applications. A very comprehensive paper was published by Kabir et al. [38]. Jato-Espino et al. [39] published a review article where an overview of the most widely-applied multicriteria techniques and the main applications of the techniques to construction was provided.
Zavadskas et al. [40,41] reviewed the development of MCDM methods from 1772 to 2015. The first publication on multiple-criteria methods is considered a letter written by Franklin [42]. Pareto [43] publications played a particularly important role. Several Nobel prizes were awarded to Debrese (1959), Frisch (1969), Samuelson (1970), Arrow (1972), Nash (1994), Kantorovich and Koopmans (1975), Dantzig (1976), Sen (1998). The work of Simon (1978) [44] played a special role in the most upto-date MCDM theory. Other important contributions were made by Saaty [45], Zeleny [46], Zadeh [47]. Zadeh [47] introduced the fuzzy sets theory. In 2015, Herrera-Viedma, a well-known scholar in the field of MCDM, prepared a special issue [48] devoted to the fifty-year theory of Zadeh. Kou and Ergu [49] prepared a special issue devoted to Satty's 90th anniversary and an overview article for pairwise comparison matrixes in multi-criteria decision-making [50]. Later Zavadskas et al. reviewed applications of MCDM methods in civil engineering until 2015 [40,41]. Applications in particular civil engineering areas were summarized in a number of papers. In 2016, Zavadskas et al. [51] reviewed the application of hybrid MCDM (HMCDM) methods in engineering. This article also gave an overview of the historical development of MCDM and the main publications on this topic. The focus of the article was on a broad overview, i.e., engineering applications on the whole, not focusing on building and construction. In another review article, Zavadskas et al. [52] presented a comprehensive analysis of the application of HMCDM methods for sustainability problems, including technology or product development/selection, personnel selection and company management, site selection, supply chains, etc. Yi and Wang [53] presented a multi-objective mathematical programming approach for construction laborer assignment with equity consideration. Pons et al. [54] published an article devoted to the application of MCDM methods for the assessment of sustainability in architectural and engineering design; Penades-Pla et al. [55] overviewed the sustainable design of bridges. Keshavarz Ghorabaee et al. [56] provided a broad overview of the application of MCDM methods in supply chains. Si et al. [57] reviewed the application of MCDM methods for the assessment of green technologies. Decision-making for green building, sustainable design, and energy related problems were overviewed [58,59]. Cerveira et al. [60] discussed wind farm distribution network optimization. These published review articles well illustrate the current state of the art in solving sustainability issues in civil engineering by applying MCDM, including MADM There are not many review articles aimed at analyzing MCDM (including MODM and MADM) for civil engineering applications. A very comprehensive paper was published by Kabir et al. [38]. Jato-Espino et al. [39] published a review article where an overview of the most widely-applied multi-criteria techniques and the main applications of the techniques to construction was provided.
Zavadskas et al. [40,41] reviewed the development of MCDM methods from 1772 to 2015. The first publication on multiple-criteria methods is considered a letter written by Franklin [42]. Pareto [43] publications played a particularly important role. Several Nobel prizes were awarded to Debrese (1959), Frisch (1969), Samuelson (1970), Arrow (1972), Nash (1994), Kantorovich and Koopmans (1975), Dantzig (1976), Sen (1998). The work of Simon (1978) [44] played a special role in the most up-to-date MCDM theory. Other important contributions were made by Saaty [45], Zeleny [46], Zadeh [47]. Zadeh [47] introduced the fuzzy sets theory. In 2015, Herrera-Viedma, a well-known scholar in the field of MCDM, prepared a special issue [48] devoted to the fifty-year theory of Zadeh. Kou and Ergu [49] prepared a special issue devoted to Satty's 90th anniversary and an overview article for pairwise comparison matrixes in multi-criteria decision-making [50]. Later Zavadskas et al. reviewed applications of MCDM methods in civil engineering until 2015 [40,41]. Applications in particular civil engineering areas were summarized in a number of papers. In 2016, Zavadskas et al. [51] reviewed the application of hybrid MCDM (HMCDM) methods in engineering. This article also gave an overview of the historical development of MCDM and the main publications on this topic. The focus of the article was on a broad overview, i.e., engineering applications on the whole, not focusing on building and construction. In another review article, Zavadskas et al. [52] presented a comprehensive analysis of the application of HMCDM methods for sustainability problems, including technology or product development/selection, personnel selection and company management, site selection, supply chains, etc. Yi and Wang [53] presented a multi-objective mathematical programming approach for construction laborer assignment with equity consideration. Pons et al. [54] published an article devoted to the application of MCDM methods for the assessment of sustainability in architectural and engineering design; Penades-Pla et al. [55] overviewed the sustainable design of bridges. Keshavarz Ghorabaee et al. [56] provided a broad overview of the application of MCDM methods in supply chains. Si et al. [57] reviewed the application of MCDM methods for the assessment of green technologies. Decision-making for green building, sustainable design, and energy related problems were overviewed [58,59]. Cerveira et al. [60] discussed wind farm distribution network optimization. These published review articles well illustrate the current state of the art in solving sustainability issues in civil engineering by applying MCDM, including MADM and MODM, methods. The whole and continuously increasing number of publications applying MCDM in civil engineering, construction and building technology is presented in Figure 3. and MODM, methods. The whole and continuously increasing number of publications applying MCDM in civil engineering, construction and building technology is presented in Figure 3. In addition, review articles focusing on the development of MCDM techniques also play an important role. Broad MADM and fuzzy MADM overviews were presented by Mardani et al. [61,62], Kahraman et al. [63], Antucheviciene et al. [64]. Zavadskas et al. [65] and Behzadian et al. [66] reviewed TOPSIS (technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution) method. Development of the VIKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (in Serbian), which means multicriteria optimization and compromise solution) method was presented by Mardani et al. [67]. Balezentis and Balezentis [68] reviewed the MULTIMOORA (multiobjective optimization by ratio analysis plus full multiplicative form) method. Behzadian et al. [69] discussed numerous developments and applications in various areas of PROMETHEE (preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations) method. Yang et al. [70] discussed multiobjective inventory routing with uncertain demand using population-based metaheuristics. Pan et al. [71] presented a region division-based diversity maintaining approach for many-objective optimization. Marttunen et al. [72] reviewed combinations of methods and structuring challenges for multiplecriteria decision analysis in practice. The books, summarizing the MCDM methodology, and published by Tzeng [73][74][75], Kou et al. [76], Bisdorff et al. [77], and Liu [78] also play an important role. These publications facilitate the work of researchers and the ability to orient themselves in choosing the methods.
In the next section, MCDM applications in civil engineering and construction building technology are reviewed in terms of the distribution of papers by years, countries, institutions, and journals. Detailed analysis of the latest articles (2015-2017) in terms of application domains, analyzed problems and MCDM methods applied is provided in Section 3.

Research Methodology and Preliminary Results
The search in the online Web of Science core collection database was made on 15 October 2017. The research procedure is presented in Figure 4. The search was made on the topic "MCDM". From all the documents identified (3571), a total of 2605 articles were identified, including research articles and reviews, and excluding proceedings papers and book chapters.
A search for MCDM applications in civil engineering and construction building technology Web of Science categories identified 195 papers, including 160 research articles and review articles.
This search revealed that MCDM methods were applied by researchers from over 100 institutions in 91 countries all over the world and in more than 100 research areas, while MCDM in In addition, review articles focusing on the development of MCDM techniques also play an important role. Broad MADM and fuzzy MADM overviews were presented by Mardani et al. [61,62], Kahraman et al. [63], Antucheviciene et al. [64]. Zavadskas et al. [65] and Behzadian et al. [66] reviewed TOPSIS (technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution) method. Development of the VIKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (in Serbian), which means multicriteria optimization and compromise solution) method was presented by Mardani et al. [67]. Balezentis and Balezentis [68] reviewed the MULTIMOORA (multiobjective optimization by ratio analysis plus full multiplicative form) method. Behzadian et al. [69] discussed numerous developments and applications in various areas of PROMETHEE (preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations) method. Yang et al. [70] discussed multiobjective inventory routing with uncertain demand using population-based metaheuristics. Pan et al. [71] presented a region division-based diversity maintaining approach for many-objective optimization. Marttunen et al. [72] reviewed combinations of methods and structuring challenges for multiple-criteria decision analysis in practice. The books, summarizing the MCDM methodology, and published by Tzeng [73][74][75], Kou et al. [76], Bisdorff et al. [77], and Liu [78] also play an important role. These publications facilitate the work of researchers and the ability to orient themselves in choosing the methods.
In the next section, MCDM applications in civil engineering and construction building technology are reviewed in terms of the distribution of papers by years, countries, institutions, and journals. Detailed analysis of the latest articles (2015-2017) in terms of application domains, analyzed problems and MCDM methods applied is provided in Section 3.

Research Methodology and Preliminary Results
The search in the online Web of Science core collection database was made on 15 October 2017. The research procedure is presented in Figure 4. The search was made on the topic "MCDM". From all the documents identified (3571), a total of 2605 articles were identified, including research articles and reviews, and excluding proceedings papers and book chapters. This search revealed that MCDM methods were applied by researchers from over 100 institutions in 91 countries all over the world and in more than 100 research areas, while MCDM in the Web of Science categories of civil engineering and construction building technology was applied by researchers from 34 countries ( Figure 5). It is worth mentioning that the leading three countries were Iran, the USA and Lithuania. The leading university was Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania (30 articles), followed by the University of Tehran, Iran (17 articles), as presented in Table 1. the Web of Science categories of civil engineering and construction building technology was applied by researchers from 34 countries ( Figure 5). It is worth mentioning that the leading three countries were Iran, the USA and Lithuania. The leading university was Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania (30 articles), followed by the University of Tehran, Iran (17 articles), as presented in Table 1. The numerous papers on MCDM developments and applications were published in more than 100 different journals, often in operations research and computer science journals, while applications of MCDM for civil engineering, construction and building technology were published in 57 journals (Table 2), and mostly related to engineering. The leading journal was Journal of Civil Engineering and Management (24 articles).
As MCDM applications in civil engineering up to 2015 have been reviewed earlier [40,41], the current review focuses on detailed analysis of the papers published in 2015-2017. The changes during the period from 2014 until now are summarized in Table 3. It was found that the number of publications on MCDM methods increased by 56 percent in the three-year period. The geography of the authors expanded from 72 to 91 countries. A number of publications on the application of MCDM methods for civil engineering problems increased by 41 percent and the geography of the authors The numerous papers on MCDM developments and applications were published in more than 100 different journals, often in operations research and computer science journals, while applications of MCDM for civil engineering, construction and building technology were published in 57 journals (Table 2), and mostly related to engineering. The leading journal was Journal of Civil Engineering and Management (24 articles).
As MCDM applications in civil engineering up to 2015 have been reviewed earlier [40,41], the current review focuses on detailed analysis of the papers published in 2015-2017. The changes during the period from 2014 until now are summarized in Table 3. It was found that the number of publications on MCDM methods increased by 56 percent in the three-year period. The geography of the authors expanded from 72 to 91 countries. A number of publications on the application of MCDM methods for civil engineering problems increased by 41 percent and the geography of the authors expanded from 28 to 34 countries in three year period. Researchers from the leading institution, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, published 84 papers on the topic of MCDM in 2015-2017, including nine in the category of civil engineering and construction building technology.    CANADA  TAIWAN  INDIA  SPAIN  MALAYSIA  ITALY  POLAND  FRANCE  ENGLAND  SWEDEN  SCOTLAND  CHILE  TUNISIA  THAILAND  GREECE  BRAZIL  AUSTRALIA  SLOVENIA  SINGAPORE  QATAR  PAKISTAN  NIGERIA  LATVIA  JAPAN  IRAQ  GERMANY  EGYPT   Articles on the topic of "MCDM" in the Web of Science categories of civil engineering and construction building technology, published 1 January 2015-15 October 2017, are further analyzed in detail in Section 3.

Detailed Analysis of Articles Published in the Period of 2015-2017
The detailed review of the articles published in the research areas of civil engineering and construction building technology was made grouping journal articles by seven application domains ( Figure 6) that cover separate aspects of the sustainable building life cycle. It was decided to analyze the most resent papers, specifically those published in the period 2015-2017. According to the research areas set out in the search, 61 papers formed the sample. After detailed review, papers published in the Web of Science categories "Water resources", "Environmental sciences", "Engineering mechanical", "Engineering marine", "Engineering aerospace" and "Engineering industrial" were removed from the sample, because their scope was not related to the object of this research. Research papers and review articles were only assigned to the analyzed research areas, in a total of 36 documents. This set was analyzed by scrutinizing the application areas (domains), problems solved and the MCDM methods applied.
The results of the detailed review presented in Table 4 revealed that the most important application domains in last three years were sustainable construction and construction technology. The number of articles in these domains was, respectively, 28% and 22%, of all set of sample articles. The next three important domains were building structures and systems, construction management and retrofitting, each comprising about 11% of the total number. Building maintenance and location selection problems as research domains were each about 8% in total.
Different problems related to sustainability in the construction sector were analyzed by the application of different MCDM approaches and methods. Naubi et al. [79] developed the watershed sustainability index (WSI) for the identification of the problematic areas within the watersheds. De la Fuente et al. [80] developed a method for analyzing the sustainability of different concrete and reinforcement configurations for segmental linings of tunnels. Arroyo et al. [81,82] compared different decision-making approaches applicable for design decisions involving sustainability factors in architecture, engineering and the construction industry. Ignatius et al. [83] proposed a novel integrated method for assessing green buildings realistically, based on stakeholders' fuzzy preferences. Hosseini et al. [84] presented a method for assessing the sustainability of post-disaster temporary housing. Chen & Pan [85]  Jalaei et al. [86] proposed a methodology that integrates BIM with decision-making problem-solving approaches in order to optimize efficiently the selection of sustainable building components at the conceptual design stage of building projects. Medineckiene et al. [87] presented a new multi-criteria decision-making technique to select criteria for building sustainability assessment. Nakhaei et al. [88] presented the model to assess the vulnerability of buildings against explosion. reinforcement configurations for segmental linings of tunnels. Arroyo et al. [81,82] compared different decision-making approaches applicable for design decisions involving sustainability factors in architecture, engineering and the construction industry. Ignatius et al. [83] proposed a novel integrated method for assessing green buildings realistically, based on stakeholders' fuzzy preferences. Hosseini et al. [84] presented a method for assessing the sustainability of post-disaster temporary housing. Chen & Pan [85] integrated Building Information Modeling (BIM) with MCDM and developed a BIM-aided variable fuzzy MCDM model for selecting low-carbon building (LCB) measures. Jalaei et al. [86] proposed a methodology that integrates BIM with decision-making problem-solving approaches in order to optimize efficiently the selection of sustainable building components at the conceptual design stage of building projects. Medineckiene et al. [87] presented a new multi-criteria decision-making technique to select criteria for building sustainability assessment. Nakhaei et al. [88] presented the model to assess the vulnerability of buildings against explosion. The MCDM approach was used very often for the solution of problems related to the construction technology area of research. Yousefi et al. [89] used the MCDM approach for the selection of combined building cooling, heating and power (CCHP) technologies. Kalibatas and Kovaitis [90] compared waterproofing alternatives for multifunctional inverted flat roofs by the use of multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Turskis et al. [91] presented a MCDM model for the evaluation and selection of building foundation alternatives. Leonavičiūtė et al. [92] analyzed personal protection devices for the prevention of falls from elevations using the new MCDM method. Turskis and Juodagalvienė [93] proposed a decision-making model to assess stairs for dwellings. Ebrahimian et al. [94] studied the selection of the most suitable construction method in urban storm water collection systems using a systematic and structured hybrid multi-criteria decision making approach. Nezarat et al. [95] performed a risk assessment of a mechanized tunneling project by the application of MCDM techniques. Shariati et al. [96] proposed a new multi-criteria decision-making model to evaluate the critical factors for the application of nanotechnology in the construction industry.
A multi-criteria decision-making approach was used for the solution of building structures and systems-related problems, like the evaluation and selection of waste materials for recovery and reuse in concrete [97], the selection of a best practicable decommissioning method [98], the optimization of the fire protection of structures [99] and the selection of an appropriate fan for an underground coal mine [100]. Fewer applications were found in the construction management [101][102][103][104], retrofitting [57,[105][106][107], building maintenance [108][109][110] and location selection [111][112][113] application domains.

Application Domain and Problem Solved MCDM Method(s) Applied * Publication
Retrofitting ( The question of how one method is better suited than another to address a specific problem is constantly scrutinized by researches and practitioners. This is also typical for the reports from the last three years. Schöttle and Arroyo [101] applied a value-based decision-making method conditionally named weighting rating and calculating (WRC), best value selection (BVS), and choosing by advantages (CBA) approaches to illustrate and compare the impact of these methods on the results of a tendering procedure. Khanzadi et al. [102] developed a hybrid MCDM model of discrete, zero-sum, two-person matrix games with grey numbers as a framework to solve dispute problems in the construction industry. The proposed approach was based on the application of several game theory methods-Laplace, Hurwicz, Bayes and Hodges-Lehmann rules. The integration of different methods in one model allows the minimization of the influence of shortcomings and the use of the advantages of separate methods, and at the same time to compare the obtained results. Dadpour and Shakeri [103] introduced a hybrid model that combines SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) and fuzzy VIKOR methods for the evaluation and selection of the private sector for partnership projects. The case study compares the results obtained with the proposed approach and the PROMETHEE method.
Cases where the single method was applied are also common in the analyzed sample. Si et al. [57] employed AHP to derive the relative performance scores for technologies to be retrofitted in existing buildings to reduce carbon emissions and energy consumption. Lin et al. [110] presented the procedure based on AHP for the selection of the procurement method. Formisano et al. [105], with the TOPSIS method, assessed the five alternative upgrading techniques against cost, structural and environmental criteria. A final outcome of this study was the consideration that the applied TOPSIS method is a reliable technique to solve problems of different retrofitting solutions for existing buildings. The conclusion was complementary to the findings of earlier research, where Formisano and Mazzolani [106] used a combined application of TOPSIS, ELECTRE (ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité (that means Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality)) and VIKOR methods for the analysis of retrofitting scenarios. Terracciano et al. [107] analyzed solutions for the vertical addition of existing masonry buildings and applied the TOPSIS method for the validation of the numerical results of the calculations. Through a sensitivity analysis, it was checked that the final results were not influenced by the decision-maker judgments. Agrebi [111] proposed a new approach for location selection based on the ELECTRE I method.
The combination of different approaches with the inclusion of MCDM methods is not a rare phenomenon. Cavalcante et al. [108] proposed a multi-criteria model based on the delay-time concept to provide the builder with a quantitative tool to support the decision-making process in building maintenance. The model proposed by Verma et al. [109] is a modified version of fuzzy TOPSIS applied in order to minimize the vagueness of visual inspection. This model ranks the alternative solutions based on similarity with fuzzy positive ideal solutions rather than the distance from fuzzy positive and negative ideal solutions. Baušys and Juodagalvienė [112], for the selection of garage locations, applied the AHP and an extension of the Weighted Aggregated Sum Product ASsessment (WASPAS) approach, namely Weighted Aggregated Sum Product ASsessment with Single-Valued Neutrosophic Set (WASPAS-SVNS), constructed based on the single-valued neutrosophic set. Hosseini et al. [113] assessed the sustainability of technologies using a newly designed sustainability model based on AHP and MIVES (Modelo Integrado de Valor para una Evaluación Sostenible (that means the Integrated Value Model for Sustainable Assessment), including a simplified life-cycle assessment (LCA). Table 5 presents a summary of multi-criteria decision-making methods applied in articles published in the civil engineering and construction building technology application domains. The table show that the AHP [114], fuzzy approach [47] and TOPSIS method [115] were mostly used in the analyzed period. The most popular and commonly applied method in the analyzed sample was AHP, which was developed in 1980 [114]. AHP was used most commonly for the weighting of criteria as a single method or in integration with others for selection and decision-making [58,80,82,87,89,91,[93][94][95][98][99][100]110,113]. Fuzzy sets were the second most popular approach in the analyzed sample. It was applied for different assessments as a single method and combined with others, i.e., ANP [83,96], PROMETHEE [85], Sustainability 2018, 10, 14 13 of 21 AHP [94,95], VIKOR [103], and TOPSIS [104,109]. The latter have been also intensively applied as a single method [86,105,107] or in integration with others [93,104,106,109].

Discussion
A pressing task facing the world today is the sustainable development of cities and urban infrastructure addressed through the constructive interaction of environmental, economic and social factors. Sustainability priorities encompass integrated problems that address environmental protection, energy efficiency, optimized mobility, e-city technology and other fostering issues, including those appearing throughout all building life cycles, and deal with various levels of management and interest groups with different goals. From the mathematical point of view, these are multi-criteria group decision-making problems. In other words, the multi-criteria problems came from the multidimensionality paradigm conditioned by the ideology of sustainable development.
The most important advantage of the multi-criteria decision-making methods is their capability to address the problems that are characterized by conflicting goals. Therefore, the article was focused on the MCDM techniques and approaches that are being employed for decision-making in sustainability issues, particularly those related to the construction sector.
Usually, the selection of the most effective solution in construction-related problems is not such a simple task. The methods used in structural engineering do not allow for the assessment of the sustainability of alternative solutions. It has been noticed, that often alternative solutions and the results of numerical calculations have been validated by applying a MCDM method [91,[105][106][107]. In particular, a sensitivity analysis was usually applied as a complementary approach to check that the results were not influenced by the judgments of decision-makers [83,86,99,101,[105][106][107]109,111].
The results of the in-depth analysis revealed that AHP, fuzzy sets and TOPSIS methods are among the most well-known, not only during the last three decades, but also during last three years, and thus prevail in scientific articles. A rapid growth of AHP and TOPSIS applications was also recorded in Zyoud and Fuchs-Hanusch [133].
The TOPSIS approach is popular and employed for several main reasons most often referred to in analyzed articles [66,86,[104][105][106][107]109]. First, the TOPSIS technique has a rational and understandable logic. Second, the computation process is straightforward; and the concept is depicted in a simple mathematical form. In several sources, TOPSIS is mentioned as one of the most popular MCDM techniques thanks to its easy application [105,106], as well as consistency and reliability [107]. Working with vast numbers of alternatives and attributes, TOPSIS is more efficient and faster compared with other MCDM methods, e.g., ELECTRE [86]. The technique creates two additional positive and negative ideal alternatives as a basis that guides the decision-maker to choose the optimal alternative among those considered. Subsequently, the solution of a problem is represented by the alternative with the minimum distance from positive ideal and the maximum distance from the negative ideal in a geometrical sense.
Generally, MCDM methods help the decision-maker to select objective solutions not influenced by the evaluation process. Real world problems are normally not defined exactly due to the uncertainty of human judgment; therefore, the extension of the classic methods enabling decision-making in uncertain environments has appeared, e.g., fuzzy TOPSIS. The popularity of fuzzy TOPSIS could be explained by one of the key advantages mentioned by Zavadskas et al. [66], i.e., the ability to deal with different types of values: crisp, interval, fuzzy or linguistic. Starting from the ideas presented in Zadeh's "Fuzzy Sets", published in 1965 [47], the fuzzy logic theory has proved to have numerous applications and developments until now [48,134]. Thus, the integration of fuzzy logic into classic methods provides a solution to handle subjective uncertain data and strengthens the comprehensiveness of the decision-making process.
The weights of the criteria in many papers in the analyzed sample were determined through the AHP method developed by Saaty (1980) [114]. Si et al. [57] emphasized that in the AHP method, the hierarchy between criteria influences weight value allocations. When more criteria are taken, the interrelations between the criteria can be changed, and alternative hierarchies may influence the difference in the allocation of weights. Consequently, different allocation of weight values will change the final ranking results. This leads to the necessity to set up an agreement regarding the development of a criteria hierarchy. Thus, sensitivity analysis is strongly recommended to identify the desirable weight values for decision makers. Despite the clear drawbacks, this method remains one of the most popular in technological and economic development, including multiple-criteria decision-making [49]. The superiority of AHP was proved by its predominance in the research and evidenced through the huge number of publications [133].
The analysis also revealed that research uses a combined approach instead of a single method. Particularly, [106] stated that the combined application of MCDM methods would allow decision-makers to find with the highest probability an objective optimal solution under different points of view. The diversity of the applied MCDM methods has also increased because of a growing trend to combine different MCDM methods and a need to integrate MCDM with other methods [62,72].
The use of MCDM methods reached various subareas of civil engineering and construction/building technology, proving that researchers in many fields are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of considering multiple aspects of reality when it comes to sustainable decision-making in civil engineering and construction/building technology. This review is also of political relevance because it shows that sustainability is a complex, manifold task, which urges political decision-makers to consider aspects that go beyond financials and implement solutions that make a balance between cost and benefits to all stakeholders.
This manuscript summarized carefully the papers that were available in the Web of Science core collection database, although a number of relevant works may have remained outside the scope of this study. However, the authors believe that this sample is representative, as the Web of Science core collection database is presented as the most accurate, objective, and complete resource available, and the articles included in it have passed a rigorous selection process inherent to high quality articles. Moreover, the authors limited the research on purpose; otherwise, the volume of the article would have increased significantly. On the other hand, the limitation specified above allows others in the future to get deeper into the subject, expand the sample and review those papers that are not mentioned in this article.

Conclusions
Sustainable decision-making in civil engineering, construction and building technology is based on fundamental scientific achievements and can be supported by multiple-criteria decision-making approaches. The current research justifies the need and usefulness of the application of MCDM methods for sustainable decision-making. It was identified that the number of publications on the topic of "sustainability" significantly increased in 2010. The number of publications on the topic "MCDM" began to grow starting from 2010. An analogous growth trend in publications applying MCDM methods has been observed in civil engineering and construction building technology Web of Science categories.
The main contribution of the current research is that it analyses in detail the newest publications for the last three year period. It was found that the number of publications on the application of MCDM methods for civil engineering and construction building technology problems increased by over 40 percent, the geography of the authors expanded from 28 to 34 countries in three years, 19 new journals were additionally added to the existing 38, and papers by researchers from over 100 institutions were published in 57 different journals by the current date.
The detailed analysis revealed that sustainable construction and construction technology were the most important application domains in last three years in the research areas of civil engineering and construction building technology. The number of articles in these two domains makes up to 50% of the sample. The next three important domains are building structures and systems, construction management and retrofitting, each comprising about 11% of total number. The analysis shows that the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy approach and TOPSIS method were mostly used in the analyzed period. The results of the current research show that the MCDM approach is very useful for decision support in the construction industry in assessing design and technological alternatives with regard to sustainability, vulnerability and other important aspects.
The limitations of the current research are that only two Web of Science categories (engineering civil and construction building technology) were analyzed, while MCDM methods are applied in over 100 Web of Science categories, including some other categories also related to civil engineering. Accordingly, the research methodology is versatile and could be applied to analyzing publications including more Web of Science categories in a future.
The aim of the article was to introduce the thematic issue, to summarize the latest research in the field under study. As a result, the paper provides a better understanding of recent research directions in topics of sustainable development and construction engineering and can assist in conducting further research and seeking information. The study shows that decision-making methods have been developing in the last three years and their application has had a positive effect. The inclusion of multi-criteria decision-making methods as a robust and flexible tool for assessing possible alternatives provides the possibility to select a rational solution more precisely, taking into account the trade-offs that inevitably exist between the various candidate solutions. The obvious efforts to combine several methods show that the scientific community is still searching for the proper combination of decision-making methods for the solution of concrete problems. Thus, this analysis helps to anticipate future directions for the development of multi-criteria decision-making methods. Thus, the authors intend to make a comparative analysis and a more rigorous investigation of the existing methods, such as a comparison of previous approaches in terms of pros and cons, in the near future. In the light of the above, expectedly, this study can be employed by scholars as a basis for further research.