EU Legislation on Forest Plant Health: An Overview with a Focus on Fusarium circinatum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current European Plant Health Legislation
- protect plant health in agriculture, forestry, and the uncultivated environment;
- develop an international strategy against the introduction and spread of pests (including invasive alien plants) that damage cultivated and wild plants, in agricultural and natural ecosystems and protect biodiversity;
- encourage harmonization of phytosanitary regulations and all other areas of official plant protection action;
- promote the use of modern, safe, and effective pest control methods;
- provide a documentation and information service on plant protection.
2.1. The Case of Fusarium circinatum
2.1.1. EU Legislation
- Annex III (A), prohibits the introduction of plants or plant parts of Pinus spp. and Pseudotsuga menziesii (host plants) other than fruit and seed from non-European countries in all member states. Annex III (A) also prohibits the introduction of soil and growing medium as such in all member states;
- Annex II (A) and IV(A) specify import requirements for growing media attached to plants and coniferous wood;
- Wood packaging material must comply with the requirements as specified in ISPM 15.
2.1.2. Emergency Measures and Contingency Plans
- (i)
- they have been grown throughout their life in countries where the specified organism is not known to occur, or
- (ii)
- they have been grown throughout their life in a pest-free area, established by the national plant protection organisation in the country of origin in accordance with relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. The name of the pest-free area shall be mentioned under the rubric “place of origin”, or
- (iii)
- they originate in a place of production where no signs of the specified organism have been observed during official inspections within a period of two years prior to export, and have been tested immediately prior to export.
- (i)
- they have been grown throughout their life or since their introduction into the Community in a place of production of a Member State where the organism is not known to occur, or
- (ii)
- they have been grown throughout their life or since their introduction into the Community, in a place of production in a pest-free area, established by the responsible official body in a Member State, in accordance with relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, or
- (iii)
- they originate in a place of production where no signs of the specified organism have been observed during official inspections within a period of two years prior to movement and have been tested immediately prior to movement.
- (i)
- an infected zone where the presence of the specified organism has been confirmed and which includes all specified plants showing symptoms caused by the specified organism, and
- (ii)
- a buffer zone with a boundary at least 1 km beyond the infected zone. In cases where several buffer zones overlap or are geographically close, a wider demarcated area shall be defined which includes the relevant demarcated areas and the areas between them.
- (i)
- appropriate measures aimed at eradicating the specified organism;
- (ii)
- intensive monitoring (surveillance) for the presence of the specified organism through appropriate inspections.
- (a)
- the roles and responsibilities of the bodies involved in the execution of the plan in the event of an outbreak;
- (b)
- access of competent authorities to premises of operators, laboratories, equipment, personnel, external expertise and resources necessary for the rapid and effective eradication or containment of the priority pest;
- (c)
- official publication and communication of findings and measures taken against the priority pest;
- (d)
- a pest risk assessment regarding the risk of the priority pest concerned for its territory and the risk management measures to be taken;
- (e)
- principles for the geographical demarcation of demarcated areas;
- (f)
- protocols describing the methods of visual examinations, sampling and laboratory testing, and principles concerning the training of personnel.
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EPPO | Documents | Commodity/Pests |
---|---|---|
Standards | PM 8/2(2) | Coniferae |
PM 8/4(1) | Castanea | |
PM 8/5(1) | Quercus | |
PM 8/6(1) | Betula | |
PM 8/7(1) | Populus | |
PM 8/8(1) | Salix | |
Diagnostic Protocols | PM 7/14(2) | Ceratocystis platani |
PM 7/45(1) | Cryphonectria parasitica | |
PM 7/46(3) | Lecanosticta acicola | |
PM 7/73(1) | Gymnosporangium spp. (non-European) | |
PM 7/91(1) | Fusarium circinatum | |
PM7/119(1) | Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematode extraction) | |
PM7/123(1) | Phytophthora lateralis | |
PM7/112(1) | P. kernoviae | |
PM7/66(1) | P. ramorum | |
Final Decision | ||
Pest Risk Analysis | A1-2011 | Agrilus anxius |
A1-2013 | Apriona spp. | |
A1-2014 | Aromia bungii | |
A1-2013 | Oemona hirta | |
A2-2014 | Polygraphus proximus | |
A2-2015 | Geosmithia morbida | |
A2-2015 | Heterobasidion irregulare | |
A1—transferred to A2 in 2011 | Phytophthora lateralis | |
A2 in 2013 | P. kernoviae and P. ramorum | |
A2-2017 | Thekopsora minima | |
A1—transferred to A2 in 2010 | Bursaphelenchus xylophilus |
Pest/Pathogen | Group | Outbreak Areas | Description | EU Decision | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Transient, under Eradication | ||||
Anoplophora chinensis | Insect | China (Anhui, Aomen (Macau), Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizhang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), EU (Italy), Indonesia, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Japan Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku), Korea Dem. People’s Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam. | EU (Croatia, Germany), Switzerland, Turkey | The life cycle can be one or two generations per year, depending on the climatic and feeding conditions. Adults feed on leaves, petioles, and young bark of various tree species. The eggs are deposited under the bark. In international trade, these insects are most likely to move as eggs, larvae, or pupae hidden in woody plants and packing material. Larvae and adults of A. glabripennis have been intercepted in the United Kingdom on packaging material, while individuals of A. chinensis entered Europe on bonsai plants. Damage to fruit, and ornamental and amenity trees, results in serious economic loss. Moreover, attacks on urban plants poses hazards to pedestrians and vehicles from structural weakening and falling branches [53,54]. | 2012/138/EU |
Anoplophora glabripennis | Insect | China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizhang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), EU (France—Corsica, Finland) Korea Dem. People’s Republic, Lebanon, Russia Far East, United States of America (Ohio, New York). | EU (Austria, France, Germany, Italy), Canada (Ontario), Montenegro, Switzerland, United Kingdom (England) | 2015/893/EU | |
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Pine Wood Nematode—PWN) | Nematode | Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory), China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Xianggang), EU (Portugal), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shaanxi, Shikoku, Jiangsu), Korea Republic, Mexico, Taiwan, USA (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). | EU (Portugal, Spain) | Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease. It is transmitted from one host to the next by insect vectors, mainly belonging to the genus Monochamus. It enters the tree through wounds caused by the insect feeding on the twig bark or wounds by the vector to lay its eggs. Once inside the tree, nematodes feed on the hyphae of fungi (usually Ceratocystis spp.) also transmitted to the wood by ovipositing beetles. They rapidly multiple in the resin canals leading to tree death within a few months [55,56]. | |
Fusarium circinatum | Fungus | Chile, EU (Portugal, Spain), Haiti, Japan (Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago), Korea Republic, Mexico, South Africa, Uruguay, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia). | EU (Portugal, Spain) | See section “The case of Fusarium circinatum”. | 2007/433/EC |
Phytophtora ramorum | Chromista | EU (Denmark, Germany, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Belgium, Croatia, France, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom—Channel Islands, England, Scotland) Switzerland, Canada—British Columbia, USA (Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, Virginia, California, Oregon). | EU (Czech Republic, Finland, Italy, Slovenia). | Phytophthora ramorum is an oomycete pathogen known as responsible agent of sudden oak disease (SOD). The disease causes extensive damage and death to a wide range of trees and ornamental plants. It resulted in significant losses of trees, mainly oaks in California and Oregon. By contrast, in Europe, the pathogen affects mainly ornamental shrubs. However, recently, P. ramorum was unexpectedly detected on Japanese larches (Larix kaempferi), causing widespread tree mortality in England. P. ramorum produces several types of structures (zoospores, sporangia, and chlamydospores) specialised for survival, dispersal, or infection. Movement of infected ornamental shrubs is a significant mode of dispersal. The disease can be transmitted by infected plants and soil, and dispersal through vectors and air/water is still poorly understood [57,58,59]. | 2002/757/EC |
United Kingdom | Spain |
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Obligations within Demarcated Areas | |
Trees felled to eradicate F. circinatum should be destroyed in situ. | All susceptible plants in the infected zone should be destroyed in situ. |
For nurseries in the area, authorization for Pinus and Douglas fir plants suspended until the presence of F. circinatum within the nursery and within the demarcated area is determined. | For forest reproductive material, all fields and facilities that use this material will be declared as possibly contaminated and, therefore, susceptible plant material is to be eliminated and facilities decontaminated. Particularly for seeds, the affected batch will be destroyed, and all other batches that share facilities will be declared as possibly contaminated and immobilised until presence of F. circinatum is determined. |
After immediate measures taken, possible preventive measures to be applied are described. | |
Tracing Backwards | |
If the infected trees have been planted within the previous two years, the source of the plants must be traced back to the supplying nursery, and the nursery inspected for the presence of F. circinatum. | The origin of affected plants within a planted forest will be investigated to determine the possible source of plants. Suppliers of infected forest reproductive material will provide a list with users of that material in the last two years. Material will be immobilised and analysis will be done to determine the presence of F. circinatum. |
If the infected trees have been planted within the previous two years, the source of the plants must be traced back to the supplying nursery, and the nursery inspected for the presence of F. circinatum. | Origin of affected plants within a planted forest will be investigated to determine the possible source of plants. Suppliers of infected forest reproductive material will provide a list with users of that material in the last two years. Material will be immobilised and analysis will be done to determine the presence of F. circinatum. |
Disposal of Felled Trees (Including Branches and Round Wood) | |
By chipping, composting or burning. Regulations for burning are explained | By burning or any other accepted method. |
Plant material for decorative purposes, particularly material used for Christmas trees, should be preferably buried or composted. | |
In nurseries, infected plants and seedlings should be uprooted and burned. | Infected plants and seedlings have to be eliminated; way not specified. |
Movement of Plant Material from Demarcated Areas | |
It is not recommended that logs and firewood cut in infested areas be moved from the demarcated area. | It is forbidden to move plants and plant material (including wood) out from the demarcated areas. |
If logs must be moved, debarking is recommended. They should be transported, with a protective covering ensuring that all material is contained, to a licensed incinerator. Merchantable logs may be sold to an authorised processing plant within the demarcated area for conversion to products such as pulp or fibreboard. Their use as saw logs is not allowed. | An exception is made for wood and wood products (first transformation) if it is completely debarked, a heat treatment is applied in a way that inner wood reaches at least 56 °C for 30 min, and it has its phytosanitary passport. If the wood requires transportation because there are no facilities to treat it within the demarcated area, it has to be done under supervision. |
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Vettraino, A.M.; Potting, R.; Raposo, R. EU Legislation on Forest Plant Health: An Overview with a Focus on Fusarium circinatum. Forests 2018, 9, 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090568
Vettraino AM, Potting R, Raposo R. EU Legislation on Forest Plant Health: An Overview with a Focus on Fusarium circinatum. Forests. 2018; 9(9):568. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090568
Chicago/Turabian StyleVettraino, Anna Maria, Roel Potting, and Rosa Raposo. 2018. "EU Legislation on Forest Plant Health: An Overview with a Focus on Fusarium circinatum" Forests 9, no. 9: 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090568