Revision of Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) from China

: The genus Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov, 1964 belongs to Eucosmini within the famlily Tortricidae with larvae feeding on the plants of Fagaceae, Leguminosae, Convolvulaceae and Aceraceae. In this paper, Rhopalovalva is revised from China, with two species ( Rhopalovalva spinata sp. nov. and Rhopalovalva stilliformis sp. nov.) described as new to science. Photographs of the adults and male genitalia of these two new species are given. A key to Chinese species of Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov is provided based on the characters of the male genitalia.

• Diagnosis. This species is similar to R. macrocuculla Zhang, Bai & Li, 2017 but can be separated by the following characteristics: Forewing has a large transverse pale yellowish stilliform patch located on the outer side of cell with the pointed end to the termen; tegumen bearing a pair of slender sclerites dorsolaterally, slightly longer than the uncus; socius is semi-elliptic, slightly shorter than twice the size of the uncus; valva base is about twice as wide as the neck in the male genitalia. In the latter species, a stilliform patch is absent on the forewing; a pair of slender sclerites on the tegumen are as long as the uncus; the socius is broad and long, with nearly pointed termination and is about 2.5 times as long as the uncus; the valva base is about 1.5 times as wide as the neck in the male genitalia. • Description. Adult ( Figure 1a): Head: Vertex grayish yellow mixed with brown scales tufted between antennae; frons white. Antenna is simple and dark gray. Labial palpus with outer surface gray, inner surface white; the second segment has pale brown termination; the third segment is relatively long, porrect and concealed in long scales of the second segment. Thorax: Dorsum and tegula with basal half grayish yellow and white end. Forewing length 6.0 mm. Forewing elongates triangularly, and apex is yellowish brown and protruded; termen with black line; ground color pale yellow; basal and subbasal fasciae fused to form a yellowish brown basal patch mixed with pale yellow scales, extending from costal one-third to two-fifths of dorsum, protruding medially on outer margin; median fascia yellowish brown, extending from costal • Diagnosis. This species is similar to R. macrocuculla Zhang, Bai & Li, 2017 but can be separated by the following characteristics: Forewing has a large transverse pale yellowish stilliform patch located on the outer side of cell with the pointed end to the termen; tegumen bearing a pair of slender sclerites dorsolaterally, slightly longer than the uncus; socius is semi-elliptic, slightly shorter than twice the size of the uncus; valva base is about twice as wide as the neck in the male genitalia. In the latter species, a stilliform patch is absent on the forewing; a pair of slender sclerites on the tegumen are as long as the uncus; the socius is broad and long, with nearly pointed termination and is about 2.5 times as long as the uncus; the valva base is about 1.5 times as wide as the neck in the male genitalia. • Description. Adult (Figure 1a): Head: Vertex grayish yellow mixed with brown scales tufted between antennae; frons white. Antenna is simple and dark gray. Labial palpus with outer surface gray, inner surface white; the second segment has pale brown termination; the third segment is relatively long, porrect and concealed in long scales of the second segment. Thorax: Dorsum and tegula with basal half grayish yellow and white end. Forewing length 6.0 mm. Forewing elongates triangularly, and apex is yellowish brown and protruded; termen with black line; ground color pale yellow; basal and subbasal fasciae fused to form a yellowish brown basal patch mixed with pale yellow scales, extending from costal one-third to two-fifths of dorsum, protruding medially on outer margin; median fascia yellowish brown, extending from costal half to before tornus; ocelloid patch grayish yellow, semi-elliptic, armed with a small yellowish brown spot on the anterior part; a large transverse stilliform patch is located on the outer side of the cell with the pointed end to the termen, a small elongate triangular pale yellow patch below it; costa with eight pairs of white strigulae from base to apex: strigulae 1-3 indistinct; strigulae 4 on costal half; strigulae 5-8 confluent downward and extending to termen; two silvery streaks from before strigulae 5 and 6, respectively, and extending downward obliquely; cilia yellowish mixed with little brown. Hindwing and cilia dark gray. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Figure 1c). Tegumen bearing a pair of slender sclerites dorsolaterally, slightly longer than uncus. Uncus moderately long, slender club-shaped, narrowed to apex. Socius semi-elliptic, hairy, slightly shorter than twice of uncus. Valva broad at base, distinctly concave ventrally and produced into a distinct neck; valva base about twice as wide as the neck; sacculus angle with a slender curving hairy lobe directed dorsad; cucullus hairy, larger than the base of the valva, nearly orthogonal dorsally, blunt ventrally. Phallus slender, tubular, gradually narrowed to end, curving ventrad, with a tapering end; cornuti undetected.
Forests 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 12 half to before tornus; ocelloid patch grayish yellow, semi-elliptic, armed with a small yellowish brown spot on the anterior part; a large transverse stilliform patch is located on the outer side of the cell with the pointed end to the termen, a small elongate triangular pale yellow patch below it; costa with eight pairs of white strigulae from base to apex: strigulae 1-3 indistinct; strigulae 4 on costal half; strigulae 5-8 confluent downward and extending to termen; two silvery streaks from before strigulae 5 and 6, respectively, and extending downward obliquely; cilia yellowish mixed with little brown. Hindwing and cilia dark gray. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Figure 1c). Tegumen bearing a pair of slender sclerites dorsolaterally, slightly longer than uncus. Uncus moderately long, slender club-shaped, narrowed to apex. Socius semi-elliptic, hairy, slightly shorter than twice of uncus. Valva broad at base, distinctly concave ventrally and produced into a distinct neck; valva base about twice as wide as the neck; sacculus angle with a slender curving hairy lobe directed dorsad; cucullus hairy, larger than the base of the valva, nearly orthogonal dorsally, blunt ventrally. Phallus slender, tubular, gradually narrowed to end, curving ventrad, with a tapering end; cornuti undetected.  • Diagnosis. This species is similar to R. connata Zhang, Bai & Li, 2017 in uncus absent, but they can be easily distinguished by forewing with unprotruded apex and distinct basal patch, median fascia and ocelloid patch, socii paired and broad triangular, sacculus angle with a slender hairy lobe and cucullus broad oval, with a stout spine ventrally in the male genitalia. In the latter species, the apex of the forewing is protruded, falcate; the basal patch, median fascia and ocelloid patch are indistinct; the socii are fused and produced into a rectangular sclerite, a very broad and short hairy lobe is located on sacculus angle; cucullus is somewhat parallelogram-shaped and without a stout spine ventrally in the male genitalia. • Description. Male (Figure 1b). Head: Vertex with grayish yellow scales tufted between antennae; frons white. Antenna with scape dark gray, and other parts lost. Labial palpus lost. Thorax: Dorsum and tegula grayish yellow. Forewing length 4.0 mm; nearly rectangular; apex unprotruded; ground color gray, sprinkled with transverse streaks; basal patch pale yellow, extending from costal one-third to one-third of dorsum, protruding medially on outer margin; median fascia represented by a short yellow streak from the costal half to the anterior angle of the cell; ocelloid patch concolor with ground color; costa with nine pairs of white strigulae: strigulae 1-4 wide, between base and the point where Sc meets costa; strigulae 5-9 slender, 5 and 6 between Sc and R 1 ; distal three pairs distinct, distributed between pairs of veins R 1 -R 2 , R 2 -R 3 and R 3 -R 4 ; cilia pale yellow. Hindwing and cilia gray. Abdomen: Male genitalia (Figure 1d) [20]; Razowski, 1999, SHILAP Revista de lepidopterologia, 27 (108): 447 [11]; Nasu, 2013, in: Nasu, Hirowatari & Kishida (eds.), The Standard of Moths in Japan, 4: 233 [6]. TL: China, Mt. Tianmu; TD: NHMUK.

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Remarks. This species can be easily separated from other species by its valva with neck distinct, a sacculus with a very short lobe or a hairy mound and a cucullus with a spine ventrally in the male genitalia.

Rhopalovalva rhombea Zhang & Li, 2010
Rhopalovalva rhombea , Zootaxa, 2718. TL: China, Fujian Province, Mt. Wuyi; TD: NKUM. Remarks. This species is superficially similar to R. grapholitana  but can be distinguished by a rhomboid cucullus without a ventral process and a socius broadening distally in the male genitalia; the corpus bursae is elliptic and the signa is long-horned in the female genitalia. While in R. grapholitana the cucullus is elliptic with a ventral process, the socius is slightly narrowed distally, the corpus bursae is round and the signa are conical.

Rhopalovalva triangulata Zhang & Li, 2010
Rhopalovalva triangulata , Zootaxa, 2718. TL: China, Shaanxi Province, Yangling; TD: NKUM. Remarks. This species can be separated easily from its congeners by the nearly Yshaped uncus, which is club-shaped or absent in other species. R. triangulata shares with R. rhombea the absence of a process or spine on the cucullus ventrally, but the two can be distinguished by the shape of the cucullus: triangular in R. triangulata and rhomboid in R. rhombea.

Distribution of the Species of Rhopalovalva
In China, the species of Rhopalovalva are distributed in Heilongjiang province to north, Hainan province to south ( Figure 2) and more species are distributed in the Oriental region. The distributions of R. catharotorna (Meyrick, 1935) and R. grapholitana  are much wider than other species.

Discussion
Razowski proposed two characters, a hairy lobe situated at the distal end of the sacculus and the presence of a pollex on the cucullus, to be regarded as autapomorphies of the genus Rhopalovalva [26]. Based on examination of Chinese species of Rhopalovalva and comparison with the characteristics provided by Razowski, it can be confirmed once again that the dorsally directed hairy lobe at the distal end of the sacculus is considered as an autapomorphy. At the same time, in some species, the hair lobe is degenerative, e.g., R. pulchra (Butler) with a very short hairy lobe nearly produced into a hairy mound and R. exartemana (Kennel) and R. chidorinoki Nasu with a hairy mound instead of a hairy lobe. The character of a pollex on the cucullus is absent in some Chinese species of Rhopalovalva, e.g

Amendment of Rhopalovalva Diagnosis
On the basis of species of Rhopalovalva described, the genus definition is revised as follows: The uncus is slender, clubbed or Y-shaped, occasionally absent (in R. connata and R. spinata sp. nov.); the socii are paired, occasionally healed (in R. connata); the distal end of the sacculus with a hairy lobe is directed dorsally, occasionally a hairy mound instead of a hairy lobe (in R. exartemana and R. chidorinoki); the cucullus is varied, often with a ventral process or spine (i.e., "pollex" as called by Razowski) in the male genitalia; and two funnel-like or hornlike signa are present in the corpus bursae in the female genitalia.

Discussion
Razowski proposed two characters, a hairy lobe situated at the distal end of the sacculus and the presence of a pollex on the cucullus, to be regarded as autapomorphies of the genus Rhopalovalva [26]. Based on examination of Chinese species of Rhopalovalva and comparison with the characteristics provided by Razowski, it can be confirmed once again that the dorsally directed hairy lobe at the distal end of the sacculus is considered as an autapomorphy. At the same time, in some species, the hair lobe is degenerative, e.g., R. pulchra (Butler) with a very short hairy lobe nearly produced into a hairy mound and R. exartemana (Kennel) and R. chidorinoki Nasu with a hairy mound instead of a hairy lobe. The character of a pollex on the cucullus is absent in some Chinese species of Rhopalovalva, e.g., R.

Amendment of Rhopalovalva Diagnosis
On the basis of species of Rhopalovalva described, the genus definition is revised as follows: The uncus is slender, clubbed or Y-shaped, occasionally absent (in R. connata and R. spinata sp. nov.); the socii are paired, occasionally healed (in R. connata); the distal end of the sacculus with a hairy lobe is directed dorsally, occasionally a hairy mound instead of a hairy lobe (in R. exartemana and R. chidorinoki); the cucullus is varied, often with a ventral process or spine (i.e., "pollex" as called by Razowski) in the male genitalia; and two funnel-like or hornlike signa are present in the corpus bursae in the female genitalia.

Conclusions
Based on the present study, the genus Rhopalovalva Kuznetzov is composed of 16 species, including 2 new species described herein. Of those, 13 are distributed in China, occupying 81.25%, showing the higher richness on species. The genitalia characteristics as follows are