Thermal Conductivity of Poplar Wood Veneer Impregnated with Graphene/Polyvinyl Alcohol

: Intending to achieve more green and economical graphene impregnated modiﬁed fast-growing poplar wood veneer for heat conduction, this study proposes and investigates the feasibility of modiﬁed veneer with graphene/Polyvinyl alcohol (Gr/PVA) impregnation mixture to improve its thermal conductivity. The absorbance and viscosity of the Gr/PVA impregnation mixtures are observed to expound the Gr/PVA ratio effects on the mixtures. Simultaneously, the weight percent gain, chromatic aberration, and thermal conductivity of the modiﬁed veneers are measured to deter-mine the impregnation effect and the optimal impregnation formula. Further, the chemical structure, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the optimal sample impregnated with Gr/PVA are tested. The results show that the thermal properties of the Gr/PVA impregnated modiﬁed veneer have not all been improved. Still, both the dispersibility of the impregnation mixtures and the impregnation effect is affected by the Gr/PVA ratio. The data shows that the optimal thermal conductivity of modiﬁed veneer, which is up to 0.22 W · m − 1 · K − 1 and 2.4 times the untreated one, is dipped by the mixture of 10 wt.% PVA concentration and 2 wt.% MGEIN addition. According to the characterization tests, the crystallinity of the modiﬁed veneer reduces, but the thermal stability improves. trends at different PVA concentrations and the continuous addition of MGEIN. The value change is not evident at 5 wt.% PVA concentration, while it has a rapid increase at 10 wt.%, 15 wt.% PVA concentration. Moreover, it shows that the chromatic aberration values of the four treated veneers (GP-7, GP-8, GP-11, GP-12), which were dipped by higher PVA concentration (10 wt.%, 15 wt.%) and higher MGEIN powders loading (2 wt.%, 3 wt.%), tend to be close, ranging from 65 to 80. This fact indicates that the impregnation effect of treated veneers is roughly the same at higher PVA and MGEIN powders loading.


Introduction
Wood is an essential resource for construction and flooring, and the industry of wooden heating floors has a broad market in recent years. However, wood is a poor thermal conductor, mostly having its thermal conductivity less than 0.12 W·m −1 ·K −1 [1]. It has been proved that wood geometry, grain direction, density, moisture content, and porosity affect the thermal performance of wood [2,3]. The heat energy in the floor is conducted laterally, and the thermal conductivity in the horizontal direction is lower than the longitudinal direction [4]; hence, the heat transfer rate from bottom heating pipe units to the top flooring surface is low when the wood is used as a heated-flooring system during winter when heat is needed. Compared with solid wood, wood composites have better thermal conductivity; therefore, they are more suitable for heating floors. The wood composites commonly used for flooring include plywood, particleboard, high-density fiberboard, and thick veneers [5], whose thermal conductivities range from 0.12 to 0.17 W·m −1 ·K −1 [6]. Seo et al. [7] found that it was effective to increase the thermal conductivity of the wood flooring by using exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) or resin/xGnP composites as adhesive. Chen et al. [8] studied the thermal properties of four engineered wood floors with the same structure but different decorative veneers, revealing that the higher the density, the better the thermal conductivity. In short, there were numerous studies on heat transfer with the

Experimental Materials
The fast-growing poplar (Populus spp.) veneers sawed into the nominal dimensions of 100 mm long × 100 mm wide × 2 mm thick, and naturally seasoned to the moisture content of (13.8 ± 2)%, were provided by Dehua Tubao Decoration New Material Co., Ltd. (Deqing, China). The veneers were made of heartwood, and their average density was 0.38 kg/m −3 . All the veneers were polished to remove stains and burrs before use. The graphene material used in this experiment was multi-layered graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle (MGEIN) powders, provided by the Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, USA. The MGEIN diameter ranged from 400 to 600 nm. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Mw = 88,000, 87~89% hydrolyzed) was purchased from Nanjing Daguangming Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Distilled water was homemade in the laboratory.

Experimental Design
A complete 3 × 4 factorial experiment with five replications per combination was conducted to evaluate factors that influence poplar wood veneers' thermal conductivity and stability. The two factors were PVA concentration in water (5, 10, 15 wt.%) and MGEIN powders loading (0, 1, 2, 3 wt.% of PVA solid content). Therefore, 60 veneers were evaluated in this study.

Procedure
The significant steps of impregnating a Gr/PVA mixture into fast-growing poplar wood veneers included the Gr/PVA mixture preparation, vacuum impregnation of the Gr/PVA mixture into poplar wood veneers, and the drying of impregnated veneers.

Impregnating Mixture Preparation
As shown in Figure 1, the polyvinyl alcohol solution was prepared in a water bath magnetically stirred for 2 h to avoid condensation. Then, the MGEIN powders were ballgrinded at 20 Hz vibration frequency for 30 min using a ball milling machine (Tehtnica Millmix 20, DOMEL), were added into the polyvinyl alcohol solution. The MGEIN powders loading was successively 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of the polyvinyl alcohol solid content. After magnetic stirring, the mixture was prepared. Furthermore, to improve the dispersion of MGEIN in the solution, the mixture was executed with ultrasonic processing for 20 min under a constant microwave irradiation power of 80 W. The Gr/PVA mixture was allowed to stand for at least 2 h before use.
Forests 2021, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 on the thermal properties of wood veneers impregnated with Gr/PVA mixture were e uated through using the weight percent gain (WPG), the Fourier infrared spectrosc (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravity (TG).

Experimental Materials
The fast-growing poplar (Populus spp.) veneers sawed into the nominal dimens of 100 mm long × 100 mm wide × 2 mm thick, and naturally seasoned to the mois content of (13.8 ± 2)%, were provided by Dehua Tubao Decoration New Material Co., (Deqing, China). The veneers were made of heartwood, and their average density 0.38 kg/m −3 . All the veneers were polished to remove stains and burrs before use. graphene material used in this experiment was multi-layered graphene-encapsulated nanoparticle (MGEIN) powders, provided by the Department of Sustainable Bioprodu Mississippi State University, USA. The MGEIN diameter ranged from 400 to 600 nm. yvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Mw = 88,000, 87~89% hydrolyzed) was purchased from Nan Daguangming Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Distilled water was ho made in the laboratory.

Experimental Design
A complete 3 × 4 factorial experiment with five replications per combination was ducted to evaluate factors that influence poplar wood veneers' thermal conductivity stability. The two factors were PVA concentration in water (5, 10, 15 wt.%) and MG powders loading (0, 1, 2, 3 wt.% of PVA solid content). Therefore, 60 veneers were ev ated in this study.

Procedure
The significant steps of impregnating a Gr/PVA mixture into fast-growing po wood veneers included the Gr/PVA mixture preparation, vacuum impregnation of Gr/PVA mixture into poplar wood veneers, and the drying of impregnated veneers.

Impregnating Mixture Preparation
As shown in Figure 1, the polyvinyl alcohol solution was prepared in a water b magnetically stirred for 2 h to avoid condensation. Then, the MGEIN powders were b grinded at 20 Hz vibration frequency for 30 min using a ball milling machine (Teht Millmix 20, DOMEL), were added into the polyvinyl alcohol solution. The MGEIN p ders loading was successively 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of the polyvinyl alcohol solid content. A magnetic stirring, the mixture was prepared. Furthermore, to improve the dispersio MGEIN in the solution, the mixture was executed with ultrasonic processing for 20 under a constant microwave irradiation power of 80 W. The Gr/PVA mixture was allo to stand for at least 2 h before use.  The impregnating mixture used for each veneer was 60 g, the specific formulations of the Gr/PVA impregnating mixture were shown in Table 1.

Vacuum Impregnation
Five poplar veneers were randomly selected from the veneer supply for impregnating treatment with each of the 12 Gr/PVA mixtures. All veneers were oven-dried firstly at 80 • C in a drying oven (DHG-9643BS-III, CIMO) till reaching constant weights, followed by vacuum-impregnating each of the 12 Gr/PVA mixtures into these veneers in the vacuum drier (PC-3, Shanghai Sanshe Industry Co., Ltd.) under the treating condition of 60 min at 14 psi. Impregnated veneers were kept in the treating cylinder for 30 min [27] right after releasing the vacuum valve, followed by oven drying at 80 • C till constant weight was reached. The oven-dry weights of veneers before impregnation and after impregnation treatment were measured by an electronic scale (UTP-313, Hochoice).

Statistical Analysis
IBM SPSS Statistics performed a two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) general linear model (GLM) procedure to analyze the influence of different Gr/PVA ratios on the WPG and thermal conductivity. The partial Eta-squared was also calculated to measure the effect size of the PVA concentration and the MGEIN powders loading. All data analyses were performed at the 5% significance level.

Absorbance
The absorbance value is a reliable parameter that can reflect the dispersibility of the overall Gr/PVA impregnation mixtures. Each of the 12 impregnation mixtures diluted 2000 times was taken 5 mL into a quartz cuvette (1 mm thickness) for testing. The absorbance value at the 660 nm spectrum was measured by the UV-visible spectrophotometer (Lambda 950, PerkinElmer).

Viscosity
The viscosity value was measured by a digital display rotational viscometer (DVS, Brookfield). A total of 30 mL of Gr/PVA impregnation mixture was taken for testing 2 h after preparation, and the experiment temperature was controlled at (20 ± 2) • C.

Weight Percent Gain (WPG)
The weight percent gain (WPG) of treated veneers is an important indicator showing the Gr/PVA mixture content that impregnated into wood cells and vessels and left in the wood. The WPG value for each impregnated veneer was calculated by using the following Equation (1): where M 1 is the oven-dry weight (g) of veneers before impregnation treatment, and M 2 is the oven-dry weight of veneers after impregnation treatment.

Chromatic Aberration
The chromatic aberration is an intuitive parameter reflecting the impregnation condition of treated veneers. The treated veneers were tested at multiple points by a colorimeter (HP-2126, Zhuhai Tianchuang Instrument Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China). The color values as L, a, and b were the average of multi-point measurements. The ∆E value for each impregnated veneer was calculated by using the following Equation (2): where ∆E is the comprehensive evaluation index of color difference, ∆L is the brightness difference, ∆a and ∆b are the chroma difference.

Thermal Conductivity
In order to reduce the influence of moisture on the thermal conductivity, the samples were processed in the drying oven at a temperature of (103 ± 2) • C until the weight of the samples remained constant in two consecutive times so that they were considered absolutely dry. Besides, the samples were all polished with 200 grit sandpaper before testing. The thermal conductivity of impregnated veneers was measured by the YBF-4 thermal conductivity analyzer (Dahua, China) based on the steady-state plate method. The thermal conductivity λ (W·m −1 ·K −1 ) was calculated using the following Equation (3): where m is the weight of a copper heat sink (kg); c is the heat capacity of a copper heat sink (J·kg −1 ·K −1 ) with its value recorded as 385; ∆T ∆t T=T 2 is the heat dissipation rate of a copper heat sink at T 2 (mV/s); h is the thickness of tested veneers (m); T 1 is the temperature of the upper copper heat sink (K); T 2 is the temperature of the lower copper heat sink (K); T 1 − T 2 is the temperature difference between the upper and lower copper heat sinks (K); πR 2 is the area of the copper heat sink (m 2 ), 0.0133 m 2 .

Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
Untreated poplar veneers (U-V), veneers impregnated with PVA (PVA-MW), veneers impregnated with Gr/PVA mixtures (GP-MW) were ground to 200 mesh powders using JI-ASOUND 800 • C grinder instrument (Hongtaiyang, China). The samples were mixed with potassium bromide at a mass ratio of 1:100 and ground into tablets for testing. FT-IR analysis of U-V, PVA-MW, and GP-MW powders was performed on a VERTEX 80 V instrument (Bruker, Germany). The resolution and wave ranges are 4 cm −1 and 4000~400 cm −1 .

X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
The crystallinity index of U-V, PVA-MW, and GP-MW powders was characterized using an Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan) in order to investigate the influence of the impregnation mixture on the structure of poplar veneer. The sample was ground to 200 mesh powders. Then, the dry sample powder was put into the slide groove until it flushed with the surface of the slide. The XRD scanning was performed ranging from 10 • to 70 • , and the target speed was 2 ( • )·min −1 .

Thermal Gravity (TG)
The mass weight loss of U-V, PV-MW, and GP-MW powders was measured using a DTG-60 (Rigaku, Japan). A total weight of 10 mg of powders, ground to 200 mesh, was used for each run. The testing atmosphere, heating rate, and temperature were N 2 gas, 20 • C/min, and 25~600 • C.

Results and Discussion
3.1. Gr/PVA Ratio Effects on Impregnation Mixtures 3.1.1. Absorbance Figure 2 reveals the changes in absorbance of Gr/PVA impregnation mixtures with different Gr/PVA ratios. The absorbance of PVA solution with different PVA concentrations is almost unanimous. Since PVA gets evenly distributed when added to water, the solution is colorless and transparent, with no particles.

Thermal Gravity (TG)
The mass weight loss of U-V, PV-MW, and GP-MW powders was measur a DTG-60 (Rigaku, Japan). A total weight of 10 mg of powders, ground to 200 m used for each run. The testing atmosphere, heating rate, and temperature were N °C/min, and 25 ~ 600 °C.

Gr/PVA Ratio Effects on Impregnation Mixtures
3.1.1. Absorbance Figure 2 reveals the changes in absorbance of Gr/PVA impregnation mixtu different Gr/PVA ratios. The absorbance of PVA solution with different PVA co tions is almost unanimous. Since PVA gets evenly distributed when added to w solution is colorless and transparent, with no particles. At the same PVA concentration, the effect of Gr/PVA ratio on the absorb Gr/PVA mixture has been investigated in MEGIN powders loading ranging fro wt.%. It has been observed that with an increase of MEGIN, the absorbance v creases stably at first. The rate becomes faster when MEGIN powders loading i until attaining the maximum value at 2 wt.%. Afterwards, the absorbance value d with a further increase in MEGIN concentration. Due to the addition of MGEIN, t of the impregnation mixture continues deepening. Therefore, the absorbance v creases constantly. However, it is difficult for PVA to suppress the Van der Wa between many graphene sheets when the MEGIN concentration becomes high consequence, the graphene agglomerates, which result in the decrease of the abs value.
At the same MGEIN addition, the absorbance values of all the impregnation m increased together with the increase of PVA. The optimum value was obtained fo PVA concentration. Compared with pure PVA solution, the absorbance values o MGEIN addition in 5, 10, and 15 wt.% PVA solution increase by 20, 28, and 42 t spectively, indicating that MGEIN disperses better in the solution with a higher P centration.
According to the Rayleigh formula, the absorbance value is proportional to centration of particles in the suspension. The larger the absorbance value, the b dispersion of the impregnation mixture. Therefore, under different MGEIN addi absorbance value at 5 wt.% PVA concentration is the lowest, indicating that MG the worst dispersibility at 5 wt.% PVA concentration. Similarly, MGEIN dispers At the same PVA concentration, the effect of Gr/PVA ratio on the absorbance of Gr/PVA mixture has been investigated in MEGIN powders loading ranging from 0 to 3 wt.%. It has been observed that with an increase of MEGIN, the absorbance value increases stably at first. The rate becomes faster when MEGIN powders loading increases until attaining the maximum value at 2 wt.%. Afterwards, the absorbance value decreases with a further increase in MEGIN concentration. Due to the addition of MGEIN, the color of the impregnation mixture continues deepening. Therefore, the absorbance value increases constantly. However, it is difficult for PVA to suppress the Van der Waals force between many graphene sheets when the MEGIN concentration becomes higher. As a consequence, the graphene agglomerates, which result in the decrease of the absorbance value.
At the same MGEIN addition, the absorbance values of all the impregnation mixtures increased together with the increase of PVA. The optimum value was obtained for 2 wt.% PVA concentration. Compared with pure PVA solution, the absorbance values of 2 wt.% MGEIN addition in 5, 10, and 15 wt.% PVA solution increase by 20, 28, and 42 times, respectively, indicating that MGEIN disperses better in the solution with a higher PVA concentration.
According to the Rayleigh formula, the absorbance value is proportional to the concentration of particles in the suspension. The larger the absorbance value, the better the dispersion of the impregnation mixture. Therefore, under different MGEIN addition, the absorbance value at 5 wt.% PVA concentration is the lowest, indicating that MGEIN has the worst dispersibility at 5 wt.% PVA concentration. Similarly, MGEIN disperses better at 15 wt.% PVA concentration. In addition, the optimum ratio of Gr/PVA impregnation mixture, which has better dispersion, consists of 15 wt.% PVA and 2 wt.% MGEIN.

Viscosity
As shown in Figure 3, at the same MGEIN addition, the higher the concentration of the PVA solution, the greater the viscosity of the Gr/PVA impregnation mixtures. At the same time, the viscosity increases along with the increase of the MGEIN powders loading in the same PVA concentration. Specifically, a maximum rate, which is 167.1%, has been found at 10 wt.% PVA concentration with 3 wt.% MEGIN powders loading, while a minimum rate, which is 2.2%, has been found at 5 wt.% PVA concentration with 1 wt.% MEGIN powders loading. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in the viscosity of Gr/PVA impregnation mixtures with different PVA concentrations (p = 0.001 < 0.05). MGEIN has no noticeable thickening effect when dissolved in a low PVA concentration solution, while at high PVA concentration, it has an excellent thickening effect. These phenomena may be that the thickening effect of MGEIN partly depends on the type of dispersion medium and that MGEIN as a bridge forms interconnected networks between medium molecules, thus increasing viscosity when the medium has a high viscosity. This is consistent with previous research that graphene's sizeable specific surface area could form stronger nanoparticle-base fluid interactions [28]. at 15 wt.% PVA concentration. In addition, the optimum ratio of Gr/PVA impr mixture, which has better dispersion, consists of 15 wt.% PVA and 2 wt.% MGEI 3.1.2. Viscosity As shown in Figure 3, at the same MGEIN addition, the higher the concent the PVA solution, the greater the viscosity of the Gr/PVA impregnation mixture same time, the viscosity increases along with the increase of the MGEIN powders in the same PVA concentration. Specifically, a maximum rate, which is 167.1%, found at 10 wt.% PVA concentration with 3 wt.% MEGIN powders loading, whi imum rate, which is 2.2%, has been found at 5 wt.% PVA concentration with 1 w GIN powders loading. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in the vis Gr/PVA impregnation mixtures with different PVA concentrations (p = 0.001 MGEIN has no noticeable thickening effect when dissolved in a low PVA conce solution, while at high PVA concentration, it has an excellent thickening effect. Th nomena may be that the thickening effect of MGEIN partly depends on the typ persion medium and that MGEIN as a bridge forms interconnected networks medium molecules, thus increasing viscosity when the medium has a high visco is consistent with previous research that graphene's sizeable specific surface ar form stronger nanoparticle-base fluid interactions [28].  Figure 4 shows the weight percent gains of Gr/PVA impregnated veneers. seen from the picture that the WPG among different PVA concentrations at t MGEIN addition is quite different. While at the same PVA concentration, the MGEIN addition on the WPG is not obvious, especially at low concentrations almost no change. At the same time, the WPG of the modified veneers shows a crease first and then gradually changed, indicating that the ability of the wood t the impregnation mixture has become saturated at this time and that the enhanc MGEIN is limited. The ANOVA analysis and intersubjective effect test also attes PVA concentration (p = 0.000 < 0.001, = 0.966) has a particularly significant co with the WPG, while the MGEIN powders loading (p = 0.028 < 0.05, = 0.75 significant effect on the WPG, which shows that the PVA concentration has a m ous influence on the WPG. Under the experimental parameters, when the PVA co tion is 15%, and the MGEIN powders loading is 3%, the WPG of the modified p neers is the largest, which is 33%.  Figure 4 shows the weight percent gains of Gr/PVA impregnated veneers. It can be seen from the picture that the WPG among different PVA concentrations at the same MGEIN addition is quite different. While at the same PVA concentration, the effect of MGEIN addition on the WPG is not obvious, especially at low concentrations, there is almost no change. At the same time, the WPG of the modified veneers shows a rapid increase first and then gradually changed, indicating that the ability of the wood to absorb the impregnation mixture has become saturated at this time and that the enhancement of MGEIN is limited. The ANOVA analysis and intersubjective effect test also attest that the PVA concentration (p = 0.000 < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.966) has a particularly significant correlation with the WPG, while the MGEIN powders loading (p = 0.028 < 0.05, η 2 p = 0.757) has a significant effect on the WPG, which shows that the PVA concentration has a more obvious influence on the WPG. Under the experimental parameters, when the PVA concentration is 15%, and the MGEIN powders loading is 3%, the WPG of the modified poplar veneers is the largest, which is 33%.   It is widely recognized that the larger the value of △E*, the more significan ence between the treated veneer and untreated one will be. Thus, the chromatic ab can intuitively characterize the impregnation effect. According to the CIE 1976 c ference formula, the change of value is shown in Figure 6. From the picture, we that the color difference values of the veneers, which were only dipped by the PV tion with different concentrations, are similar and that those all distribute arou which is the same as the absorbance trend of Gr/PVA impregnation mixture. Th the PVA concentration does not affect the color difference among the treated vene ifying that chromatic aberration can characterize the impregnation effect. It also that the color difference value of Gr/PVA impregnated modified veneers has diff      It is widely recognized that the larger the value of △E*, the more significan ence between the treated veneer and untreated one will be. Thus, the chromatic ab can intuitively characterize the impregnation effect. According to the CIE 1976 c ference formula, the change of value is shown in Figure 6. From the picture, we that the color difference values of the veneers, which were only dipped by the PV tion with different concentrations, are similar and that those all distribute arou which is the same as the absorbance trend of Gr/PVA impregnation mixture. Th the PVA concentration does not affect the color difference among the treated vene ifying that chromatic aberration can characterize the impregnation effect. It also that the color difference value of Gr/PVA impregnated modified veneers has diff creasing trends at different PVA concentrations and the continuous addition of It is widely recognized that the larger the value of ∆E*, the more significant difference between the treated veneer and untreated one will be. Thus, the chromatic aberration can intuitively characterize the impregnation effect. According to the CIE 1976 color difference formula, the change of value is shown in Figure 6. From the picture, we can see that the color difference values of the veneers, which were only dipped by the PVA solution with different concentrations, are similar and that those all distribute around 10.5, which is the same as the absorbance trend of Gr/PVA impregnation mixture. Therefore, the PVA concentration does not affect the color difference among the treated veneers, verifying that chromatic aberration can characterize the impregnation effect. It also reveals that the color difference value of Gr/PVA impregnated modified veneers has different increasing trends at different PVA concentrations and the continuous addition of MGEIN. The value change is not evident at 5 wt.% PVA concentration, while it has a rapid increase at 10 wt.%, 15 wt.% PVA concentration. Moreover, it shows that the chromatic aberration values of the four treated veneers (GP-7, GP-8, GP-11, GP-12), which were dipped by higher PVA concentration (10 wt.%, 15 wt.%) and higher MGEIN powders loading (2 wt.%, 3 wt.%), tend to be close, ranging from 65 to 80. This fact indicates that the impregnation effect of treated veneers is roughly the same at higher PVA and MGEIN powders loading.

Gr/PVA Ratio Effects on Veneer Chromatic Aberration
Forests 2021, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW wt.%, 3 wt.%), tend to be close, ranging from 65 to 80. This fact indicates that the nation effect of treated veneers is roughly the same at higher PVA and MGEIN p loading.

Gr/PVA Ratio Effects on Veneer Thermal Conductivity
The changes of average density and thermal conductivity are shown in Figu result shows that at the same PVA concentration, the thermal conductivity of the veneer increases with the continuous increase of MGEIN until it reaches the best conductivity at 2 wt.% MGEIN addition and then begins to decrease. The rule is a sistent with that of the absorbance of the Gr/PVA impregnation mixture, which il that at the same PVA concentration, the better the dispersibility the Gr/PVA impre mixture, the higher the thermal conductivity of the modified veneer impregnated In addition, we can see that at the same PVA concentration, the average density increases with the MGEIN content, when at the same MEGIN addition, the hi PVA concentration, the greater the average density increases. When the MGEIN p loading is 0, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, the thermal conductivity of the modified veneer con the general law in previous studies; that is, the thermal conductivity often tend crease as the average density increase. However, when the MGEIN powders loa wt.%, the thermal conductivity dropped significantly. It may be explained that w MGEIN powders loading is 3 wt.%, the dispersibility of the impregnation mixtur and the viscosity increases, causing the graphene to deposit on the surface withou the cavities, the heat conduction path fails to appear. Therefore, an impregnation with reduced dispersibility appears that even if its average density has increased, mal conductivity has shown a downward trend. Similarly, a previous study also that as the content of PVA increased, the proportion of the heat transfer path graphite decreased, leading to a decrease in the material's thermal conductivity the same time, the ANOVA analysis and intersubjective effect test shows both concentration (p = 0.02 < 0.05, = 0.630) and the MGEIN powders loading (p = 0.05, = 0.883) have a significant effect on the thermal conductivity, but MGE ders loading plays a more critical role. This is consistent with the previous analys

Gr/PVA Ratio Effects on Veneer Thermal Conductivity
The changes of average density and thermal conductivity are shown in Figure 7. The result shows that at the same PVA concentration, the thermal conductivity of the treated veneer increases with the continuous increase of MGEIN until it reaches the best thermal conductivity at 2 wt.% MGEIN addition and then begins to decrease. The rule is also consistent with that of the absorbance of the Gr/PVA impregnation mixture, which illustrates that at the same PVA concentration, the better the dispersibility the Gr/PVA impregnation mixture, the higher the thermal conductivity of the modified veneer impregnated with it. In addition, we can see that at the same PVA concentration, the average density slowly increases with the MGEIN content, when at the same MEGIN addition, the higher the PVA concentration, the greater the average density increases. When the MGEIN powders loading is 0, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, the thermal conductivity of the modified veneer conforms to the general law in previous studies; that is, the thermal conductivity often tends to increase as the average density increase. However, when the MGEIN powders loading is 3 wt.%, the thermal conductivity dropped significantly. It may be explained that when the MGEIN powders loading is 3 wt.%, the dispersibility of the impregnation mixture is low, and the viscosity increases, causing the graphene to deposit on the surface without filling the cavities, the heat conduction path fails to appear. Therefore, an impregnation mixture with reduced dispersibility appears that even if its average density has increased, the thermal conductivity has shown a downward trend. Similarly, a previous study also revealed that as the content of PVA increased, the proportion of the heat transfer path through graphite decreased, leading to a decrease in the material's thermal conductivity [29]. At the same time, the ANOVA analysis and intersubjective effect test shows both the PVA concentration (p = 0.02 < 0.05, η 2 p = 0.630) and the MGEIN powders loading (p = 0.003 < 0.05, η 2 p = 0.883) have a significant effect on the thermal conductivity, but MGEIN powders loading plays a more critical role. This is consistent with the previous analysis. The data in Table 2, in good agreement with these literature date for simil types [30], shows that the thermal conductivity of the Gr/PVA impregnated mod neer has not all been improved compared with the untreated veneer (the control 0.09 W·m −1 ·K −1 ). At 5 wt.% PVA concentration, the thermal conductivity of the tre neer shows a downward trend, except for GP-3. While at 10 wt.%, 15 wt.% PVA tration, compared with the untreated veneer dipped by the same PVA concentra lution, the addition of MGEIN can improve the thermal conductivity of the venee for GP-8. The thermal conductivity of foamed film has also been increased and im in the wood's pores, so the treated veneer's thermal conductivity has also been im The results are also consistent with the above analysis.
In order to further study the characteristic of the Gr/PVA impregnated mod neer, the treated veneer GP-7 with the highest thermal conductivity, dipped b wt.% PVA concentration and 2 wt.% MGEIN addition impregnation mixture, was and referred to as GP-MW. The thermal conductivity of the selection is 0.22 W which is 2.4 times that of untreated veneer.  The data in Table 2, in good agreement with these literature date for similar wood types [30], shows that the thermal conductivity of the Gr/PVA impregnated modified veneer has not all been improved compared with the untreated veneer (the control sample, 0.09 W·m −1 ·K −1 ). At 5 wt.% PVA concentration, the thermal conductivity of the treated veneer shows a downward trend, except for GP-3. While at 10 wt.%, 15 wt.% PVA concentration, compared with the untreated veneer dipped by the same PVA concentration solution, the addition of MGEIN can improve the thermal conductivity of the veneer, except for GP-8. The thermal conductivity of foamed film has also been increased and immersed in the wood's pores, so the treated veneer's thermal conductivity has also been improved. The results are also consistent with the above analysis. In order to further study the characteristic of the Gr/PVA impregnated modified veneer, the treated veneer GP-7 with the highest thermal conductivity, dipped by the 10 wt.% PVA concentration and 2 wt.% MGEIN addition impregnation mixture, was selected and referred to as GP-MW. The thermal conductivity of the selection is 0.22 W·m −1 ·K −1 , which is 2.4 times that of untreated veneer. Figure 8 is the FT-IR diagram of the highest thermal conductivity sample (GP-MW) and the sample impregnated with 10 wt.% PVA (PVA-MW) as the comparison with untreated veneer (U-V). There is a C-H stretching vibration of CH-3, CH-2 near 2900 cm −1 , a C=O stretching vibration close to 1730 cm −1 , and a C-O stretching vibration of cellulose, hemicellulose near 1030 cm −1 [31]. With the addition of MGEIN, the peak transmittance of GP-MW at 1029 cm −1 decreased, which indicates that the Gr/PVA impregnation mixture caused a decrease in the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose and that hydrogen bond association occurred.

FT-IR Analysis
Forests 2021, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW C=O stretching vibration close to 1730 cm −1 , and a C-O stretching vibratio hemicellulose near 1030 cm −1 [31]. With the addition of MGEIN, the peak tr GP-MW at 1029 cm −1 decreased, which indicates that the Gr/PVA impreg caused a decrease in the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose and that hydrog ciation occurred.
It also can be seen that the three test samples all have an absorption cm −1 . By comparison with U-V, there is a decrease in the peak transmittanc which is moved to 3338 cm −1 . Moreover, the peak gradually weakened wi of MGEIN, revealing that the secondary valence bonds were broken, such lecular hydrogen bond, and that the intermolecular force weakened.  It also can be seen that the three test samples all have an absorption peak near 3340 cm −1 . By comparison with U-V, there is a decrease in the peak transmittance of PVA-MW, which is moved to 3338 cm −1 . Moreover, the peak gradually weakened with the addition of MGEIN, revealing that the secondary valence bonds were broken, such as the intermolecular hydrogen bond, and that the intermolecular force weakened.  [32]. It can be seen that compared with U-V, the GP-MV's diffraction intensity at 17.0 • and 22.2 • is weaker, and PVA-MW's at 35 • almost appears, mainly due to lead to the decrease of the cellulose content, which is caused by the addition of PVA and MGEIN. Furthermore, calculated by the Turley method, the crystallinity of GP-MW is 0.50, which is close to PVA-MW, whose crystallinity is 0.49, illustrating that the structural properties of Gr/PVA impregnated veneer and pure PVA impregnated veneer are not much different. However, compared with the crystallinity of 0.62 of U-V, both PVA-MW and GP-MW decrease, indicating that MGEIN enters the modified veneer. which is caused by the addition of PVA and MGEIN. Furthermore, calculate Turley method, the crystallinity of GP-MW is 0.50, which is close to PVA-MW crystallinity is 0.49, illustrating that the structural properties of Gr/PVA impregn neer and pure PVA impregnated veneer are not much different. However, compa the crystallinity of 0.62 of U-V, both PVA-MW and GP-MW decrease, indica MGEIN enters the modified veneer.

TG/DTG Analysis
The thermal stability of wood is directly related to the three natural polymers of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. As temperature rises, the structure of the wood component will be gradually destroyed, the degradation will be carried out, and the internal components will be volatilized, resulting in the continuous reduction of the quality of the wood. The reaction between Gr/PVA mixture and wood can be analyzed [33]. Figure 10 is a graph of TG and DTG for the U-V, PVA-MW, and GP-MW. As shown in Figure 10a, the samples are divided into four thermal degradation stages. At the first stage, ranging from 30 to 100 • C, the mass loss rate is relatively low, where the mass rate of U-V, PVA-MW, and GP-MW is about 10, 7, and 8%, respectively. During this stage, the mass rate is mainly caused by volatile components in the veneer, such as the bound water. At the second stage ranging from 100 to 300 • C, the mass-loss rates of those are 23, 18, and 22%, respectively. That may be explained that the hemicellulose or part of the impregnation mixture begins to degrade in this temperature range. Due to the hightemperature oxidation of cellulose, the qualities of test pieces decrease, so the mass-loss rates, which are 33, 47, and 47%, respectively, are up to the largest at the third stage. The last stage is after 350 • C, where the quality loss is due to the decomposition of cellulose inside the wood. In addition, since the heat resistance of PVA is between wood and graphene, the heat resistance of GP-MW is also in a unified range after compounding.

TG/DTG Analysis
The thermal stability of wood is directly related to the three natural polymers of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. As temperature rises, the structure of the wood component will be gradually destroyed, the degradation will be carried out, and the internal components will be volatilized, resulting in the continuous reduction of the quality of the wood. The reaction between Gr/PVA mixture and wood can be analyzed [33]. Figure 10 is a graph of TG and DTG for the U-V, PVA-MW, and GP-MW. As shown in Figure 10a, the samples are divided into four thermal degradation stages. At the first stage, ranging from 30 to 100 °C, the mass loss rate is relatively low, where the mass rate of U-V, PVA-MW, and GP-MW is about 10, 7, and 8%, respectively. During this stage, the mass rate is mainly caused by volatile components in the veneer, such as the bound water. At the second stage ranging from 100 to 300 °C, the mass-loss rates of those are 23, 18, and 22%, respectively. That may be explained that the hemicellulose or part of the impregnation mixture begins to degrade in this temperature range. Due to the high-temperature oxidation of cellulose, the qualities of test pieces decrease, so the mass-loss rates, which are 33, 47, and 47%, respectively, are up to the largest at the third stage. The last stage is after 350 °C, where the quality loss is due to the decomposition of cellulose inside the wood. In addition, since the heat resistance of PVA is between wood and graphene, the heat resistance of GP-MW is also in a unified range after compounding.
From Figure 10b, it can be seen that compared with the DTG curve of U-V and PVA-MW, the mass loss rate of GP-MW is weaker with the increase of the decomposition temperature. That proves that the thermal stability of GP-MW has been improved, indicating that MGEIN has played an important role.

Conclusions
From the perspective of economy and environmental protection, a type of woodbased composite for heat conduction was prepared by being impregnated with Gr/PVA mixture to enhance the thermal conductivity of poplar wood veneer and promote its ap- From Figure 10b, it can be seen that compared with the DTG curve of U-V and PVA-MW, the mass loss rate of GP-MW is weaker with the increase of the decomposition temperature. That proves that the thermal stability of GP-MW has been improved, indicating that MGEIN has played an important role.

Conclusions
From the perspective of economy and environmental protection, a type of wood-based composite for heat conduction was prepared by being impregnated with Gr/PVA mixture to enhance the thermal conductivity of poplar wood veneer and promote its application in the heating floor. The major conclusions of this study are as follows: • The WPG of the modified veneer increased with the PVA concentration and the content of the MGEIN powders. The PVA concentration plays a more critical role in WPG.
Besides, the average density gradually increased with the WPG. The thermal conductivity of the modified veneer would increase as the average density increase. However, it would also be affected by other factors, especially at high PVA concentration and high MGEIN powders loading.

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At the same concentration of PVA, when the MGEIN powders loading is up to 2 wt.%, the dispersion effect of the Gr/PVA impregnation mixture is the best, and the thermal conductivity of the corresponding sample is also the greatest.

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The thermal conductivity of the modified veneer is the best at 10% PVA concentration with 2 wt.% MGEIN addition. • Both FI-TR and XRD characterization results prove that the internal structure of the modified material has changed and that of MGEIN, which enters the amorphous region of the cellulose, reacts with the hydroxyl group in the amorphous region, resulting in a decrease in the crystallinity value.

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The TG analysis shows that the thermal stability of the Gr/PVA impregnated modified material has been improved. Therefore, the thermal properties of veneers could be improved by the Gr/PVA impregnation mixture, but the improvement effect is related to the dispersion and viscosity of the mixture to a certain extent.

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In addition, we can further study how to make graphene form a better heat channel inside the wood. Data Availability Statement: Forestry University for supplying laboratories and equipment for this experiment. At the same time, we also thank the Department of Sustainable Bioproducts of Mississippi State University for providing the MGEIN. Finally, we are grateful to the reviewers and editors for their valuable time and suggestions for improving the quality of this paper.