Social Preferences of Young Adults Regarding Urban Forest Recreation Management in Warsaw, Poland

The paper presents results of questionnaire research conducted to determine social preferences regarding leisure in Warsaw municipal forests (WMF) (Poland). The preferences pertained to frequency of visits and willingness to pay for recreational infrastructure in a forest depending on its appearance, level of development, and the respondent’s income. The data were processed using statistical analysis (ANOVA Friedman test, U Mann–Whitney test, logistic regression). The results show that the higher the development level of a forest, the more often young people choose it for leisure. Willingness to pay for a forest depends on its development level, with respondents more willing to fund forests with a higher development level. No such correlation with the respondents’ income was found. Preferences regarding the selection of a specific type of forest for leisure were dependent on per capita income of the respondents only in the case of forests at a lower level of development. A forest’s preference level affected the willingness to pay for it and varied depending on the development level.


Introduction
Urban forests are a type of green area. They are also called "green islands" [1] in the ecological infrastructure of a city [2], promoting biological diversity in accordance with European Union law [3]. Moreover, urban forests are one of the most important footholds for the colonization of forest and ancient forest species in cities [4,5]. Nowadays, some of them are represented by the remnants of natural forest communities [6], whereas others have been planted by man [7].
Many researchers [5,8,9] mention and discuss the natural, ecological, and historical value of urban forests in their publications. Cities are often characterized by anthropogenic impacts, pollution, and higher temperatures compared to outside urban areas [10][11][12]. Baker and Jordan [4] highlighted the ecological significance of urban forests in improving the quality of the urban environment. The presence of forested areas in large, urbanized areas is particularly important for protecting the population against industrial and traffic air pollution, as well as reducing smog formation [13,14]. It also improves the general well-being of residents and helps reduce stress [15,16].
Polish cities include ca. 12,000 ha of urban forests. Warsaw is the largest city in Poland, with urban forests including nature reserves [34]. Currently, Warsaw municipal forests (WMF) cover an area of nearly 8000 ha, which amounts to approximately 15% of Warsaw's total area; the institution manages forests belonging to the State Treasury, as well as forests under different types of ownership. The WMF was established in the 1930s. Its present form is a result of provisions of the Resolution [35]. The forests are divided into four districts: Bielany-Młociny (838 ha), Bemowo-Koło (556 ha), Kabaty (903 ha), and Las Sobieskiego (1353 ha) ( Figure 1). These are located primarily on the edges of the city, in 27 forest complexes. The largest of those are Kabacki Forest (925 ha), Sobieski Forest (517 ha), and Bemowo Forest (509 ha). Kabacki Forest is the most frequently visited forest area in the capital, both among tourists and residents. The WMF encompasses numerous forms of nature protection, including five nature reserves with an aggregate area of nearly 1150 ha, "Lasy Warszawskie" Forest Promotional Complex, and an animal rehabilitation center. The WMF boasts an extensive leisure infrastructure, including hiking, bicycle, and equestrian tourist routes; picnic sites; playgrounds; and a forest-nature education center [18]. Warsaw Municipal Forests (WMF) manages and maintains forests within the city, and those under the jurisdiction of the capital city of Warsaw. The rules for management and maintenance account for the requirements of education, protection of landscape aesthetic and cultural heritage (historical, religious, patriotic), leisure of the visitors, and protection of the wildlife. The WMF operates on a basis of numerous legal acts, including the Municipal Government Act [36], the Powiat Government Act [37], the Government of the Capital City of Warsaw Act [38], the Public Funds Act [39], and the Forests Act [40].

Study Sites
Empirical materials were collected by using the auditorium questionnaire technique. It is one of the research techniques used in the survey research method; it has the advantage of a very high return rate. The respondents were 784 students from Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW who took the questionnaire between March and May 2021 (Poland). In the analysis, they were treated as forest-area users, and their answers were used to verify the research hypotheses formulated above. The students received the research tool-the questionnaires-during on-site classes, and expressed their opinions on the investigated issues. Completing the questionnaire took approx. 10 min. The questionnaire consisted of two sections. The first section included socio-demographic data such as

Study Sites
Empirical materials were collected by using the auditorium questionnaire technique. It is one of the research techniques used in the survey research method; it has the advantage of a very high return rate. The respondents were 784 students from Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW who took the questionnaire between March and May 2021 (Poland). In the analysis, they were treated as forest-area users, and their answers were used to verify the research hypotheses formulated above. The students received the research tool-the questionnaires-during on-site classes, and expressed their opinions on the investigated issues. Completing the questionnaire took approx. 10 min. The questionnaire consisted of two sections. The first section included socio-demographic data such as gender, age, place of residence, education, income, and the number of family members. In the second section, respondents were presented with pictures of four types of WMF (Figure 2a-d).  Based on the pictures provided, the respondents answered questions included in this section of the questionnaire, expressing their preferences regarding willingness to visit WMF (which type of forest would they like to visit the most), a hypothetical financial contribution to the WMF, spending their time in the WMF (they enjoy spending their time in the WMF and do it often), the necessity of maintenance (the respondents do not have to visit urban forests, but would mind a lack thereof), and protection/preservation of the WMF for future generations. The spectrum of preferences depended on the presence/lack of leisure infrastructure and the appearance of urban forests (forest types A-D). Answers to these questions were expressed with a five-level Likert scale; 5 meaning that the respondent strongly agrees with a statement, 4-they agree, 3-neither agrees nor disagrees, 2-does not agree, and 1-strongly disagrees with a statement.

Methods and Statistical Analysis
The variables used to verify the hypotheses were described as follows:  Based on the pictures provided, the respondents answered questions included in this section of the questionnaire, expressing their preferences regarding willingness to visit WMF (which type of forest would they like to visit the most), a hypothetical financial contribution to the WMF, spending their time in the WMF (they enjoy spending their time in the WMF and do it often), the necessity of maintenance (the respondents do not have to visit urban forests, but would mind a lack thereof), and protection/preservation of the WMF for future generations. The spectrum of preferences depended on the presence/lack of leisure infrastructure and the appearance of urban forests (forest types A-D). Answers to these questions were expressed with a five-level Likert scale; 5 meaning that the respondent strongly agrees with a statement, 4-they agree, 3-neither agrees nor disagrees, 2-does not agree, and 1-strongly disagrees with a statement.

Methods and Statistical Analysis
The variables used to verify the hypotheses were described as follows: In order to assess whether the forest type and per capita income (divided into 3 categories) variables affected the level of PREF 1-PREF 3 and FIN 1-FIN 3 variables, non-parametric ANOVA Friedman test was used. Due to limitations of the analysis arising from the nature of the variables, in order to examine the level differences between pairs of variables, a non-parametric U Mann-Whitney test was used for a deeper statistical analysis.
The analysis was summarized by using logistic regression-an econometric tool allowing the impact of factors (variables) on the willingness to pay (WTP) for a specific forest type to be determined. This specific kind of regression allows the correlation between a qualitative variable, which only assumes two values (WTP for a type A/B/C/D forest versus not funding it), and other variables, to be defined. The objective of the analysis utilizing this type of regression was to determine by what percentage the WTP for a type A/B/C/D forest increases or drops depending on the preference level for the corresponding forest type. The analysis involved 784 respondents. Interpretation of the analysis results acquired through logistic regression came down to determining by which percent a change in the value of a particular variable affects the likelihood of WTP for a type A/B/C/D forest, along with changes in the given independent variable. In the case of an attribute measured on a rank scale, the explanation consisted in determining by which percent the likelihood of WTP for a type A/B/C/D forest changes when the preference level increases or decreases by one tier. A logistic regression model was generated for each forest type. In each model, the dependent variable Y signified the WTP for a specific forest type (A/B/C/D). Independent variables in the model were the following: PREF 1, PREF 2, and PREF 3 for type A/B/C/D forests, respectively. The dependent variable Y (Table 1) was generated as an index of 3 variables-FIN 1, FIN 2, and FIN 3; however, their values were treated as follows: 1-2 (0) do not fund, 4-5 (1) fund, and answer 3 was not taken into account. The generated dependent variable Y assumed the following values: If at least two variables assumed a value of 4 or 5, variable Y was given the value of (1), and if one or none of the variables assumed the value of 4 or 5, Y was assigned the value of (0). The dependent (dichotomous) variable Y was defined as: Y = 1 high or very high willingness to pay for a specific forest type 0 ow willingness or lack of willingness to pay for a specific forest type (1) Analyses of each set of independent variables and models generated upon their basis were carried out to verify the following: the statistical significance of model parameters, the accuracy level of case classification, and the assessment of the model's adjustment to the data. To assess the statistical significance of the test statistics in the ANOVA Friedman test, the U Mann-Whitney test, and the structural parameters for logistic regression models, the assumed significance level was α = 0.5.

Results
Participants of the research were aged between 20 and 25 (average-22.77 years). Women constituted 50.13% of the entire group, and men 49.87%. A total of 89.67% of respondents declared having secondary education, whereas the remaining 10.33% reported having higher education. The largest groups (47.70%) were students from cities with over 100,000 residents and those with an income under PLN 2000/person (42.47%). The following groups were residents of rural areas (29.85%), and towns of up to 50,000 residents (17.60%) and over 50,000 residents (4.85%). Income between PLN 2001 AND 3333 was reported by 31.51% of the respondents, whereas another 26.02% declared a higher income ( Table 2).

Preference Level in Relation to the Forest Development Level
To verify whether the preference level was dependent on the forest development level, the ANOVA Friedman test was executed. At the significance level of α = 0.5, it was demonstrated that the forest development level made a significant difference in the preference level (type A forest-the lowest development level, type D forest-the highest level).
In the case of the first variable, PREF 1-the desire to visit a certain forest type in the future, the respondents rated the type D forest the highest (3.74), and type A the lowest (3.31). The ANOVA Friedman test employed confirmed that there were statistically significant differences between forest type and the PREF 1 variable.
The respondents' declarations regarding their current preference for a specific forest type and spending time in it (PREF 2 variable) also showed statistically significant differences depending on the forest type. However, although the type D forest (4.27) was the most preferred among the respondents, the least preferred forest turned out to be type B (3.30).
General opinion regarding a forest's value accounting for future perspective (PREF 3 variable) exhibited a dependence analogous to the PREF 1 variable, with the type A forest rated the lowest (3.96), and type D scoring the highest (4.63). Differences between forest types were statistically significant (Table 3).  Figure 3 illustrates the preference trend, showing that in the case of the PREF 1 and PREF 3 variables, the preference level rose proportionately to the forest development level. In the case of the PREF 2 variable, this correlation was not entirely incremental, since the type B forest scored the lowest average. level. In the case of the PREF 2 variable, this correlation was not entirely incremental, since the type B forest scored the lowest average. In order to precisely verify the correlation between a forest type preference level and its development level, pairs of forests were compared using the U Mann-Whitney test. In the case of the PREF 1 variable, all the correlations were statistically significant (p-value for the statistics value was lower than the adopted significance level), with the exception of the comparison between the A and B forest types. This indicates that the preference level did not vary with statistical significance between these forest types in the context of respondents' desire to visit them in the future. An analogous correlation was applied to the PREF 3 variable. Only in the case of the PREF 2 variable, which regarded spending time in a given type of forest, did the U Mann-Whitney test show statistically significant differences between all pairs of forest types; however, the correlation between A and B forest types was opposite to what the hypothesis presumed-of the two, the less developed forest type was preferred (Table 4). The performed analyses confirmed hypothesis H1, that the preference level depends on the forest's development level, and a higher development level translates to a higher preference level. In order to precisely verify the correlation between a forest type preference level and its development level, pairs of forests were compared using the U Mann-Whitney test. In the case of the PREF 1 variable, all the correlations were statistically significant (p-value for the statistics value was lower than the adopted significance level), with the exception of the comparison between the A and B forest types. This indicates that the preference level did not vary with statistical significance between these forest types in the context of respondents' desire to visit them in the future. An analogous correlation was applied to the PREF 3 variable. Only in the case of the PREF 2 variable, which regarded spending time in a given type of forest, did the U Mann-Whitney test show statistically significant differences between all pairs of forest types; however, the correlation between A and B forest types was opposite to what the hypothesis presumed-of the two, the less developed forest type was preferred (Table 4). The performed analyses confirmed hypothesis H1, that the preference level depends on the forest's development level, and a higher development level translates to a higher preference level.

Forest Type vs. Willingness to Pay for It
To examine whether WTP for the infrastructure of urban forests depends on the forest's development level, the ANOVA Friedman test was used again. At a significance level of α = 00.5, it was demonstrated that a forest's development level significantly affects the WTP for the forest infrastructure.
In the case of the first variable, FIN 1, which describes the amount of a hypothetical contribution depending on the forest's appearance and manner of exploitation, the respondents were the most willing to fund forests with higher levels of development. The type D forest scored an average of 4.1, whereas type B was rated the lowest. The ANOVA Friedman test confirmed the presence of statistically significant differences depending on the forest type and the FIN 1 variable (p-value for the statistics value was lower than the adopted significance level).
A similar correlation can be seen in the case of declarations regarding the necessity to fund forests-the FIN 2 variable. The respondents agreed the most with the statement that highly developed forests should receive more funding. They showed the least WTP for the type B forest. This correlation was also statistically significant.
The FIN 3 variable referred to a long-term perspective for funding urban forests, namely, investing in forests to preserve them in cities for future generations. Similar to variables FIN 1 and FIN 2, in the case of the FIN 3 variable, the type D forest scored the highest average of answers (4.70), whereas type B scored the lowest (3.92). This correlation was also statistically significant (Table 5). For a detailed verification of the analyzed correlations, Figure 4 was generated; it illustrates that a higher forest development level translated to a higher value of variables related to WTP for forest types A, C and D. Only in the case of the type B forest could a break from the trend be observed, which is why additional comparative analyses of pairs of forests using the U Mann-Whitney test were executed.
In the case of the FIN 1 variable, all the correlations were statistically significant, with the exception of the comparison between forest types A and C, which shows that there was no statistically significant difference between the levels of WTP for these two types of forest. Additionally, in the case of this variable, a comparison between forest types A and B showed that the less developed type A forest was more preferred, and that this correlation bore statistical significance. In the case of the FIN 2 variable, all the correlations were statistically significant and, with the exception of the comparison between forest types A and B, confirmed that the WTP for a forest was higher for more developed forest types. In the case of the FIN 3 variable, statistically significant correlations confirmed that WTP for a forest rose along with its development level ( Table 6).
The performed analyses partially confirmed the postulated H2 hypothesis that WTP for a specific forest type depends on its development level, and the higher the development level, the higher WTP for it. This correlation did not apply to forest type B only.

Preferences Regarding a Forest Type in Relation to Respondents' Income
The analysis employed the U Mann-Whitney test. All the statistical values in the table marked with the (*) symbol exhibited statistically significant differences at the significance level assumed for the research. The higher the income, the lower the preference for the type A forest (PREF 1, 2, 3 variables); these differences were statistically significant in the comparison between respondents with the lowest and highest incomes (groups 1 and 3, respectively), and between respondents with medium and high incomes (groups 2 and 3, respectively) in the case of the PREF 1 and 2 variables. An analogous correlation occurred in the case of the type B forest; however, these differences were not statistically significant for the PREF 3 variable. In the case of the type C forest, higher income corresponded to a statistically significant increase in preference in the PREF 2 area between respondents with the highest and the lowest income. In the case of the type D forest, a higher income meant a higher preference level in the PREF 1 area; this difference was statistically significant for the comparison between respondents with the highest and the lowest income (1 vs. 3, respectively), as well as between those with medium and high incomes (2 vs. 3, respectively) ( Table 7).  In the case of the FIN 1 variable, all the correlations were statistically significant, with the exception of the comparison between forest types A and C, which shows that there was no statistically significant difference between the levels of WTP for these two types of forest. Additionally, in the case of this variable, a comparison between forest types A and B showed that the less developed type A forest was more preferred, and that this correlation bore statistical significance. In the case of the FIN 2 variable, all the correlations were statistically significant and, with the exception of the comparison between forest types A and B, confirmed that the WTP for a forest was higher for more developed forest types. In the case of the FIN 3 variable, statistically significant correlations confirmed that WTP for a forest rose along with its development level (Table 6). The performed analyses partially confirmed the postulated H2 hypothesis that WTP for a specific forest type depends on its development level, and the higher the development level, the higher WTP for it. This correlation did not apply to forest type B only.   The obtained results allowed the researchers to partially verify hypothesis 3 stating that preferences regarding a forest type are dependent on the respondent's per capita income. The hypothesis was verified for the less developed forest types, namely, A and B. In the case of type C and D forests, the hypothesis was not verified.

Willingness to Pay
In the case of the type A forest, a higher income meant that the respondent was less willing to financially support this forest type (FIN 1 variable); however, statistically significant differences were observed only between the lowest (1) and medium (2) income groups, and between the lowest (1) and highest (3) income groups. Moreover, a statistically significant difference between the lowest (1) and the highest (3) income groups was related to the necessity to invest in forests to preserve them in the urban structure for future generations (variable FIN 3). An analogous correlation between the lowest (1) and medium (2) income groups applied to the type B forest in the case of FIN 1 and FIN 2 variables, and to the type C forest in the case of the FIN 3 variable, in the comparison between the lowest (1) and the highest (3) income group. An opposite correlation was found in the case of the FIN 2 variable between income groups 2 and 3. In the case of the type C forest, a higher income was correlated to a lower value of the FIN 2 variable in comparison to income groups 2 vs. 3 and 1 vs. 3 (Table 8).  The performed analyses did not allow us to verify hypothesis 4, namely, that WTP for a specific forest type depends on the respondent's per capita income.

Preference in Relation to WTP for a Forest Type
Logistic regression analysis was performed to verify hypothesis 5. WTP for a type A forest (Table 9): • Preference level regarding appreciation for the fact that type A forests exist, and that the respondent can access them at any time-a probability quotient of 0.2600 indicates that an increase in preference level of 100% results in a 74% decrease in WTP for a type A forest. All the parameters appearing next to the descriptive variables were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05); this means that these variables affected the dependent variable Y significantly.
The parameters included in Table 10 indicate good accuracy of case classification in each model. Statistical significance of the χ 2 statistic value indicates good model adjustment to the data. The conducted analyses allowed us to confirm hypothesis 5, namely, that preference level affects WTP and varies for different forest types. In the case of A, C, and D forest types, an increase in preference resulted in a decrease in WTP for this forest type; in the case of the type B forest, an increase in preference resulted in a greater WTP for this type of forest.

Discussion
The importance of green areas in cities is tremendous, especially during the recent COVID-19 pandemic [41,42]. Since they often cover a large area, forests create a safe haven of leisure and recreation for significant numbers of people. Forests located near big cities are eagerly frequented by residents of those cities. It would seem that tourists are more keen on spending their time in forests with better and more extensive infrastructure. Interestingly, the results of research into this matter are very inconclusive. Tourist preferences regarding forest development are different; for leisure, they choose both forests with recreational infrastructure [43] and those without it. The preferences also change over time [44,45]. Research conducted in the WMF has shown and proven that forests with park characteristics and numerous elements of small recreational architecture are the most popular. Preference level also depends on sociological features, such as place of residence; Dudek's research [46] showed that the demand for tourist-recreational infrastructure is higher in larger cities. Referowska-Chodak [47] examined the technical condition of the recreational infrastructure, pointing it out as one of the most important factors affecting the development of tourism in the urban forests of large cities. In research by Janeczko and Woźnicka [48], a decisive majority of those visiting WMF mentioned the importance of recreational infrastructure. The most vital elements included walking, biking, and jogging paths. The edges of forested areas should be prioritized for development [48]. For comparison, in the municipal forests of Riga, the visitors gave positive feedback on the presence of tourist equipment and infrastructure, especially trash cans and designated areas for sports and picnicking [49]. Respondents also valued accessibility and cleanliness of parking lots, hiking routes, and the availability of guide services [33]. A different point of view was presented by [50][51][52][53][54], whose results demonstrated that tourists are more inclined to choose forests without recreational equipment for their leisure.
Urban forest areas and protected areas are regarded by society through the lens of the profits they make and the non-market economic values applied to them, which often inspire in citizens a WTP for the protection and preservation of these areas [55][56][57]. Society's readiness to support forests financially is subject to heavy fluctuations [44]. Research in the WMF partially confirmed hypothesis 2 and indicated that the WTP for a forest depends on its development level-a higher development level was correlated with a greater WTP for it. Interestingly, research by Skłodowski and Gołos [54] did not confirm this; in that research, the respondents declared a greater WTP for forests without tourist infrastructure. In the same research, the WTP was greater among respondents who pointed out the following features as missing: parking lots, educational routes, jogging paths, leisure equipment (e.g., benches, tables, canopies), and biking paths. As for preferences regarding the choice of forest type for leisure depending on the respondents' income, research in the WMF has shown that forests with lower recreational development are preferred; this means that people with higher income are more likely to visit natural forests free of landscaping efforts (e.g., a strict nature reserve or a commercial forest without any recreational infrastructure and where available activities include walking on footpaths and picking mushrooms and berries). No such correlation has been found for forests with developed tourist infrastructure.
An analysis of literature on the subject shows a general trend: The WTP for forests is lower in the less wealthy countries [54], and conversely, the higher the GDP, the higher the declared amounts respondents were willing to pay [58][59][60][61][62]. Affluent respondents are more often willing to pay higher contributions to protect the most ecologically valuable portions of forests, clean out the litter [63], support amenities, and modernize and expand recreational infrastructure in municipal forests, e.g., to upgrade hiking routes [11,63]. The same correlation was observed in the case of household income [64]. However, there is no shortage of quite opposite reports pointing to a lack of correlation between the WTP for forests and the respondent's income [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. The research conducted in the WMF is also characterized by a lack of this correlation. For comparison, research conducted in the municipal forests of Tarnów City shows little impact of sociological factors on the WTP for urban forests [56].
The preferences of respondents participating in the research in the WMF confirmed that the forest preference level affects the WTP for it. As shown by the literature research, the WTP for forests also largely depends on the appearance of the forest itself. It may be presumed that the higher the respondents' preference for leisure in stratified forests with multiple species and undergrowth, the more willing they will be to financially support forests. Visitors are more willing to pay for mixed forests than coniferous or deciduous ones [68]. Greater accessibility of ecosystem services in a forest is another factor increasing the amount of the contributions the respondents are willing to pay [73]. Therefore, due to a very high biodiversity level, as well as performing numerous ecological, social, protective, and economic functions, forest ecosystems should undergo comprehensive evaluation in regard to all the services they provide. This applies to all forested areas, including urban forests [74,75]. For example, enhancing visibility in a forest by removing some of the vegetation increases its recreational value [15,76,77]. Preferences and perception of a forest depend on the studied group. For instance, adult tourists seeking leisure usually choose clean forests with abundant light, semi-sparse vegetation, and little undergrowth [23,53,78]. Parents and caregivers have different requirements for a recreational-use forest: bodies of water, deadwood, open spaces such as meadows, and undergrowth [24].

Conclusions
Current decision-makers, city planners, and scientists are taking up the challenge of zoning urban forests in such a manner that combines multi-functionality and biodiversity, and at the same time accommodates the changing preferences of users of those areas [79].
Due to the fact that woodland tourism is often the catalyst for the development of other industries, this paper is an important piece of the discussion on the economic, social, and environmental significance of urban forests. Information gathered from this work may prove valuable to those managing municipal forests and involved in the development of recreation in urban forests and their vicinity. The conducted research is important in the context of developing recreational infrastructure, the landscaping of green areas, and forest management in big cities.  Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The personal information and data of the participants were anonymous according to the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Parliament (GDPR 679/2016). The survey did not require approval by the ethics committee because of the anonymous nature of the online survey and impossibility of tracking sensitive personal data, additionally the CAWI survey was conducted by professional company certified to conduct research in accordance with industry and ethical standards.
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable; no new data were created or analyzed in this study.