Plasticity of Leaf Traits of Juglans regia L. f. luodianense Liu et Xu Seedlings Under Different Light Conditions in Karst Habitats

: This study examined the effects of light intensity on the plasticity of the leaves of Juglans regia f. luodianense seedlings in karst habitat and how they respond to changes in light intensity. The light intensity of 1-year-old seedlings of J. regia f. luodianense in different niches in a karst area was set as 100% (bare land), 75% (forest margin), 50% (forest gap), and 25% (under forest) of natural light. The material harvested after four months was compared to analyze the differences in various morphological characteristics, biomass allocation, and physiological characteristics of the leaves of seedlings of J. regia f. luodianense , and a comprehensive evaluation of the plasticity indexes was conducted. The results showed that under moderate (50%) full light intensity, the leaf area, speciﬁc leaf area, leaf biomass, and chlorophyll content increased, and improved photosynthesis and promoted the accumulation of free proline content and peroxidase (POD) activity. The accumulation of malondialdehyde was also the lowest in this treatment, indicating that the plants had the strongest adaptability under this light intensity. Moreover, under high (75%) full light intensity, the above functional characteristics of plants showed good performance. Under low (25%) full light intensity, plants also had higher speciﬁc leaf area, leaf biomass, and photosynthetic parameters. However, under full light, the cell membrane permeability decreased, the chlorophyll accumulation was the lowest, and the photosynthetic index was seriously inhibited. Our results showed that the plasticity of morphological characters was greater than that of biomass allocation and physiological characters; POD activity and stomatal conductance were the highest, followed by leaf area and chlorophyll b, whereas the plasticity of palisade tissue/sponge tissue thickness and lower-epidermis thickness were the lowest. In summary, there are evident differences in the sensitivity and regulation mechanisms of morphological characteristics, biomass allocation, and physiological indices of the seedling leaves of J. regia f. luodianense in response to light intensity. During the stage of seedling establishment, only the plants in the bare ground under full light can be induced to show obvious inhibition of phenotypic traits. In contrast, the plants in the forest margins and gaps and under the forest habitats under light intensity can regulate their own characteristics to maintain their growth and development. The wide light range and strong plasticity of the species might be two of the important reasons for its existence in a highly heterogeneous karst habitat.


Introduction
Seedling growth and development are critical to population dynamics, and they include complex processes of detecting, acceptance, and interpreting endogenous and environmental signals [1]. Plants respond to endogenous and environmental signals in many different ways [2]. Many of their responses stem from phenotypic plasticity, which is the ability of specific genotypes to respond to environmental changes [3]. The expression The study was conducted at a nursery experiment site (106 • 42 E, 26 • 34 N), on the South Campus of Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang City, which has an altitude of about 1020 m, annual average temperature of 15.3 • C, annual average relative humidity of 77%, annual total precipitation of 1129.5 mm, annual average rainy time of 235.1 days, annual average sunshine hours of 1148.3 h, and annual average snowfall time of 11.3 days.

Experimental Design
In autumn and winter of 2017, 200 seeds were collected from the same mother plant. First, they were bagged and brought to the Laboratory of Ecology, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, and the impurities and peel were then removed. Next, the seeds were washed using distilled water and dried indoors, and then rewashed in early January of the following year. Then, they were disinfected with 0.4% potassium permanganate solution for 30 min and stored at a low temperature. In mid-March, the seeds were seeded into trays and placed in an artificial climate incubator with the temperature controlled at 25 ± 3 • C, humidity controlled at 60 ± 2%, light and dark conditions for 12 h. Then, seedings were transplanted into flowerpots with an inner diameter of 22 cm and a depth of 20 cm at the 3-4 leaf stage. Limestone soil, which was slightly alkaline and of medium fertility, was initially dried, crushed, disinfected, and sterilized and then used as the substrate. After planting for 1 month, the seedlings that showed the same growth and no disease were selected for light treatment. There were four different shading treatments, five replicates per treatment and four seedlings per replicate prepared to simulate the light intensity of four niches of the karst area [31,32]: bare land, forest margin, forest gap, and under forest, which has the same light intensity. Among the four treatments, one treatment was 100% natural light photon irradiance (bare land), and different shades were then adjusted by covering three different densities of specifically shaded cloth on three iron frames (Meshel Netting Co., Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu, CN; customized one needle, two needle, and four needle three specifications of shading cloth by the company, it spectrally provides rather uniform shade at those levels of shade presently marketed) with a height of 2.0 m. For the photon radiation gradient, the shading cloth was 20 cm away from the ground to ensure ventilation [1,33]. The seedlings were randomly divided into four groups and placed in the aforementioned regions with four light treatments. The seedlings of annual J. regia f. luodianense were divided irregularly into four groups and then placed in the preceding four light treatment regions, respectively. In the course of the experiment, the fertilizer and water management was strengthened, the compound fertilizer was applied once a month, disease and pest control was executed at any time, and the pots were placed randomly every week to guarantee that the same light was acquired in different light treatment basins. In early June 2018, the measurement period was 8:00-18:00 every day during three consecutive days of sunny weather. The photon irradiance of bare land was 1134.0 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 (solar photon irradiance or full light, CK) by MQ500 handheld optical quantum sensor (Apogee Instruments Inc, Logan, UT, USA), and the average photon irradiance in three sheds were 850.5 (75% full light, HL), 567.0 (50% full light, ML), and 283.5 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 (25% full light, LL), respectively. There was no significant difference in air temperature and humidity among the four light environments.

Anatomical Structure of Leaves
After four months of light control, five plants were selected from each treatment, and then selected from each plant one mature leaf with the same light direction, light time and growth trend. A double-sided blade was used to cut a 5 mm× 5 mm leaf along the main vein at the base 1/3 of the leaf, fixed using a Formalin-Aceto-Alcohol fixative on site. The slides were prepared using the paraffin section method, ethanol, xylene gradient dehydration, wax immersion, and embedding. The section thickness was 6-8 µm, and safranine-fast green double stain was used along with a neutral gum-sealing piece. The slices were observed and photographed using the Olympus-Bx 51 optical microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The thickness of the upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and leaf were measured using Image-Proplus 6.0 (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA), and the ratio of palisade tissue thickness to spongy tissue thickness was calculated. Each treatment was selected using a 15-field observation, and the average was calculated [34].

Morphological and Biomass Indicators
After four months of light control, five plants were selected from each treatment, then the maximum leaf in each plant was selected and the maximum leaf area was measured by scanning with a Yaxin-1241 leaf area meter. Then, all the leaves of each plant were placed on an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0.001 g to measure the fresh weight. Each envelope was placed in an oven; the leaves were dried at 110 • C for 1 h, and then dried to constant weight at 70 • C to determine leaf biomass. Finally, the fleshy degree of leaves of the five plants from each treatment was calculated as the fresh weight divided by the dry weight of leaves, and the maximum specific leaf area was calculated as the single maximum leaf area divided by its dry weight.

Physiological and Biochemical Indices
After four months of light control, five plants were selected from each treatment, and then selected from each plant one mature leaf with the same light direction, light time and growth trend. A sunny morning was selected, and measurements were made of the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 concentration, and transpiration rate at 09:00-12:00 using a Li-6400 photosynthesis instrument. The temperature was 25 • C, the concentration of CO 2 was 400 µmol m −1 , the relative humidity of air was 50-70%, and the photoactive radiation (PAR) was 500 µmol m −2 s −1 .
Biochemical analysis of the leaf samples was conducted using a variety of approaches: an extract pigment with 80% acetone was used to calculate the total, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b contents [35], the free proline content was determined using the method of ninhydrin [36], the soluble sugar content was determined using anthrone colorimetry [37], malondialdehyde (MDA) content was determined using the thiobarbituric acid method [38], peroxidase (POD) activity was estimated using the callus xylenol oxidation method [39], and catalase (CAT) activity was determined using the Aebi method [40].
Data analysis: Excel 2007 was used to conduct preliminary statistical analysis. Then, SPSS 18.0 statistical software (IBM Corporation, Somers, NY, USA) was used to process the experimental data further. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the significance of different light intensity treatments on the leaf characteristics of recipient plants, and Duncan's multiple comparison method was used to test differences between the means of treatments using a significance level of p < 0.05. Origin 9.1 (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA) was used to plot the data.
According to Ashton et al. [41], the measures of size class plasticity (P) of the various leaf characteristics were calculated for each species using the smallest and largest values for a given measure, p = (X − x)/X), where x is the smallest value and X is the largest.

Anatomical Structure of Leaves
Palisade tissue, spongy tissue, upper epidermis, lower epidermis and leaf thickness decreased with a decrease in light intensity (Table 1, Figure S1). There was no significant difference in the palisade tissue thickness between CK and HL (p > 0.05), but it was significantly higher in these two treatments than the LL treatments (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in sponge tissue thickness between ML and LL (p > 0.05), but it was significantly lower than the other treatments (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the thickness ratio of the palisade tissue to sponge tissue (p > 0.05). The thickness of the upper epidermis was significantly higher with CK than with ML and LL treatments (p > 0.05). The thickness of lower epidermis under CK treatment was significantly higher than that of the other three groups (p > 0.05). The leaf thickness was significantly higher with CK and HL than with MS and LS treatments (p > 0.05).

Leaf Morphology and Biomass
The maximum leaf area and specific leaf area of J. regia f. luodianense increased gradually with a decrease in light intensity (Table 2), and there were significant differences in the leaf area indexes of the four light intensity treatments (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the specific leaf area between the CK and HL treatments (p > 0.05), which were significantly lower than the other treatments with lower light intensity (p < 0.05). Leaf succulence in the HL treatment showed no significant difference between the CK and ML treatments (p > 0.05), which were significantly higher than the LL treatment with the lowest light intensity (p < 0.05). The leaf biomass was highest under the ML treatment, which was similar to that under the LL treatment (p > 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the CK and HL treatments (p > 0.05), but they were significantly lower than the ML and LL treatments (p < 0.05).

Soluble Matter Content of Leaves
The soluble sugar content of the leaves of J. regia f. luodianense was not significantly different between the HS, MS and LS treatments (p > 0.05, Figure 1), and was significantly lower than the CK treatment (p < 0.05). The free proline content was the highest under MS treatment, which was not significantly different from that under CK (p > 0.05), but it was significantly higher than that under HS and LS treatments (p < 0.05).

Soluble Matter Content of Leaves
The soluble sugar content of the leaves of J. regia f. luodianense was not significantly different between the HS, MS and LS treatments (p > 0.05, Figure 1), and was significantly lower than the CK treatment (p < 0.05). The free proline content was the highest under MS treatment, which was not significantly different from that under CK (p > 0.05), but it was significantly higher than that under HS and LS treatments (p < 0.05).

Chlorophyll Content
The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents in J. regia f. luodianense seedlings increased with the decrease in light intensity ( Figure 2). The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of leaves in the ML and LL treatments were not significantly different (p > 0.05), but they were significantly higher than that in the high light intensity treatments (p < 0.05); there were no significant differences in the total chlorophyll content of leaves in each light intensity treatment (p > 0.05). The amount of chlorophyll a/b was the highest under the MS treatment and lowest under the LL treatment, but there were no significant differences among the four treatments (p > 0.05).

Chlorophyll Content
The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents in J. regia f. luodianense seedlings increased with the decrease in light intensity ( Figure 2). The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of leaves in the ML and LL treatments were not significantly different (p > 0.05), but they were significantly higher than that in the high light intensity treatments (p < 0.05); there were no significant differences in the total chlorophyll content of leaves in each light intensity treatment (p > 0.05). The amount of chlorophyll a/b was the highest under the MS treatment and lowest under the LL treatment, but there were no significant differences among the four treatments (p > 0.05).

Photosynthetic Parameters
The net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings were the highest under the MS treatment and the lowest under the CK treatment ( Figure 3); there were all significantly

Photosynthetic Parameters
The net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO 2 concentration, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings were the highest under the MS treatment and the lowest under the CK treatment ( Figure 3); there were all significantly higher than that under the CK treatment (p < 0.05) and the differences were not significant between the HS treatment (p > 0.05). The intercellular CO 2 concentration was not significantly different from that under the MS and LS treatments (p > 0.05).

Malondialdehyde Content and Related Enzyme Activity
The MDA content of the J. regia f. luodianense seedlings under CK treatment was significantly higher than that under the other treatments (p < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between the other treatments (p > 0.05; Figure 4). The activity of CAT was highest under the LL treatment and was significantly higher than under the other treatments (p < 0.05), and the activity of CAT under the MS treatment was the lowest. The activity of POD under the MS treatment was significantly higher than that under the other groups (p < 0.05), and the activity under the CK treatment was the lowest, which was significantly lower than that under the other treatments (p < 0.05).

Malondialdehyde Content and Related Enzyme Activity
The MDA content of the J. regia f. luodianense seedlings under CK treatment was significantly higher than that under the other treatments (p < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between the other treatments (p > 0.05; Figure 4). The activity of CAT was highest under the LL treatment and was significantly higher than under the other treatments (p < 0.05), and the activity of CAT under the MS treatment was the lowest. The activity of POD under the MS treatment was significantly higher than that under the other groups (p < 0.05), and the activity under the CK treatment was the lowest, which was significantly lower than that under the other treatments (p < 0.05).

Evaluation of Leaf Plasticity
The plasticities of anatomical structure, external morphology, soluble matter, photosynthetic parameters, and other characteristics of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings to different light intensities were significantly different ( Figure 5). For anatomical structure, the plasticity index of sponge tissue thickness was the largest, and the thickness of palisade/sponge tissue and lower epidermis was the smallest, which was almost unchanged. Among the morphological characteristics, the plasticity index of the leaf area was the highest (0.48), and the specific leaf area was the lowest. The plasticity index of free proline content was the highest of the soluble matter content of the leaves. Among the indices of chlorophyll and photosynthetic parameters, the plasticity of stomatal conductance was the highest (0.50), followed by chlorophyll b, and the lowest was total chlorophyll. The plasticity index of POD activity was the highest (0.51), and MDA content was the lowest. Overall, the results showed that POD activity had the highest plasticity index, followed by stomatal conductance, whereas palisade tissue/sponge tissue thickness and lower epidermis thickness had the lowest plasticity indexes.

Malondialdehyde Content and Related Enzyme Activity
The MDA content of the J. regia f. luodianense seedlings under CK treatment was significantly higher than that under the other treatments (p < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between the other treatments (p > 0.05; Figure 4). The activity of CAT was highest under the LL treatment and was significantly higher than under the other treatments (p < 0.05), and the activity of CAT under the MS treatment was the lowest. The activity of POD under the MS treatment was significantly higher than that under the other groups (p < 0.05), and the activity under the CK treatment was the lowest, which was significantly lower than that under the other treatments (p < 0.05).  The plasticities of anatomical structure, external morphology, soluble matter, photosynthetic parameters, and other characteristics of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings to different light intensities were significantly different ( Figure 5). For anatomical structure, the plasticity index of sponge tissue thickness was the largest, and the thickness of palisade/sponge tissue and lower epidermis was the smallest, which was almost unchanged. Among the morphological characteristics, the plasticity index of the leaf area was the highest (0.48), and the specific leaf area was the lowest. The plasticity index of free proline content was the highest of the soluble matter content of the leaves. Among the indices of chlorophyll and photosynthetic parameters, the plasticity of stomatal conductance was the highest (0.50), followed by chlorophyll b, and the lowest was total chlorophyll. The plasticity index of POD activity was the highest (0.51), and MDA content was the lowest. Overall, the results showed that POD activity had the highest plasticity index, followed by stomatal conductance, whereas palisade tissue/sponge tissue thickness and lower epidermis thickness had the lowest plasticity indexes.

Effect of Different Light Intensities on the Leaf Characteristics of J. Regia f. Luodianense Seedlings
Our finding that the thickness of the palisade tissue, spongy tissue, upper epidermis, lower epidermis and leaves decreased with a decrease in light intensity. This is consistent with the previous research results. Under full light, the thickness of the plant leaf increases, epidermis structure is developed, and palisade tissue is developed [1,42], whereas leaf thinning, spongy tissue porosity, and ventilation are adaptive characteristics under low light conditions [43]. Under full light, plants retain their water contents by having thick mesophyll tissue, thick epidermis, and strong refraction, which effectively regulates the mesophyll tissue protecting it from damage from strong light [44,45]. However, thick mesophyll tissue can affect CO2 transportation from the lower stomatal chamber to the photosynthetic site, reducing the photosynthetic rate of leaves [46]. This was consistent with the results that the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate of the seedlings were significantly decreased under  Our finding that the thickness of the palisade tissue, spongy tissue, upper epidermis, lower epidermis and leaves decreased with a decrease in light intensity. This is consistent with the previous research results. Under full light, the thickness of the plant leaf increases, epidermis structure is developed, and palisade tissue is developed [1,42], whereas leaf thinning, spongy tissue porosity, and ventilation are adaptive characteristics under low light conditions [43]. Under full light, plants retain their water contents by having thick mesophyll tissue, thick epidermis, and strong refraction, which effectively regulates the mesophyll tissue protecting it from damage from strong light [44,45]. However, thick mesophyll tissue can affect CO 2 transportation from the lower stomatal chamber to the photosynthetic site, reducing the photosynthetic rate of leaves [46]. This was consistent with the results that the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 concentration and transpiration rate of the seedlings were significantly decreased under full light compared with other treatments. Under 50% full light intensity, the photosynthetic parameters of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings reached the highest, and there was no significant difference with 75% full light intensity. This finding shows that this light intensity range effectively promotes the adenosine triphosphate activity of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings, affects the enzyme system of chlorophyll synthesis, enhances photosynthetic energy, and promotes the growth of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings.
The results showed that the leaf area and specific leaf area of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings increased significantly with the decrease of light intensity. Generally, reducing the leaf area exposed to high light is a strategy to avoid damage [47][48][49]; as light intensity decreases, the leaf area and specific leaf area of plants increases to improve their ability to capture light energy [50,51]. The leaf biomass of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings was the highest under 50% full light intensity, followed by that under low light intensity. In low-light environments, plants often adapt by increasing the proportion of leaf biomass to optimize their ability to capture light energy and the efficiency of their leaves [52]. Similar results were also obtained by former scholars in response to light in three karst habitat plants, i.e., Illicicum difengpi, Ardisia corymbifera var. Tuberifera, Pittosporum pulchrum, and Juglans mandshurica, 'LYuling' Juglans of the same genus [32,53,54]. The leaf succulence of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings was the highest under moderate light. In general, the higher the degree of succulence of plant leaves, the higher the relative water content, the smaller the water saturation deficit value and the higher photosynthetic efficiency.
Chlorophyll absorbs, transfers, and transforms light energy, and its content directly affects the utilization of light energy. In this study, with the decrease of light intensity, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings increased with the decrease of light intensity. The results of previous studies on plants in the karst habitat were also the same [32]. This finding is in agreement with Taiz et al. and Guo et al. [15,55], who suggested that reduced light intensity causes plants to increase their chlorophyll to use light energy better to maintain growth. Thus, when levels of photosynthetic effective radiation are low, the seedlings of J. regia f. luodianense can capture more light energy by increasing chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a to fix and store captured light energy [56]. Therefore, the seedlings of J. regia f. luodianense can maximize photosynthesis by increasing their leaf area and chlorophyll content.
Being able to osmoregulate effectively is essential to ensure the survival of plants in adversity. Under full light conditions, the soluble sugar content of the leaves of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings was significantly higher than at lower light intensities, followed by the 25% full light intensity treatment, indicating that the plants adjusted their soluble sugar content to respond to different degrees of external stress and make corresponding osmotic regulation responses [57]. Free proline is essential in stabilizing the integrity of biomembranes and maintaining the advanced structure of protein [58]. The free proline content of the leaves of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings was highest under 50% full light intensity, indicating that the plants had a strong ability to osmoregulate under 50% full light intensity.
There is a stable, dynamic balance between the active oxygen and the antioxidant systems of plants. When they are exposed to external stress, membrane lipid peroxidation occurs, which is reflected by the level of MDA content [59]. However, plants often reduce the damage of MDA and other secondary metabolites to plants by changing the activities of POD and CAT [60]. The MDA content in the leaves of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings was highest under full light. The results showed that the plasma membrane of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings was damaged substantially, but they did not show the mechanism of damage [61]. We found that J. regia f. luodianense seedlings could effectively regulate themselves using POD and CAT or other antioxidant enzymes. However, MDA content was the lowest under the 50% full light intensity, but there was no significant difference between the 75% and 25% full light intensity, indicating that the degree of damage to the plasma membrane of plant cells under this light intensity range was relatively small. Peroxidase activity increased first and then decreased with decreasing light intensity, whereas CAT activity decreased first and then increased with decreasing light intensity. The reverse activity of POD and CAT of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings is more conducive to the precise and efficient cooperation of plants to remove excess H 2 O 2 after each exposure to stress. We found significant differences in the plasticity of leaf anatomical structure, external morphology, photosynthetic parameters, osmoregulation substance content, and antioxidant enzyme activity to different light intensities. Generally, plants with wide light amplitude have higher biomass distribution plasticity [62], but leaf structure and physiological plasticity play a more important role in plant adaptation to changing light environments [63]. The plasticity of the leaf physiological index and biomass allocation of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings was second only to the plasticity of leaf external form, and the plasticity of leaf anatomical structure index was the lowest of the plasticity indexes; however, the plasticity of the leaf physiological index and biomass distribution of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings were just below those of the external shape of the leaves, the plasticity of the leaf anatomical structure index was the lowest, and the plasticity of leaf area also reached a very high level, which shows that J. regia f. luodianense seedlings are not completely dependent on biomass distribution and morphological changes strategy to adapt to the changing light environment, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll b, and POD activity. Sexual physiological characters and leaf area plasticity also play an important role in adapting to the changing light environment of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings, which can improve the efficiency of light energy capture and utilization, and maintain its normal physiological metabolism.
In this paper, the effects of light intensity conditions on the leaf morphology, biomass distribution, and physiological characteristics of J. regia f. luodianense seedlings were simulated in four habitats: out of forest or at the top of mountain, at the edge of forest, forest gap, and under forest. The results showed that under the simulated 75% and 50% full light intensity in the edge of forest and the window of forest, the leaves had larger thickness, larger stomatal opening, and increased photosynthetic pigment content. Furthermore, more light energy was captured and fixed, more biomass was available for leaves, and there was higher free proline content and POD activity. At the same time, the seedlings also had the lowest content of soluble sugar and MDA. Under 25% full light intensity, seedlings also have higher specific leaf area, leaf biomass, photosynthetic parameters, and other characteristics. Only under the full light outside the forest or in the mountaintop habitat, the cell membrane permeability of J. regia f. luodianense seedling decreased and its growth was inhibited. Following a thorough evaluation of the seedling's plasticity, its highest plasticity index in the process of adapting to the change of light intensity was screened out. From this point of view, it was additionally shown that during the period of species establishment, J. regia f. luodianense seedling principally altered the thickness structure of both leaf palisade tissue and sponge tissue and the morphological characteristics of the leaf area and adjusted the stomatal conductance, chlorophyll b, and POD. The ecological strategy of the active physiological characteristics can adapt to the 25-75% full light intensity. Previous studies show that most appropriate light intensity for growth of seedlings of Celtis tetrandra and Pteroceltis tatarinowii is 100% and 40-100% of full light intensity, respectively [64]. This difference in light adaptation may be because these species are pioneer tree species in the karst area, with high light compensation and saturation points and substantial ability to utilize light of high intensity. The previous study also noted that the seedlings of 2-year-old karst plants, for instance, Ardisia corymbifera Mez var. tuberifera and Illicium difengpi., were more appropriate to grow under 25-50% of full light intensity, whereas Pittosporum pulchrum seedlings were not sensitive to the light intensity change [32], meaning the seedlings of J. regia f. luodianense have a wider light range than that of the maples and nuggets. In com-