Impact of Number of Operators and Distance to Branch Piles on Woodchipper Operation

: Branch chipping machines with low-power engines are distinguished with an intermittent operation due to a periodical supply of branches. A conventional drive speed control of these machines is not adapted to adjust the operating mode depending on frequency of material supply for shredding. This article discusses the issues related to the assessment of the application of adaptive systems similar in design to start–stop systems used in vehicles, as necessary in the driving of this type machine. During testing, an impact of a distance between a branch pile from the woodchipper, a number of operators on frequency of drive unit operating condition changes, and the mass and volume output (productivity) were considered. A percentage ratio of the active and passive (idle) operation in selected conditions of use was also determined. A low-power 9.5 kW engine-powered cylindrical-type woodchipper was used for testing. Material chopped in the chipper was freshly cut branches of oaks ( Quercus L. Sp. Pl. 994. 1753) with a diameter in the largest cross-section ca. 80 mm and moisture content ca. 25%. Piles of branches were located at three di ﬀ erent distances from the chipper, i.e., 3 m, 9 m and 15 m. Branches to the chipper were fed by one or two operators. It was demonstrated that the idle run time in tested conditions with one operator could be from 43% to 71% of the entire operating time. Frequency of operating condition changes when only one operator worked and ﬂuctuated from ca. 6 to 2 times per minute. Increasing the number of operators from one to two had a slight impact on the frequency of operating condition changes (by ca. 7%) at the shortest distance from the chipper (3 m). However, at larger distances, the additional operator may increase the frequency of operating condition changes of the chipper by 77% for 9 m distance and 85% for 15 m distance. The mass and volumetric output of the cylindrical chipper in the most advantageous case is equal to 0.66 t / h and 3.5 m 3 / h, respectively. The increase of the branch pile distance from the chipper causes a drop in mass output by 32%, and volumetric output by 33.5%. The results of the tests conﬁrmed the necessity for the development of low-power chipping machines designed for clearing operations rather than industrial production of biomass. A direction for development could be systems that adapt driving units to operating conditions, depending on a demand for the chipping process.


Raw Material and Subject of Testing
Testing was conducted with a Red Dragon RS-100 woodchipper driven by a German GX 390 OHV (9.5 kW) four-stroke spark-ignition engine (Figure 1). The cylindrical-type woodchipper is designed to shred branches with a diameter of up to 80 mm. "Tests were performed with the use of freshly cut oak branches (Quercus L. Sp. Pl. 994. 1753) with the diameter in the largest cross-section ca. 80 mm, a length of approximately 3 m and the moisture content ca. 25%. Branches were selected for similar dimensions to unify the chipper's working conditions. This gave rise to the impact of other variable analysis. Branches with such parameters are characterized by a chipping time in a cylindrical chopper of about 4.5 s [32] and present a similar difficulty when pulling branches from the pile. Branches of similar diameter and length generated a similar machine load, which translated into a more uniform length of chipping time. These were branches that should be considered typical. They put a heavy load on the machine. Shorter and thinner branches will increase idle work time. The same will apply to branches that due to their shape will tangle or get stuck in the machine's feed channel. The trees came from areas that were prepared for building plots. The specimens that underwent the tests were representative of hard wood species in accordance with Janka classification [42]." The Janka hardness test measures the resistance of a sample of wood to denting and wear. It measures the force required to embed an 11.28-millimetre (0.444 in) diameter steel ball halfway into a sample of wood [43,44]. Piles of branches were arranged at three distances from the chipper 3 m, 9 m and 15 m ( Figure 2). The distance below 1 m is considered by operators to be uncomfortable because it makes it difficult to pull branches out of the pile. In addition, in this space there are branches subjected to chipping, which protrude from the chipper's feed channel. The distance from 1 m to 3 m is the most common distance during actual works (distances below 3 m were tested by Warguła et al. In 2019 [32]). Topographic and urban conditions, as well as the exclusion of the possibility of work in selected areas by clients, may increase the distance that machine operators must travel with the branches.
Piles of branches are not created in some situations. Instead, operators bring the cut branches straight from under the tree to the chipper. In such cases, the distances may have values closer to 9 m and 15 m. Longer distances allow observing the impact of an additional operator, because at small distances branches are usually provided by one operator due to the dangerous movements of the branches in the feed channel. Branches were supplied to the chipper by one or two operators, depending on the test case. Operators had experience and were characterized by high commitment to maximize efficiency.

Raw Material and Subject of Testing
Testing was conducted with a Red Dragon RS-100 woodchipper driven by a German GX 390 OHV (9.5 kW) four-stroke spark-ignition engine ( Figure 1). The cylindrical-type woodchipper is designed to shred branches with a diameter of up to 80 mm. "Tests were performed with the use of freshly cut oak branches (Quercus L. Sp. Pl. 994. 1753) with the diameter in the largest cross-section ca. 80 mm, a length of approximately 3 m and the moisture content ca. 25%. Branches were selected for similar dimensions to unify the chipper's working conditions. This gave rise to the impact of other variable analysis. Branches with such parameters are characterized by a chipping time in a cylindrical chopper of about 4.5 s [32] and present a similar difficulty when pulling branches from the pile. Branches of similar diameter and length generated a similar machine load, which translated into a more uniform length of chipping time. These were branches that should be considered typical. They put a heavy load on the machine. Shorter and thinner branches will increase idle work time. The same will apply to branches that due to their shape will tangle or get stuck in the machine's feed channel. The trees came from areas that were prepared for building plots. The specimens that underwent the tests were representative of hard wood species in accordance with Janka classification [42]." The Janka hardness test measures the resistance of a sample of wood to denting and wear. It measures the force required to embed an 11.28-millimetre (0.444 in) diameter steel ball halfway into a sample of wood [43,44]. Piles of branches were arranged at three distances from the chipper 3 m, 9 m and 15 m ( Figure 2). The distance below 1 m is considered by operators to be uncomfortable because it makes it difficult to pull branches out of the pile. In addition, in this space there are branches subjected to chipping, which protrude from the chipper's feed channel. The distance from 1 m to 3 m is the most common distance during actual works (distances below 3 m were tested by Warguła et al. In 2019 [32]). Topographic and urban conditions, as well as the exclusion of the possibility of work in selected areas by clients, may increase the distance that machine operators must travel with the branches.
Piles of branches are not created in some situations. Instead, operators bring the cut branches straight from under the tree to the chipper. In such cases, the distances may have values closer to 9 m and 15 m. Longer distances allow observing the impact of an additional operator, because at small distances branches are usually provided by one operator due to the dangerous movements of the branches in the feed channel. Branches were supplied to the chipper by one or two operators, depending on the test case. Operators had experience and were characterized by high commitment to maximize efficiency. Figure 1. Woodchipper with measuring instruments; 1-woodchipper with engine drive, 2-sensors of branch detection system in the feeding chute, 3-recording computer, 4-120 L containers, 5weighing scale, 6-weight recording system. Figure 1. Woodchipper with measuring instruments; 1-woodchipper with engine drive, 2-sensors of branch detection system in the feeding chute, 3-recording computer, 4-120 L containers, 5-weighing scale, 6-weight recording system.

Operating Conditions of Chipper
Frequency of changes of operating conditions resulting from the noncontinuous delivery of branches was recorded by optical detection of branches in the feeding chute (an original photocellbased optical barrier 120452 SYSTEC). They were connected with a PC-class computer (Figure 1), which allowed acquisition of values measured. As a result, a signal trend (curve) was obtained from detectors (a binary signal defining a moment, when the detector was obscured) as a function of time during the entire experiment. Based on that signal, the percentage ratio of active to idle run time was determined during operation of the device.
It was assumed that the change in the operating condition is a signal change indicating the detection of branches in the feed channel. On this basis, the trailing edges of the signal were counted and then the frequency of idle work signal occurrence was determined. Identification of branches in the feed channel with an adaptive drive could signal a change in rotational speed of the machine from low (idle) to high. The high rotational speed allows work with maximum torque, which is necessary for chipping branches. Lack of branch detection in the feed channel may cause a reduction in rotational speed. This information is readable in a binary signal.
The total machine work time is the sum of the active work time and idle work time , which can be expressed as Equation (1): Idle work time ratio was determined in accordance with Equation (2): Idle work time decrease ratio was determined according to Equation (3): where is idle work time ratio for one operator service and is idle work time ratio for two operators service.
Operating conditions frequency changes were determined on the basis of binary signals. The number of signals trailing edges were counted during 1 min. This can be represented by Expression (4): Operating conditions frequency changes = ∑ · 60 (min −1 ), where is number of signals trailing edges.

Operating Conditions of Chipper
Frequency of changes of operating conditions resulting from the noncontinuous delivery of branches was recorded by optical detection of branches in the feeding chute (an original photocell-based optical barrier 120452 SYSTEC). They were connected with a PC-class computer (Figure 1), which allowed acquisition of values measured. As a result, a signal trend (curve) was obtained from detectors (a binary signal defining a moment, when the detector was obscured) as a function of time during the entire experiment. Based on that signal, the percentage ratio of active to idle run time was determined during operation of the device.
It was assumed that the change in the operating condition is a signal change indicating the detection of branches in the feed channel. On this basis, the trailing edges of the signal were counted and then the frequency of idle work signal occurrence was determined. Identification of branches in the feed channel with an adaptive drive could signal a change in rotational speed of the machine from low (idle) to high. The high rotational speed allows work with maximum torque, which is necessary for chipping branches. Lack of branch detection in the feed channel may cause a reduction in rotational speed. This information is readable in a binary signal.
The total machine work time t m is the sum of the active work time t w and idle work time t j , which can be expressed as Equation (1): Idle work time ratio was determined in accordance with Equation (2): Idle work time decrease ratio was determined according to Equation (3): where t A is idle work time ratio for one operator service and t B is idle work time ratio for two operators service.
Operating conditions frequency changes were determined on the basis of binary signals. The number of signals trailing edges were counted during 1 min. This can be represented by Expression (4): where n 1 is number of signals trailing edges. Operating conditions frequency changes ratio during two operators service was determined according to Equation (5): Operating conditions frequency changes ratio during two operators = where f A and f B are operating conditions frequency changes for one and two operators service respectively. The theoretical time needed to deliver branches to the chipper without additional complications depends on the time needed to travel the distance between the branch pile and the chipper in both directions, the time necessary to lift and remove the branch from the pile, and the time spent on inserting the branch into the feed channel. The described relationship can be presented in the form of Equation (6): Individual markings in Equation (6) are as follows: t s -time to deliver branches to the woodchipper, t r1 -time to travel from the chipper to the pile of branches, t r2 -time to travel from the pile of branches to the chipper, t l -time to lift and remove the branches from the pile, t c -time to insert the branches into the feed channel. If the time of branch delivery to the chipper t s greater than the time of chipping t cp then it is reasonable to use adaptive systems, which can be represented by the Inequality (7): Literature research shows that the average time to process 3 m long branches (i.e., similar in dimensions to those used in the study) is about 4.5 s [32]. The average human walking speed is 1.34 m s −1 [45]. The remaining times are estimated by the authors on the basis of their own experience as values 1 s for supplying the branch to the chipper and 3 s for lifting the branch (assuming that it is not tangled). The characteristics of the theoretical time of branch delivery are shown in Figure 3. It refers to an almost ideal situation. The presented time values may be longer if the branches are tangled at the pile or if they become stuck in the chipper's feed channel. Furthermore, the assumed time values resulting from the operator's movement speed may be increased. This value does not take into account changes in speed that may result from terrain type or its unevenness. Thus, the assumed time values should be treated as one of the lowest possible in reality-they are a kind of reference point. Extending these times will further increase the efficiency of using adaptive systems. Operating conditions frequency changes ratio during two operators service was determined according to Equation (5): Operating conditions frequency changes ratio during two operators = ( where and are operating conditions frequency changes for one and two operators service respectively. The theoretical time needed to deliver branches to the chipper without additional complications depends on the time needed to travel the distance between the branch pile and the chipper in both directions, the time necessary to lift and remove the branch from the pile, and the time spent on inserting the branch into the feed channel. The described relationship can be presented in the form of Equation (6): Individual markings in Equation (6) are as follows: -time to deliver branches to the woodchipper, -time to travel from the chipper to the pile of branches, -time to travel from the pile of branches to the chipper, -time to lift and remove the branches from the pile, -time to insert the branches into the feed channel. If the time of branch delivery to the chipper greater than the time of chipping then it is reasonable to use adaptive systems, which can be represented by the Inequality (7): Literature research shows that the average time to process 3 m long branches (i.e., similar in dimensions to those used in the study) is about 4.5 s [32]. The average human walking speed is 1.34 m s −1 [45]. The remaining times are estimated by the authors on the basis of their own experience as values 1 s for supplying the branch to the chipper and 3 s for lifting the branch (assuming that it is not tangled). The characteristics of the theoretical time of branch delivery are shown in Figure 3. It refers to an almost ideal situation. The presented time values may be longer if the branches are tangled at the pile or if they become stuck in the chipper's feed channel. Furthermore, the assumed time values resulting from the operator's movement speed may be increased. This value does not take into account changes in speed that may result from terrain type or its unevenness. Thus, the assumed time values should be treated as one of the lowest possible in reality-they are a kind of reference point. Extending these times will further increase the efficiency of using adaptive systems.

Productivity of Chipper Operation
During the experiment, the production rate of chips was measured with the use of two methods. The first method was based on measurement of time t needed to fill a container with volume V = 120 L, while the other method on the weight measurement m of full containers. The volume was measured by filling a container made in accordance with the European standard PN-EN 840-1 (Movable waste containers) where the first part of this standard presents dimensions and construction. Two containers of the same design were used in the study. The filling of the container was controlled by one of the researchers. He arranged the chips evenly with the outer edge of the container so that they do not form a cone. After filling the container, he stopped time measurement and blocked the chippers output channel, giving a signal to replace the container. After replacement, he opened the chipper's output channel. The moment of stopping time measurement was the reference point for the next measurement, for which chips were already gathering in the output channel. The filled container was then weighed. Time was measured manually with a stopwatch. The weight was measured using a portable weighing scale (Radlastplattform up to 1500 kg meeting requirements of ISO 9001). In result, after calculations were made, the results of volumetric Q and mass Q m productivity of the cylindrical chipper tested were obtained. Tests were repeated 10 times. A statistical analysis of all measurements was performed with a significance level established at α = 0.05. An Anderson-Darling test was used to determine normality distribution of data measured. Then, a two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the impact of a change of the operator and the distance between the pile of branches and the chipper on dependent variables, which in the first case was the time to fill the container, and in the second case the weight of 120 l full container.
Volumetric Q and mass productivity Q m of the chipping process during testing was determined with the use of the following Relations (8) and (9): Increase ratio of mass flow rate was calculated as follows (10): where: IR is increase ratio, Q 2 is mass flow rate for two operators and Q 1 is mass flow rate for one operator. Increase ratio of volumetric flow rate were calculated in the same way (ratio of values before and after changing the number of operators).

Change in Frequency of Operating Conditions
Test results of frequency in changes of operating conditions, as well as the percentage ratio of active and idle operation in selected conditions of use, were determined based on signals from the detection system in the feeding chute. Examples of signal changes curves depending on operating conditions are shown in Figure 4. Test results of idle run time percentage and frequency of operating condition changes are shown in Table 1. The change of the idle run percentage in the total operation time of the cylindrical chipper vs. the number of operators and branch pile distance from the chipper is presented in Figure 5. Characteristics of the impact of branch pile distance from the chipper on the idle  Figure 6. Frequency of operating condition changes of the cylindrical chipper vs. the number of operators and branch pile distance from the chipper is presented in Figure 7.

Change of Chipper Productivity
Measured values are presented in Table 2. The impact of the number of operators and distances of branch piles on the container weight and filling time was analysed. Changes in the mass value measured can be seen in Figure 8, whereas changes in mean time values are shown in Figure 9.

Change of Chipper Productivity
Measured values are presented in Table 2. The impact of the number of operators and distances of branch piles on the container weight and filling time was analysed. Changes in the mass value measured can be seen in Figure 8, whereas changes in mean time values are shown in Figure 9.

Change of Chipper Productivity
Measured values are presented in Table 2. The impact of the number of operators and distances of branch piles on the container weight and filling time was analysed. Changes in the mass value measured can be seen in Figure 8, whereas changes in mean time values are shown in Figure 9. x-arithmetic mean value, σ-standard deviation of arithmetic mean, G-operator number, A-C-branch pile distance from chipper (3,9,15   Results of flow rate calculations are presented on Figure 10 and Figure 11.   Results of flow rate calculations are presented on Figure 10 and Figure 11.  Results of flow rate calculations are presented on Figure 10 and Figure 11.  Forests 2020, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 14 Figure 11. Volume productivity of the chipping process; A-for one operator, B-for two operators, C-range increase ratio of volumetric productivity when the number of operators was increased to two.

Discussion
The number of operators and the distance between the pile of branches and the machine affect the operating conditions and productivity of mobile chipping devices. If we take the shortest distance into account (3 m) and operation provided by only one operator, the idle run time of the chipping machine was equal to ca. 43%. This value rose up to ca. 71% when the distance was 15 m ( Figure 5). Increasing the number of operators from one to two reduced the idle run time by ca. 30% on average for the distance from 3 m to 15 m ( Figure 5). If we take the results available in literature [32] into account, it may be demonstrated that the change of the idle run time value when branches are supplied by one operator within a range of 0.5 m to 15 m has an increasing character ( Figure 6). Studies performed by Mc Ewan in 2019 showed that during works with the use of high-power industrial chippers, the average idle run time may be even 40% [25]. In contrast, Spinelli and Visser in 2009 in their studies on delays in wood chipping operations with the use of industrial woodchippers indicated that the average utilization of the chipper was 73.8%, which may indicate that the idle time accounts for 26.3% [46]. Tests show that the idle run time during the low-power chipper operation considerably exceeds 20% of the total operating time. In motorized vehicles, the 20% value of the idle run time gives an impetus to start-stop systems [41].
In studies described herein, the impact of types of delays were not classified, i.e., mechanical, operator-related, organizational and other delays [41]. It results from the fact that the objective of studies was not to determine the impact of all delays on the chipper operation. Only those, which occur during assumed uninterrupted work of both the machine and operators, were analysed. It is reasonable as in the case of most other delay occurrences, that people who operate the device simply switch it off. Taking other delays into consideration may only extend the idle work time, which will additionally emphasize the reason for the application of adaptation systems. Figure 11. Volume productivity of the chipping process; A-for one operator, B-for two operators, C-range increase ratio of volumetric productivity when the number of operators was increased to two.

Discussion
The number of operators and the distance between the pile of branches and the machine affect the operating conditions and productivity of mobile chipping devices. If we take the shortest distance into account (3 m) and operation provided by only one operator, the idle run time of the chipping machine was equal to ca. 43%. This value rose up to ca. 71% when the distance was 15 m ( Figure 5). Increasing the number of operators from one to two reduced the idle run time by ca. 30% on average for the distance from 3 m to 15 m ( Figure 5). If we take the results available in literature [32] into account, it may be demonstrated that the change of the idle run time value when branches are supplied by one operator within a range of 0.5 m to 15 m has an increasing character ( Figure 6). Studies performed by Mc Ewan in 2019 showed that during works with the use of high-power industrial chippers, the average idle run time may be even 40% [25]. In contrast, Spinelli and Visser in 2009 in their studies on delays in wood chipping operations with the use of industrial woodchippers indicated that the average utilization of the chipper was 73.8%, which may indicate that the idle time accounts for 26.3% [46]. Tests show that the idle run time during the low-power chipper operation considerably exceeds 20% of the total operating time. In motorized vehicles, the 20% value of the idle run time gives an impetus to start-stop systems [41].
In studies described herein, the impact of types of delays were not classified, i.e., mechanical, operator-related, organizational and other delays [41]. It results from the fact that the objective of studies was not to determine the impact of all delays on the chipper operation. Only those, which occur during assumed uninterrupted work of both the machine and operators, were analysed. It is reasonable as in the case of most other delay occurrences, that people who operate the device simply switch it off. Taking other delays into consideration may only extend the idle work time, which will additionally emphasize the reason for the application of adaptation systems.
The next parameter tested is the frequency of operating condition changes. Tests showed that the rate of operation changes for one operator may occur from 6 to 2 times per one minute (Figure 7). Frequency of branch supply is significantly reduced along with the distance of the branch pile from the chipper. The increase in a number of operators from one to two has a slight impact on the frequency of operating condition changes (by ca. 7%) at the shortest distance from the chipper (3 m), which is shown in Figure 7, whereas at longer distances, the additional operator may increase the frequency of chipper operating condition changes by 77% at 9 m distance and 85% at 15 m distance. The change rate at 6 min-1 level is a too high value to stop the engine as in systems used in vehicles. Furthermore, low-power chippers often do not have electric motors to support the start-up of the combustion engine. The stoppage time assumed for cars is longer and results, inter alia, from traffic lights changes [47][48][49]. Furthermore, the vehicle driving time in the city cycle is longer than the time needed to shred one branch. Results of tests suggest that in such operating conditions such as those that occur in low-power woodchippers, the adaptation should rather control the speed of the drive unit instead of stopping it.
In further studies the range of time shall be considered, for which the application of speed control systems of the drive, or as an alternative-its stopping, depend on the idle run to active run ratio. To achieve this, the following shall be taken into account: start-up time, tribological processes, flue gas emission, fuel consumption and complexity of the drive unit control.
The mean time and weight of the full container change along with the change of the branch pile distance from the chipper, whereas results of ANOVA show that no essential statistical differences occur between weights of full containers as a result of the distance change between the pile and the chipper, operator, but also their interactions. This means that prepared wood, on average, had very similar sizes and weight. Changes in mass value measured can be observed in Figure 8.
The mean time value grows as the distance gets longer, which may be observed in Figure 9. The analysis of variance performed allows for rejecting the null hypothesis. Its results suggest that both the distance of the branch pile from the chipper, the operator himself, as well as interaction of both of these factors, have an impact on the time the raw material is delivered for chipping.
The growing character of the mean time value was maintained for all experiment cases; however, data suggest that that in case of one operator, the delivery of branches always took more time. It is worth noticing that the mean time values to fill up the container are similar only in cases when two operators work. If we assume that the wood prepared, on average, had very similar dimensions and weight, as well as the same distance to be covered by operators, a conclusion arises that the changes observed could be an effect of their movement at different speeds. Maybe the observed character of data analysed was just caused by the human factor.
Productivity of the chipping process decreases as the distance between the branch pile and the chipper grows and as the number of operators decreases. Observed drops of mass output (productivity) accounted for ca. 32% for one operator and 7.2% for two operators, whereas reduction of volume output accounted for ca. 33.5% for one operator and 6.1% for two operators. Differences in output values result from different apparent density of biomass. It is variable as it considers the volume of empty cavities in the container.
The increases in the process productivity in mass terms, while increasing the number of operators from one to two, for individual distances 3, 9, 15 m are 9.4%, 33%, 33.6%, respectively. While for the volume output, the respective values are as follows: 7.2%, 32% and 34.4%. Output increase for the shortest distance is small. It is most likely due to the fact that with two operators working at such a section, the chipper works more or less continuously.

Conclusions
Tests of delay characteristics of branch delivery to chippers were analysed for two factors: the branch pile distance from the chipper and the number of operators. Delays were investigated to determine operating conditions of low-power chipping machines used mainly for clearing works. These tests allowed determination of the idle run time, as well as frequency of operating condition changes. It was demonstrated that the idle run time of the cylindrical chipper might account for 43% to 71% of the total operating time, and the frequency of the machine operating condition changes from 6 to 2 times per minute. Such conditions indicate that the application of adaptation systems in this type of machine is justified [38]. Changing the operating status of the driving unit is due to the torque demand of the cutting mechanism. Such systems may reduce consumption of fuel and flue gas emission value in tested machines. However, to confirm the effects of the implementation of adaptation systems in the chipping machines, the construction of prototypes and testing with the use of PEMS (portable emission measurement system) are required. Such testing will allow one to measure the flue gas emission and consumption of fuel in actual operating conditions. In the future, such systems could be included in recommendations of legislators for nonroad mobile machinery with small engines, as solutions that limit the impact of periodic-variable operation machinery on the environment. Similar guidelines are included in regulations on homologation of vehicles, e.g., in the EU area with regard to start-stop system applications. In addition, the tested mass and volume output of the cylindrical chipper in the most beneficial case is equal to 0.66 t/h and 3.5 m 3 /h, respectively. The increase of the branch pile distance from the chipper causes a drop of the mass output by 32%, and volume output by 33.5%. The implementation of adaptation systems may also reduce the costs associated with the processing of branches and production of chips, as well as limit negative effects of delays in wood chipping processes.