Phosphorus-based Flame Retardancy Mechanisms—Old Hat or a Starting Point for Future Development?
BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
Materials 2010, 3(10), 4710-4745; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3104710
Received: 13 August 2010 / Revised: 23 August 2010 / Accepted: 9 September 2010 / Published: 30 September 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants)
Different kinds of additive and reactive flame retardants containing phosphorus are increasingly successful as halogen-free alternatives for various polymeric materials and applications. Phosphorus can act in the condensed phase by enhancing charring, yielding intumescence, or through inorganic glass formation; and in the gas phase through flame inhibition. Occurrence and efficiency depend, not only on the flame retardant itself, but also on its interaction with pyrolysing polymeric material and additives. Flame retardancy is sensitive to modification of the flame retardant, the use of synergists/adjuvants, and changes to the polymeric material. A detailed understanding facilitates the launch of tailored and targeted development.
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Keywords:
fire retardancy; red phosphorus; phosphate; phosphonate; phosphinate; phosphine oxide; flame inhibition; charring; intumescence
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MDPI and ACS Style
Schartel, B. Phosphorus-based Flame Retardancy Mechanisms—Old Hat or a Starting Point for Future Development? Materials 2010, 3, 4710-4745.
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