Divalent Yb-Doped Silica Glass and Fiber with High Quantum Efficiency for White Light Source

The 4f135d–4f14 energy transition of Yb2+ ions can cover the whole white light wavelength, Yb2+-doped materials have thus been a hot research field. In order to obtain a white light source, many kinds of Yb2+-doped materials have been prepared. In this study, divalent Yb2+-doped silica fiber was fabricated using rod-in-tube technology. The fiber core of Yb2+-doped silica glass was prepared with high-temperature melting technology under vacuum conditions. The spectroscopic properties of the Yb2+-doped glass and fiber were studied. The experiments indicate that divalent Yb2+-doped glass has a high quantum efficiency and super-broadband fluorescence in the visible region with an excitation wavelength of 405 nm. In addition, the results suggest that Yb2+-doped fiber has a potential for application in visible fiber lasers and fiber amplification.

The ground state configuration of Yb 2+ ions is 4f 14 , whose excited state configuration is 4f 13 5d 1 and consists of 140 energy levels. In addition, the state level of 4f 13 6s 1 is the lowest excited energy level of the Yb 2+ ions. However, in most materials, the 4f 13 6s 1 energy level is lower than the 4f 13 5d 1 level; therefore, there is excited-state absorption, which hinders laser oscillation. This is a limitation for the laser development of the Yb 2+ -doped material. Therefore, a material with the lowest excited level that belongs to the 4f 13 5d 1 configuration is necessary. S. Kück believes that materials with a large crystal field can be used [1]. Here, the 4f 13 5d 1 level largely splits, resulting in a 4f 13 5d 1 level lower than the 4f 13 6s 1 level. is necessary. S. Kück believes that materials with a large crystal field can be used [1]. Here, the 4f 13 5d 1 level largely splits, resulting in a 4f 13 5d 1 level lower than the 4f 13 6s 1 level.
In this study, the divalent Yb 2+ -doped silica fiber was fabricated by rod-in-tube technology. The fiber core of Yb 2+ -doped silica glass was prepared by high-temperature melting technology under vacuum conditions. The spectroscopic properties of the Yb 2+ -doped glass and fiber were studied. The laser performances of the divalent Yb 2+ -doped fibers were measured.

Experimental
The Yb 2+ -doped fiber was fabricated with rod-in-tube technology. The fiber core was Yb 2+ -doped silica glass with a composition of 97.95SiO2-1.86Al2O3-0.19Yb2O3 (mol%) (SiO2, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China, 99.99%; Al2O3, Alfa 99.995%; Yb2O3, Alfa 99.99%). It was prepared through the traditional melting technology under the high temperature of 1800 °C using a graphite crucible. Graphite has intensity reduction properties under high temperature, which can promote the reduction of trivalent Yb 3+ to divalent Yb 2+ ions [4,24]. The absorption spectrum was recorded with an ocean optical spectrophotometer Maya 2000 (Ocean optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) in the range of 200-1100 nm, and a light source (DH-2000-BAL, Ocean optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) was used. The excitation spectrum with the emission centered at 541 nm and the emission spectrum under the excitation of 365, 405 and 427 nm were measured with an Edinburgh FL-FS 920 TCSPC (Edinburgh Instruments, Livingston, UK), in which an Xenon lamp in the range of 200-850 nm was used as the excitation source. The fluorescence lifetime was measured using the Edinburgh FL-FS 920 TCSPC (Edinburgh Instruments, Livingston, UK) [25,26]. The quantum efficiency was recorded with a commercialized system (XPQY-EQE-350-1100, Guangzhou Xi Pu Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) [27]. The refractive index profile of the Yb 2+ -doped fiber was measured with a digital holographic system (3D Refractive Index Measurements, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China) [28].

Results and Discussion
The Yb 2+ -doped silica glass sample, shown in Figure 1, presented a brownish yellow coloring, which can be attributed to the characteristic absorption of Yb 2+ ions in the ultraviolet (UV) to visible spectral range, which is in agreement with [8]. The UV-visible-near-infrared absorption spectra (blue line) of Yb 2+ -doped silica glass and photoluminescence spectra (red line) with an excitation of 365 nm are shown in Figure  2a. The Yb 2+ -doped silica glass had intensity absorption in the UV-visible region, and this absorption band extended to the near-infrared region. In addition, there was a small absorption band at 976 nm corresponding to the characteristic f-f band transition of Yb 3+ ions, which suggests the presence of few Yb 3+ ions. A broad emission band centered at 542 nm was observed when it was excited with a wavelength of 365 nm in response to the 4f 13 5d-4f 14 transition [29]. The band width was up to 155 nm, which suggests that Yb 2+doped silica glasses have outstanding optical properties. The Yb 2+ -doped silica glass exhibited photoluminescence quantum yields (QY) of 68.8% and 69.2% with excitations of 365 and 405 nm, respectively, which suggests a potential for use as a visible laser. Figure   Figure 1. Yb 2+ -doped silica glass samples.
The UV-visible-near-infrared absorption spectra (blue line) of Yb 2+ -doped silica glass and photoluminescence spectra (red line) with an excitation of 365 nm are shown in Figure 2a. The Yb 2+ -doped silica glass had intensity absorption in the UV-visible region, and this absorption band extended to the near-infrared region. In addition, there was a small absorption band at 976 nm corresponding to the characteristic f-f band transition of Yb 3+ ions, which suggests the presence of few Yb 3+ ions. A broad emission band centered at 542 nm was observed when it was excited with a wavelength of 365 nm in response to the 4f 13 5d-4f 14 transition [29]. The band width was up to 155 nm, which suggests that Yb 2+ -doped silica glasses have outstanding optical properties. The Yb 2+ -doped silica glass exhibited photoluminescence quantum yields (QY) of 68.8% and 69.2% with excitations of 365 and 405 nm, respectively, which suggests a potential for use as a visible laser. Figure 3a shows the excitation spectrum with an emission wavelength of 540 nm, and Figure 3b shows the emission spectra with excitation wavelengths of 365, 405 and 427 nm for the Yb 2+ -doped silica glass. In addition, the direct and indirect optical band gap energy values of Yb 2+ -doped silica were calculated using the UV-visible absorption spectrum according to the Kubelka-Munk (K-M) theory [30,31]. The direct and indirect optical band gap energy values were 2.61 eV and 1.85 eV, respectively. The direct and indirect optical band gap energy spectrum is shown in Figure 2b,c.
shows the emission spectra with excitation wavelengths of 365, 405 and 427 nm for the Yb 2+ -doped silica glass. In addition, the direct and indirect optical band gap energy values of Yb 2+ -doped silica were calculated using the UV-visible absorption spectrum according to the Kubelka-Munk (K-M) theory [30,31]. The direct and indirect optical band gap energy values were 2.61 eV and 1.85 eV, respectively. The direct and indirect optical band gap energy spectrum is shown in Figure 2b,c.   From Figure 3a, there are three excitation wavelengths centered at 282, 365 and 434 nm corresponding to the 5d-4f 13 5d transition [29], and the excitation intensity of 434 nm was the largest. In Figure 3b, the emission peak was centered at 543, 534 and 541 nm when the excitation wavelength was located at 365, 405 and 427 nm, respectively. The emission From Figure 3a, there are three excitation wavelengths centered at 282, 365 and 434 nm corresponding to the 5d-4f 13 5d transition [29], and the excitation intensity of 434 nm was the largest. In Figure 3b, the emission peak was centered at 543, 534 and 541 nm when the excitation wavelength was located at 365, 405 and 427 nm, respectively. The emission bandwidths for the excitation wavelengths of 365, 405 and 427 nm were 209, 163 and 159 nm, respectively, which correspond to the double of the values reported in [8]. As seen From Figure 3a, there are three excitation wavelengths centered at 282, 365 and 434 nm corresponding to the 5d-4f 13 5d transition [29], and the excitation intensity of 434 nm was the largest. In Figure 3b, the emission peak was centered at 543, 534 and 541 nm when the excitation wavelength was located at 365, 405 and 427 nm, respectively. The emission bandwidths for the excitation wavelengths of 365, 405 and 427 nm were 209, 163 and 159 nm, respectively, which correspond to the double of the values reported in [8]. As seen from the Figure 3c chromaticity diagram, upon the excited wavelength of 365, 405 and 427 nm, the luminescence region located near the yellow region of the chromaticity diagram, the CIE1931 coordinates were (0.37, 0.45), (0.37, 0.48) and (0.41, 0.53), respectively.
The lifetime of Yb 2+ -doped silica glass was monitored at 540, 530 and 520 nm and adjusted to single exponential functions, as shown in Figure 4. The lifetimes were 78.048, 74.582 and 74.569 µs monitored at 540, 530 and 520 nm when the excitation wavelengths were 365, 405 and 427 nm, respectively. Using the lifetimes and quantum efficiency, the emission cross-section σ em can be obtained with the McCumber formula [8]: where η is the quantum efficiency, c is the speed of light, n is the refractive index, τ is the emission lifetime, λ is the peak emission wavelength and ∆λ is the emission bandwidth.
According to the results, the emission cross-sections of the excitation wavelength at 365 and 405 nm were 2.13825 × 10 −19 and 2.69916 × 10 −23 cm 2 , respectively, which are higher than those of Yb 2+ :MgF 2 but smaller than those of Yb 2+ :KMgF 3 as reported in [8].
where η is the quantum efficiency, c is the speed of light, n is the refractive index, τ is the emission lifetime, λ is the peak emission wavelength and Δλ is the emission bandwidth. According to the results, the emission cross-sections of the excitation wavelength at 365 and 405 nm were 2.13825 × 10 −19 and 2.69916 × 10 −23 cm 2 , respectively, which are higher than those of Yb 2+ :MgF2 but smaller than those of Yb 2+ :KMgF3 as reported in [8].  Yb 2+ -doped glass with a thickness of 3 mm was used for a laser with 405 nm pumping. The surface of the glass was optically polished. A simple laser with an F-P cavity was constructed with two dichroic mirrors with high reflectivity (>99% and 85%) at 561 nm, as shown in Figure 5. However, instead of the laser, a super-broadband fluorescence in the visible region from 445 to 800 nm was obtained, with a bandwidth of more than 200 nm. Figure 5c shows the emission spectra of glass with different pump powers. The intensity of the spectra increased with increasing pump laser intensity. Figure 6 shows a photograph of a harsh white light emitted from the glass with an excitation wavelength of 405 nm. Yb 2+ -doped glass with a thickness of 3 mm was used for a laser with 405 nm pumping. The surface of the glass was optically polished. A simple laser with an F-P cavity was constructed with two dichroic mirrors with high reflectivity (>99% and 85%) at 561 nm, as shown in Figure 5. However, instead of the laser, a super-broadband fluorescence in the visible region from 445 to 800 nm was obtained, with a bandwidth of more than 200 nm. Figure 5c shows the emission spectra of glass with different pump powers. The intensity of the spectra increased with increasing pump laser intensity. Figure 6 shows a photograph of a harsh white light emitted from the glass with an excitation wavelength of 405 nm.    The structure of the Yb 2+ -doped fiber fabricated with rod-in-tube technology is shown in Figure 7. The fiber core was made of Yb 2+ -doped silica glass, as presented in Figure 1, and the fiber and fiber core diameters were 156.06 and 27 µm, respectively. The refractive index profile of the Yb 2+ -doped fiber is shown in Figure 7b. The black and red lines represent the horizontal and vertical refractive index profiles, respectively. The refractive index of the immersion liquid was 1.462. The ∆n between the fiber core and the fiber cladding was 4.26 × 10 −4 , whereas it was 2.737 × 10 −4 in the fiber core.  Figure 8 shows the emission spectra of Yb 2+ -doped fiber with a length of 30 cm a excitations of 365 and 405 nm as a function of pump power: 100 and 150 mW for the 3 nm laser, and 100, 200, 400 and 600 mW for the 405 nm laser. Broad emission bands ce tered at 561 nm were observed with the excitation of 365 nm, which is attributed to t typical 4f 13 5d 1 -4f 14 transitions of Yb 2+ ions [32]. The emission band covered waveleng from 500 to 650 nm, and the full width at half maximum (FHWH) of the emission ba was up to 82 nm. This suggests that the Yb 2+ -doped fiber can be used to produce tuna fiber lasers operating in the visible region. When the excitation wavelength was 405 n broad emission bands centered at 631 nm were also observed. The emission band cover wavelengths from 550 to 850 nm, and the FHWH of the emission band was up to 91 n These results suggest that Yb 2+ -doped silica fiber can be used to produce tunable fib lasers operating in the visible region.   [32]. The emission band covered wavelengths from 500 to 650 nm, and the full width at half maximum (FHWH) of the emission band was up to 82 nm. This suggests that the Yb 2+ -doped fiber can be used to produce tunable fiber lasers operating in the visible region. When the excitation wavelength was 405 nm, broad emission bands centered at 631 nm were also observed. The emission band covered wavelengths from 550 to 850 nm, and the FHWH of the emission band was up to 91 nm. These results suggest that Yb 2+ -doped silica fiber can be used to produce tunable fiber lasers operating in the visible region. The emission spectra of Yb 2+ -doped fiber with lengths of 30 and 60 cm as a function of pump power at the excitation of 405 nm are shown in Figure 9. As seen, the emission spectra for different lengths were different. When the length of the fiber was short, there were two emission peaks centered at 586 and 620 nm. The FHWH of the emission band was up to 108 nm, and the wide emission bands suggest that Yb 2+ -doped fiber can be used to produce a tunable fiber laser operating in the visible region. When the fiber length was longer, because of the reabsorption of fluorescence, the centered wavelength of the emis sion band shifted to 626 nm, which is in agreement with the results in [4]; as the fibe length increased, the whole emission band width was narrow, and there was only an emis sion peak around 620 nm, which is ascribed to the reabsorption of the fluorescence long optical fiber. In addition, with the increase in pump power, the emission-band-centered wavelength also shifted to longer wavelengths.  The emission spectra of Yb 2+ -doped fiber with lengths of 30 and 60 cm as a function of pump power at the excitation of 405 nm are shown in Figure 9. As seen, the emission spectra for different lengths were different. When the length of the fiber was short, there were two emission peaks centered at 586 and 620 nm. The FHWH of the emission band was up to 108 nm, and the wide emission bands suggest that Yb 2+ -doped fiber can be used to produce a tunable fiber laser operating in the visible region. When the fiber length was longer, because of the reabsorption of fluorescence, the centered wavelength of the emission band shifted to 626 nm, which is in agreement with the results in [4]; as the fiber length increased, the whole emission band width was narrow, and there was only an emission peak around 620 nm, which is ascribed to the reabsorption of the fluorescence long optical fiber. In addition, with the increase in pump power, the emission-band-centered wavelength also shifted to longer wavelengths.  To study the laser performance of the Yb 2+ -doped fiber, a free-space laser resonator cavity was constructed with an Yb 2+ -doped fiber of 30 cm. The laser experiment setup is shown in Figure 10. The cavity was constructed with two dichroic mirrors with high reflectivity (>99% and 85%) at 561 nm. The pump source was a 405 nm laser diode with a laser spot diameter of 105 µm and a numerical aperture of 0.22. The pump light was collimated and focused into the inner cladding of the fiber by an 8X objective lens. Figure 11 shows the change in the emission spectra as a function of the angle between the fiber face and the laser cavity mirror. As shown in Figure 11, with a reduction in the angle, the intensity of the emission spectra increased. Two emission peaks centered at 635 and 679 nm were observed. Moreover, as the angle increased, the emission peak centered at 679 nm disappeared, and only the emission peak centered at 635 nm was observed, which suggests that a free-space laser resonator cavity was reformed. Figure 12 shows the intense emission peak centered at 637 nm as a function of pump power with an excitation of 405 nm. However, because the available pumping power was limited, a remarkable laser emission could not be observed. The results of the experiments suggest that the Yb 2+ -doped fiber laser operating at the visible wavelength is feasible. In future works, more optical experiments on the Yb 2+ -doped fiber will be performed for the fiber laser. To study the laser performance of the Yb 2+ -doped fiber, a free-space laser resonat cavity was constructed with an Yb 2+ -doped fiber of 30 cm. The laser experiment setup shown in Figure 10. The cavity was constructed with two dichroic mirrors with high r flectivity (>99% and 85%) at 561 nm. The pump source was a 405 nm laser diode with laser spot diameter of 105 μm and a numerical aperture of 0.22. The pump light was co limated and focused into the inner cladding of the fiber by an 8X objective lens. Figure shows the change in the emission spectra as a function of the angle between the fiber fa and the laser cavity mirror. As shown in Figure 11, with a reduction in the angle, the i tensity of the emission spectra increased. Two emission peaks centered at 635 and 679 n were observed. Moreover, as the angle increased, the emission peak centered at 679 n disappeared, and only the emission peak centered at 635 nm was observed, which su gests that a free-space laser resonator cavity was reformed. Figure 12 shows the inten emission peak centered at 637 nm as a function of pump power with an excitation of 4 nm. However, because the available pumping power was limited, a remarkable las emission could not be observed. The results of the experiments suggest that the Yb doped fiber laser operating at the visible wavelength is feasible. In future works, mo optical experiments on the Yb 2+ -doped fiber will be performed for the fiber laser.

Conclusions
A divalent Yb 2+ -doped silica fiber for a white light source was fabricated through the rod-in-tube method. Yb 2+ -doped silica glass for the fiber core was prepared with hightemperature melting technology under vacuum conditions. The spectroscopic properties of Yb 2+ -doped glass and fiber were studied. An intense emission peak centered at 637 nm was observed in the divalent Yb 2+ -doped fiber. The results show that the divalent Yb 2+doped glass has a high quantum efficiency and super-broadband fluorescence in the visible region with an excitation wavelength of 405 nm. The laser experiment for Yb 2+ -doped silica fiber was performed; however, because the available pumping power was limited, a remarkable laser emission could not be observed. In future works, more optical experiments on the Yb 2+ -doped fiber will be performed in order to obtain the fiber laser. Based

Conclusions
A divalent Yb 2+ -doped silica fiber for a white light source was fabricated throug rod-in-tube method. Yb 2+ -doped silica glass for the fiber core was prepared with h temperature melting technology under vacuum conditions. The spectroscopic prope of Yb 2+ -doped glass and fiber were studied. An intense emission peak centered at 63 was observed in the divalent Yb 2+ -doped fiber. The results show that the divalent doped glass has a high quantum efficiency and super-broadband fluorescence in the ible region with an excitation wavelength of 405 nm. The laser experiment for Yb 2+ -d silica fiber was performed; however, because the available pumping power was lim a remarkable laser emission could not be observed. In future works, more optical ex 2+ Figure 12. Emission spectra of the Yb 2+ -doped silica fiber as a function of pump power at an excitation of 405 nm.

Conclusions
A divalent Yb 2+ -doped silica fiber for a white light source was fabricated through the rod-in-tube method. Yb 2+ -doped silica glass for the fiber core was prepared with hightemperature melting technology under vacuum conditions. The spectroscopic properties of Yb 2+ -doped glass and fiber were studied. An intense emission peak centered at 637 nm was observed in the divalent Yb 2+ -doped fiber. The results show that the divalent Yb 2+ -doped glass has a high quantum efficiency and super-broadband fluorescence in the visible region with an excitation wavelength of 405 nm. The laser experiment for Yb 2+ -doped silica fiber was performed; however, because the available pumping power was limited, a remarkable laser emission could not be observed. In future works, more optical experiments on the Yb 2+ -doped fiber will be performed in order to obtain the fiber laser. Based on the above results, these experiments suggest that Yb 2+ -doped silica and fiber have potential applications in visible fiber lasers and amplification. Data Availability Statement: All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the submitted article.