Entropy Analysis of Magnetized Carbon Nanofluid over Axially Rotating Stretching Disk

Nanofluids receive recognition from researchers and scientists because of their high thermal transfer rates. They have impactful industrial and technological modules in daily activities. In recent times, the heat transfer rate has been strengthened even more by a certain type of nanofluid known as “carbon nanotubes”. The water-based magnetohydrodynamic flow with the nanoparticles MWCNT and SWCNT over an axially rotating stretching disk is highlighted in this article. In addition, the perspectives of viscous dissipation and MHD were taken into consideration. In order to formulate the physical problem, Xue’s model is considered with the thermophysical properties and characteristics of carbon nanofluid. The current modeled system of partial differential equations is transformed into an ordinary differential equation system by the suggesting of the best similarity technique. Later, the transformed system of ordinary differential equations is solved numerically by using the Keller box method and the shooting method. Figures and charts are used to study and elaborate the physical behavior of the key subjective flow field parameters. The saturation in the base fluid is considered in both kinds of carbon nanotubes, the single-wall (SWCNTs) and the multiwall (MWCNTs). It is noted that the heat transfer mechanism shows some delaying behavior due to the increase in the Eckert number and the volume fraction elevation values. For the larger volume fraction values and the magnetic parameter, the skin friction increases. In addition, while the temperature profile increases with the Biot numbers, it falls for the increasing values of the Prandtl number. Furthermore, it is noted that the irreversibility of the thermal energy is influenced by the Biot number, temperature difference, Brinkmann number, and magnetic field, which all have dynamic effects on the entropy and the Bejan number.


Introduction
The nanofluid study is currently a leading scientific area because of its broad range of activities in oils, water, solar power, and mechatronics. Chemotherapy with nanoparticles is used to kill infected censorial cells. Nano-liquids offer enhanced thermophysical properties, such as thermal diffusivity and conductivity, and are crucial in many industrial applications, such as shipbuilding, nuclear power stations, thermosyphons, pulsing heat pipes, and biotechnology. Nanomaterials are innovative because they are potentially helpful in various mass transportation systems, heat transportation applications such as cooling machines, pharmaceuticals, nuclear reactors, electronics, solar collectors, fuel, and residential cooling processes. Although metal has a higher thermal conductivity rate in solids than in water the several cases of nanofluid heat transfer in a W-shaped geometry. Ashraf et al. [36][37][38][39] investigated the transient mixed convection flow along different surfaces numerically.
In order to eliminate the energy wasted, scientists took drastic actions. They revised the energy conversion equipment and created products and methods to use the established resources better. The current study aims to obtain a numerical solution for a steady, MHD, and incompressible rotating flow of carbon nanotubes over a rotating stretching disk with a viscous dissipation effect using the shooting method and the Keller box scheme. The singlewall and double-wall carbon nanotubes in the water base are taken into consideration. The formulated problem is resolved, and the results are thoroughly investigated. Finally, it presents and analyzes the behaviors of the physical parameters on the temperature and velocity profiles. Furthermore, Xue's model is used to formulate the problem. In accordance with this model, thermal conductivity is given by:

Problem Statement
The steady three-dimensional flow of an incompressible carbon nanofluid over a radially stretching and rotating disk is investigated. The disk is considered to be in a plane with z ≥ 0. Figure 1 illustrates the flow geometry as well as the coordinate system. flow of spinning nanofluid with entropy generation incorporated in the thermal slip studied by Rehman et al. [29]. Recent research has looked at the effects of various straints on liquid flow and heat transmission in a spinning fluid across a stretched [30][31][32][33]. Biswas et al. [34,35] studied the several cases of nanofluid heat transfer in a shaped geometry. Ashraf et al. [36][37][38][39] investigated the transient mixed convection f along different surfaces numerically.
In order to eliminate the energy wasted, scientists took drastic actions. They rev the energy conversion equipment and created products and methods to use the es lished resources better. The current study aims to obtain a numerical solution for a ste MHD, and incompressible rotating flow of carbon nanotubes over a rotating stretch disk with a viscous dissipation effect using the shooting method and the Keller scheme. The single-wall and double-wall carbon nanotubes in the water base are ta into consideration. The formulated problem is resolved, and the results are thoroug investigated. Finally, it presents and analyzes the behaviors of the physical parameter the temperature and velocity profiles. Furthermore, Xue's model is used to formu the problem. In accordance with this model, thermal conductivity is given by

Problem Statement
The steady three-dimensional flow of an incompressible carbon nanofluid over a dially stretching and rotating disk is investigated. The disk is considered to be in a p with z ≥ 0. Figure 1 illustrates the flow geometry as well as the coordinate system. The flow is assumed to have a radial velocity = and an azimuthal velocity Ω , where is the strain rate and Ω is the anticlockwise angular velocity of the disk The flow is assumed to have a radial velocity u = ar and an azimuthal velocity v = Ωr, where a is the strain rate and Ω is the anticlockwise angular velocity of the disk. In the transverse direction of flow, the uniform magnetic field B o is produced. Because of the small Reynold number, the electric field is absent. It is also assumed that a heated fluid just below the disk is used to change the temperature of the disk via convective heat transfer, which yields the heat transfer coefficient h f . Joule heating is considered. We have the following equations for the above flow by Weidman [19]: The mass conservation equation: ∂u ∂r The radial momentum equation: The azimuthal momentum equation: The axial momentum equation: The energy equation: The boundary equations: where the radial, azimuthal, and axial components of velocity are (u, v, w), and ν n f , α n f , and (ρc p ) n f are the efficient kinematic viscosity, thermal diffusion, and heat capacity of the nanofluid, respectively. T f is the temperature of the heated fluid, and T ∞ is the ambient fluid temperature. Xue's model is utilized for the thermal conductivity of the carbon nanofluid and is expressed in Equation (11). The efficient properties of the nanofluid are expressed as: Here, ρ n f is the density, µ n f is the dynamic viscosity, k n f is the thermal conductivity, and φ is the solid volume fraction of the nanofluid. ρ CNT is the density, and (ρc p ) CNT is the heat capacity of the carbon nanotubes. ρ f is the density, µ f is the dynamic viscosity, and (ρc p ) f is the heat capacity of the base fluid. The following similarity transitions are used to obtain the non-linear ordinary differential equations. Equation (1) is satisfied, and Equations (2)-(7) will take the form after applying Equation (12) as: The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number for the fluid flow due to the rotating stretching disk are: Applying the similarity transformations, Equations (17) and (18) will take the form The non-dimensional parameters are the Reynold number, the magnetic field parameter, the Eckert number, the rotational parameter, the Biot number, and the Prandtl number, as follows:

Entropy Generation
To understand the irreversibility of a system's thermal energy, it is necessary to investigate entropy generation. The rate at which entropy is produced per unit volume for the three-dimensional carbon nanotube flow on a stretched and rotating disk is provided in accordance with approximated boundary layers.
The entropy related to heat transfer is represented by the term (1) on the right-hand side of the expression (22), while the entropy due to viscous dissipation is indicated by the second term. The entropy production characteristics are defined by the boundary conditions (14) and (15).
The induced similarity variables define the dimensionless entropy production: where The distribution of the entropy generation in the flow domain is determined by the entropy generation number N G . To solve the problem, the involvement of thermal conductivity in the entropy production compared to the total entropy production must be calculated. The Bejan number indicates the relevance of the thermal irreversibility in comparison to the overall irreversibility and is defined as

Numerical Scheme
Two numerical schemes are used to solve the transformed problem described by Equations (13)- (17): the Keller box method (an implicit finite difference scheme) and the shooting method. The differential equations are modified to a system of the first order to enact both numerical methodologies. We explain each step further in detail.

Step 1
Firstly, all the differential equations are contracted to first-order equations.
The boundary conditions are modified as:

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.
By swapping expressions (42) in Equations (34)-(40) and ignoring the second and higher order of δ, we obtain the result shown in step 4.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.
By swapping expressions (42) in Equations (34)-(40) and ignoring the second and higher order of , we obtain the result shown in step 4.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.
The boundary conditions are also

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.
By swapping expressions (42) in Equations (34)-(40) and ignoring the second and higher order of , we obtain the result shown in step 4.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.
By swapping expressions (42) in Equations (34)-(40) and ignoring the second and higher order of , we obtain the result shown in step 4.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.
The boundary conditions are

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.
The boundary conditions are

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.  rder to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a e block tridiagonal approach.

Step 3
As shown in the Equations (34)-(40), the remodelled system of algebraic equations is non-linear in nature. Now we deploy Newton's approach to linearize these equations.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.
( pping expressions (42) in Equations (34)-(40) and ignoring the second and r of , we obtain the result shown in step 4.
sult, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a using the block tridiagonal approach.

Step 4
As a result, in order to solve the linear equations, the entire system is expressed in a matrix form using the block tridiagonal approach.
The coefficients are Equations (43)-(49) are a linear system of algebraic equations. To improve the solution, the system of equations is sought iteratively. The iterative procedure is stopped when the specified tolerance is obtained.

Numerical Results and Discussion
In the presence of viscous and magnetic effects, the second laws and the thermal transfer analysis of the CNT water-based nanofluid are managed to perform the theoretical behavior of above-mentioned mechanism. The Keller box scheme is used to solve the dimensionless set of nonlinear differential equations numerically. The nonlinear differential equations are also numerically solved by a shooting method for the validation of our numerical code. The appropriate estimations that satisfy all the boundary conditions are chosen to solve Equations (12)- (16) and to obtain a more accurate approximation of the solution. Table 1 shows the thermal properties of the nanofluids and water.  Table 2 includes the impact of the magnetic and rotation parameters on f (0), −g (0), and −θ (0) at two chosen magnetic parameters when viscous dissipation and Joule heating are not present. According to the previously shown figures, the larger the rotation, the larger all the physical quantities, together with the heat transfer. When these values are compared to those of Mustafa [36], it is revealed that the calculated results have excellent promise.

Velocity Profiles
The current study investigated the effect of the parameter (M 2 ) on the velocities f (η) and g(η) profiles and are described in Figures 2 and 3. The magnetic field parameter has a negative impact on the f (η) and g(η) profiles according to the theory of the Lorentz force, i.e., the increments in the magnetic field parameter which reduce the f (η) and g(η) profiles can be seen in the above-mentioned figures. The behavior of the velocities under volume fraction φ and the rotation S influences is indicated in Figures 4-7. As shown in Figures 4 and 5, an increasing solid volume value increases both velocities f (η) and g(η). Figures 6 and 7 show the effect of rotation parameter 'S' on the velocity profiles. Figure 7 depicts the increasing behavior as the rotation parameter is increased, whereas Figure 6 depicts the reverse effect.

Velocity Profiles
The current study investigated the effect of the parameter ( ) on the velocities ′( ) and ( ) profiles and are described in Figures 2 and 3. The magnetic field parameter has a negative impact on the ′( ) and ( ) profiles according to the theory of the Lorentz force, i.e., the increments in the magnetic field parameter which reduce the ′( ) and ( ) profiles can be seen in the above-mentioned figures. The behavior of the velocities under volume fraction and the rotation S influences is indicated in Figures 4-7. As shown in Figures 4 and 5, an increasing solid volume value increases both velocities ′( ) and ( ). Figures 6 and 7 show the effect of rotation parameter 'S' on the velocity profiles. Figure 7 depicts the increasing behavior as the rotation parameter is increased, whereas Figure 6 depicts the reverse effect.

Temperature Profiles
The influence of (Pr) on the temperature profile ( ) is portrayed in Figure 8. Physically, nanofluids have a high thermal diffusivity while having a low (Pr), and vice versa. As a result, the liquid temperature drops. From here, we can see that the rising (Pr) has a decrease in ( ). Figure 9 describes the temperature distribution impact of the volume fraction of the nanoparticles for both the SWCNTs and the MWCNTs. Higher results can be observed in both CNTs and in an improved thermal boundary layer thickness at a stronger temperature field. The influence of the Biot number on both CNTs is seen in Figure 10; an increase in the temperature is noticed when the amount of the Biot number is increased. The Biot number is well defined as the thermal resistance ratio of a solid to the thermal resistance of the boundary layer. Greater Biot numbers imply better convection and thicker thermal layers, resulting in more even temperature distribution in both types of CNTs. The effects of the magnetic parameter and the Eckert number are seen in Figures  11-13. Figure 11 shows that temperature increases with the increasing magnetic values. The reason for this is that with the increasing magnetic values the ohmic heating grows, and thus, the fluid temperature is increased. The Eckert number is a measurement of the friction force in between fluid layers. Thus, the frictional heating increases by increasing the Eckert numbers, and this results in an increase in the fluid temperatures, as shown in Figures 12 and 13. The temperature increases with the increasing rotating parameter when there is viscous dissipation and a magnetic parameter, as shown in Figure 14.

Temperature Profiles
The influence of (Pr) on the temperature profile θ(η) is portrayed in Figure 8. Physically, nanofluids have a high thermal diffusivity while having a low (Pr), and vice versa. As a result, the liquid temperature drops. From here, we can see that the rising (Pr) has a decrease in θ(η). Figure 9 describes the temperature distribution impact of the volume fraction of the nanoparticles for both the SWCNTs and the MWCNTs. Higher φ results can be observed in both CNTs and in an improved thermal boundary layer thickness at a stronger temperature field. The influence of the Biot number on both CNTs is seen in Figure 10; an increase in the temperature is noticed when the amount of the Biot number is increased. The Biot number is well defined as the thermal resistance ratio of a solid to the thermal resistance of the boundary layer. Greater Biot numbers imply better convection and thicker thermal layers, resulting in more even temperature distribution in both types of CNTs. The effects of the magnetic parameter and the Eckert number are seen in Figures 11-13. Figure 11 shows that temperature increases with the increasing magnetic values. The reason for this is that with the increasing magnetic values the ohmic heating grows, and thus, the fluid temperature is increased. The Eckert number is a measurement of the friction force in between fluid layers. Thus, the frictional heating increases by increasing the Eckert numbers, and this results in an increase in the fluid temperatures, as shown in Figures 12 and 13. The temperature increases with the increasing rotating parameter when there is viscous dissipation and a magnetic parameter, as shown in Figure 14.
The reason for this is that with the increasing magnetic values the ohmic heating grows, and thus, the fluid temperature is increased. The Eckert number is a measurement of the friction force in between fluid layers. Thus, the frictional heating increases by increasing the Eckert numbers, and this results in an increase in the fluid temperatures, as shown in Figures 12 and 13. The temperature increases with the increasing rotating parameter when there is viscous dissipation and a magnetic parameter, as shown in Figure 14.

Variations of Skin Friction and Nusselt Number
Figures 15-17 show the variation of the skin friction as a function of the rotating parameter S and the magnetic parameter . The skin friction has been observed to increase for both S and in both SWCNTs and MWCNTs. Figures 18-21 show the Nusselt number behavior for the number of relevant parameters for both CNT types. According to Figure 18, the Nusselt number appears to increase for (Pr) in both CNTs. When the value of (Pr) is increased, the coefficient of heat transfer increases rapidly. These observations   Figure 18, the Nusselt number appears to increase for (Pr) in both CNTs. When the value of (Pr) is increased, the coefficient of heat transfer increases rapidly. These observations clearly show that the Prandtl number and the Nusselt number are directly proportional to each other. When looking at Figures 19-21, it has been determined that the Nusselt number is a decreasing function of the magnetic parameters M 2 and Ec, whereas the increasing behavior is shown against rotation S, implying that as these parameters increase the rate of heat transfer declines.  Figures 19-21, it has been determined that the Nusselt number is a decreasing function of the magnetic parameters and Ec, whereas the increasing behavior is shown against rotation S, implying that as these parameters increase the rate of heat transfer declines.

Effects of Parameters on Entropy and Bejan Number
As shown in Figure 22a, the temperature difference has a great impact on the entropy generation in the closed and as well in the open system. When the temperature difference parameter is increased, the entropy production is reduced. This indicates that lowering the operating temperature can reduce the entropy production. As can be observed in Figure 22b, the Bejan number decreases as the value of Λ is increased. The heat transfer effects are also observed to be completely dominant at the surface of the rotating stretching disk. As Λ increases, the irreversibility of the fluid friction is increased. This is based on the fact that the viscous dissipation parameter enhances with the lowering operating temperature. Figure 23a,b depict the behavior of and the Bejan number when the Br is varied. According to Figure 23a,b, the rapid expansion of the Brinkman number significantly increases the irreversibility of the thermal energy in relation to the entropy generation and the Bejan number. The effect of the Biot number on and the Bejan number

Effects of Parameters on Entropy and Bejan Number
As shown in Figure 22a, the temperature difference has a great impact on the entropy generation in the closed and as well in the open system. When the temperature difference parameter is increased, the entropy production is reduced. This indicates that lowering the operating temperature can reduce the entropy production. As can be observed in Figure 22b, the Bejan number decreases as the value of Λ is increased. The heat transfer effects are also observed to be completely dominant at the surface of the rotating stretching disk. As Λ increases, the irreversibility of the fluid friction is increased. This is based on the fact that the viscous dissipation parameter enhances with the lowering operating temperature. Figure 23a,b depict the behavior of N G and the Bejan number when the Br is varied. According to Figure 23a,b, the rapid expansion of the Brinkman number significantly increases the irreversibility of the thermal energy in relation to the entropy generation and the Bejan number. The effect of the Biot number on N G and the Bejan number is depicted in Figure 24a,b. On the rotating stretching disk surface, it was observed that higher values of σ resulted in higher thermal energy irreversibility. The enhanced N G and Bejan number cause an increase in the dominating effects of the fluid friction and heat transfer. In Figure 25a,b, the influence of the rotation parameter S can be seen. The rapid expansion of the Hartmann number, as shown in Figure 26a,b, significantly increases the irreversibility of the thermal energy in relation to the entropy generation and the Bejan number. It was revealed that the increase in S enhances both N G and Bejan number. As a result, all of these characteristics give a good understanding of how to calculate the thermal energy irreversibility in the boundary layer thickness. generation in the closed and as well in the open system. When the temperature difference parameter is increased, the entropy production is reduced. This indicates that lowering the operating temperature can reduce the entropy production. As can be observed in Figure 22b, the Bejan number decreases as the value of Λ is increased. The heat transfer effects are also observed to be completely dominant at the surface of the rotating stretching disk. As Λ increases, the irreversibility of the fluid friction is increased. This is based on the fact that the viscous dissipation parameter enhances with the lowering operating temperature. Figure 23a,b depict the behavior of and the Bejan number when the Br is varied. According to Figure 23a,b, the rapid expansion of the Brinkman number significantly increases the irreversibility of the thermal energy in relation to the entropy generation and the Bejan number. The effect of the Biot number on and the Bejan number is depicted in Figure 24a,b. On the rotating stretching disk surface, it was observed that higher values of resulted in higher thermal energy irreversibility. The enhanced and Bejan number cause an increase in the dominating effects of the fluid friction and heat transfer. In Figure 25a,b, the influence of the rotation parameter S can be seen. The rapid expansion of the Hartmann number, as shown in Figure 26a,b, significantly increases the irreversibility of the thermal energy in relation to the entropy generation and the Bejan number. It was revealed that the increase in S enhances both and Bejan number. As a result, all of these characteristics give a good understanding of how to calculate the thermal energy irreversibility in the boundary layer thickness.

Conclusions
In this study, two numerical approaches, Keller box and shooting, are used to simulate the three-dimensional carbon nanotube flow on a rotating stretching disk through a convective boundary condition. The following are the key findings: • With an increase in the values of the regulating flow variables, such as the magnetic parameter, the velocities ′( ) and ( ) for both the SWCNTs and the MWCNTs decrease.

•
The increase in the rotation parameter causes an increase in velocity ′( ) and velocity ( ) in both types of carbon nanotubes.

Conclusions
In this study, two numerical approaches, Keller box and shooting, are used to simulate the three-dimensional carbon nanotube flow on a rotating stretching disk through a convective boundary condition. The following are the key findings:

•
With an increase in the values of the regulating flow variables, such as the magnetic parameter, the velocities f (η) and g(η) for both the SWCNTs and the MWCNTs decrease.

•
The increase in the rotation parameter causes an increase in velocity f (η) and velocity g(η) in both types of carbon nanotubes.

•
As the values of the nanoparticle volume fraction, magnetic number, Eckert number, and Biot number increase, the temperature (θ) of the fluid increases for both the SWCNTs and the MWCNTs, although inverse behavior is observed against the Prandtl number.

•
The skin friction coefficient is improved for both forms of CNTs by the increasing values of the parameters S and M 2 .

•
As the Prandtl number and the rotation are increased, the heat transfer rate of the fluid increases for the SWCNTs and the MWCNTs, whereas the contrary trend is shown for the magnetic parameter and the Eckert number.

•
With increasing magnitudes of rotation S, the Brinkman number Br, the Biot number, the Hartmann number, the entropy, and Bejan number increase significantly in the immediate vicinity of the rotating and stretching disk. • When the temperature difference is increased, the entropy generation is decreased.

•
The current work can be extended for entropy analysis over a magnetized axially rotating stretching disk to save the surface from excessive heating.