Influence of Li2O Incrementation on Mechanical and Gamma-Ray Shielding Characteristics of a TeO2-As2O3-B2O3 Glass System

According to the Makishema–Mackenzie model assumption, the dissociation energy and packing density for a quaternary TeO2-As2O3-B2O3-Li2O glass system were evaluated. The dissociation energy rose from 67.07 to 71.85 kJ/cm3, whereas the packing factor decreased from 16.55 to 15.21 cm3/mol associated with the replacement of TeO2 by LiO2 compounds. Thus, as a result, the elastic moduli (longitudinal, shear, Young, and bulk) were enhanced by increasing the LiO2 insertion. Based on the estimated elastic moduli, mechanical properties such as the Poisson ratio, microhardness, longitudinal velocity, shear velocity, and softening temperature were evaluated for the investigated glass samples. In order to evaluate the studied glasses’ gamma-ray shield capacity, the MCNP-5 code, as well as a theoretical Phy-X/PSD program, were applied. The best shielding capacity was achieved for the glass system containing 25 mol% of TeO2, while the lowest ability was obtained for the glass sample with a TeO2 concentration of 5 mol%. Furthermore, a correlation between the studied glasses’ microhardness and linear attenuation coefficient was performed versus the LiO2 concentration to select the glass sample which possesses a suitable mechanical and shielding capacity.


Introduction
The field of radiation physics concerns the development of protective materials that are used to absorb radiation. These radiation shields are defined as any material used to attenuate photons, and are typically placed between the radiation source and the worker or patient. These shields are becoming increasingly more necessary as more fields begin using radiation on a daily basis [1][2][3][4][5]. Fields such as medicine, food conservation, and agriculture all rely upon radiation to fully function. Despite the benefits of radiation present across various fields of work, high-energy particles or ionizing radiation can be extremely harmful to the human body if underexposed for a long time. Some side effects of radiation exposure may include acute radiation syndrome, cutaneous radiation injuries, and cancer development. Radiation shields work to minimize these effects and protect humans that may come into contact with ionizing radiation [6][7][8][9].
When selecting a radiation shield for a specific application, several characteristics of how the radiation is being used must be known to utilize the best possible material. energy (G t ) is a measure for the heat of formations (enthalpy) required to fabricated the glass system. The following equation describes it.
Gt kJ cm 3 = ∑ X i G i (1) X i is fractional by mol of the constating compounds. The packing density is an essential factor related to the oxide and metal ionic radius R o and R M . The V t is evaluated using Equation (2), where V i is the packing factor of the constituting compounds.
The previously calculated values for G t and V t were used to compute Young (E), shear (K), longitudinal (L), and bulk (B) modules, as presented in Equations (3)- (6). In addition, some mechanical properties based on that derived from the EM were evaluated in Equations (7)- (9), such as the Poisson ratio (σ), the microhardness (H), softening temperature (T s ), and fractal bond connectivity (d) [29].

Gamma-Ray Simulation and Theoretical Calculations
The present study's second aim is to report the radiation protection capacity for the investigated TABLi samples. In order to achieve the desired target, the MCNP-5 [30] and a theoretical calculation program named Phy-X/PSD [31] were used to evaluate the protection ability. Both previous programs used the chemical compositions and densities of the investigated glasses to evaluate the shielding factors. On the other hand, there are differences in the nuclear libraries, which used to extract the interaction cross-sections. The MCNP-5 used ENDF/B-VI.8 as a primary source, but the Phy-X/PSD used only the NIST database. The geometry used in the MCNP-5 simulation was illustrated in Figure 1 and discussed in detail in many publications [32][33][34]. Additionally, the investigated glasses' chemical compositions were given in Table 1.

Mechanical Properties
The selected TABLi samples have a density (ρ, g/cm 3 ) that decreased l 3.714 to 3.190 g/cm 3 , as shown in Figure 2. The decrease in the glass density the compactness of the glass materials, which is predicted through the distrib for boron, D (B), and distribution density for Li, D (Li). The D (B) and D (Li) we and showed in Table 2, where both D (B) and D (Li) increased with an increas centration in the glass network. Thus, the density of the samples decreased. showed that the boron-boron separation, r (B-B), lithium-lithium separation, tellurium-tellurium separation, r (Te-Te), decreased with an increasing Li2O c in the glass network. This can be ascribed to the replacement of Te ions with a radius (RTe = 2.22 Å) by a smaller Pauli ionic radius (RLi = 0.56 Å) for Li ion both the molecular weight (MW, g/mol) and molar volume (VM, cm 3 /mol) trend, where they decreased from 102.949 to 77.005 g/mol and from 27.719 Mw and VM, respectively.

Mechanical Properties
The selected TABLi samples have a density (ρ, g/cm 3 ) that decreased linearly from 3.714 to 3.190 g/cm 3 , as shown in Figure 2. The decrease in the glass density is related to the compactness of the glass materials, which is predicted through the distribution density for boron, D (B), and distribution density for Li, D (Li). The D (B) and D (Li) were calculated and showed in Table 2, where both D (B) and D (Li) increased with an increasing Li 2 O concentration in the glass network. Thus, the density of the samples decreased. Table 2 also showed that the boron-boron separation, r (B-B), lithium-lithium separation, r (Li-Li), and tellurium-tellurium separation, r (Te-Te), decreased with an increasing Li 2 O concentration in the glass network. This can be ascribed to the replacement of Te ions with a higher ionic radius (R Te = 2.22 Å) by a smaller Pauli ionic radius (R Li = 0.56 Å) for Li ions. Moreover, both the molecular weight (MW, g/mol) and molar volume (V M , cm 3   In order to compute the elastic moduli (EM), Young (Y), shear (K), bulk gitudinal (L), the Makishima-Mackenzie (M-M) model assumptions were ap both the investigated TABLi glasses' dissociation energy (Gt) and backing fac calculated. The Gt values were increased by replacing the TeO2 with Li2O This is attributed to the heat of formation (enthalpy, ∆Hf) of constituting where it is −561.2 kJ/mol for Li2O and −270.3 kJ/mol for TeO2. On the othe glasses' packing factor (Vi, cm 3 /mol) was computed for the TABLi glasses wit the values of the ionic radius of Te, B, As, Li, and O. Figure 3    In order to compute the elastic moduli (EM), Young (Y), shear (K), bulk (B), and longitudinal (L), the Makishima-Mackenzie (M-M) model assumptions were applied. Thus, both the investigated TABLi glasses' dissociation energy (G t ) and backing factor (V i ) were calculated. The G t values were increased by replacing the TeO 2 with Li 2 O compounds. This is attributed to the heat of formation (enthalpy, ∆H f ) of constituting compounds, where it is −561.2 kJ/mol for Li 2 O and −270.3 kJ/mol for TeO 2 . On the other hand, the glasses' packing factor (V i , cm 3 /mol) was computed for the TABLi glasses with the help of the values of the ionic radius of Te, B, As, Li, and O. Figure 3  ship between the Vi and Li2O concentration. The Vi values decreased from 16.5 cm 3 /mol, increasing TeO2 substitution by Li2O. This can be attributed to the re of Te ions with a higher ionic radius (RTe = 2.22 Å) by Li ions with a smaller radius (RLi = 0.56 Å).  The TABLi glasses' packing density (Vt) was reported based on the predi ues. Vt's calculated values were 0.567 to 0.630, raising the ratio of Li ions in th work.    The hardness (GPa) is considered an important parameter for shielding materials such as concretes and bricks, but in the case of small-scale materials, such as glass, the term microhardness (H, GPa) is applied. It is used to describe the load which the material can stand over without deformations. The TABLi glasses' microhardness presented in Fig Table 2). The Poisson ratio (σ) describes the expansion ratio of the investigated TABLi glasses in the direction vertical to the loader direction. Figure 5 showed that the σ values also increase from 0.267 to 0.280 The hardness (GPa) is considered an important parameter for shielding materials such as concretes and bricks, but in the case of small-scale materials, such as glass, the term microhardness (H, GPa) is applied. It is used to describe the load which the material can stand over without deformations. The TABLi glasses' microhardness presented in Figure 5 was enhanced from 4.900 to 5.199 GPa by increasing the Li 2 O in the content. This can contribute to the increase in compactness of the material and decrease the r (B-B), r (Li-Li), and r (Te-Te) by increasing the Li ions in the glass network ( Table 2). The Poisson ratio (σ) describes the expansion ratio of the investigated TABLi glasses in the direction vertical to the loader direction. Figure 5 showed that the σ values also increase from 0.267 to 0.280 with the replacement of TeO 2 with Li 2 O content.  The fractal bond conductivity (d) for the investigated glass samples decreased 2.20 to 2.06. This means that the d values are close to two. Thus, the investigated gl possess a two-dimensional layer structure network.

Shielding Properties
The glass understudy's effectiveness in resisting gamma quanta depends on the Softening temperature (T g , • C) was reported for the TABLi glasses based on the EM predicted previously (see Figure 6). It is clear that the T g 's values increased from 464.9 to 525. The fractal bond conductivity (d) for the investigated glass samples decrease 2.20 to 2.06. This means that the d values are close to two. Thus, the investigated possess a two-dimensional layer structure network. The fractal bond conductivity (d) for the investigated glass samples decreased from 2.20 to 2.06. This means that the d values are close to two. Thus, the investigated glasses possess a two-dimensional layer structure network.

Shielding Properties
The glass understudy's effectiveness in resisting gamma quanta depends on the efficiency of the glass material in absorbing and attenuating incident gamma radiation. Therefore, essential shielding parameters such as radiation protection efficiency (RPE), linear attenuation (LAC), and mean free path (MFP) need to be studied. Awareness of these factors' performances makes it reasonable to assess the protection efficiency of and the suitable applications for utilizing the glasses to resist radiation. Figures 7-12 illustrate the data of simulated radiation shielding parameters computed via the MCNP-5 simulation code. It can be perceived in Figure 7 that the RPE results are influenced by the applied gamma photons' energy. The increment of the applied gamma energy leads to the decrement of the RPE values for the examined glasses. The following inferences can be interpreted from the examination of the reduction in the gamma radiation intensity with the variation of gamma energies. At low energies (0.  Among the essential parameters of shielding properties is the linear attenuation coefficient (µ), which is used to display the ability of glass material to resist and absorb gamma quanta. Here in the present investigation, the µ is varied between low and high values depending on two parameters: the intensity of gamma-quanta energy and the concentration of dopant (Li2O) in the studied glass material. The simulated µ values are deduced from the interaction of the gamma-quanta intensity (I) with the glass material at the known thickness (x), and represented in the following formula: (µ = ln ). The data of µ depends on the interaction type of gamma quanta, and are explained as follows and plotted in Figure 8: the first interaction is a photoelectric effect (PE) which is achieved in the low gamma-quanta energy range (0.0221-0.088 MeV), and the µ data have appeared with the maximum values. Successively, the increment of gamma-quanta energy above 0.1 MeV leads to a drop in the µ data as a result of the new interaction, namely Compton scattering (CS). Compton scattering is preponderant, and the inverse relation between CS cross-section and quanta energy was detected where σCS α E −1 [35].
The µ data are manifested with the maximum values at the low applied gammaquanta energy (0.0221 MeV). It was reduced from 40.5 to 28.3 cm −1 for 5% mol and 25% mol of Li2O content in the investigated glasses. In contrast, the µ data are observed with the minimum values at the highest applied gamma-quanta energy, 2.51 MeV, where it varies in decrement from 0.14 to 0.12 cm −1 for 5% mol and 25% mol of Li2O content, respectively.
Furthermore, the µ data impacted the insertion of Li2O concentration in the studied glasses. At stationary gamma-quanta energy, the µ data are diminished with the addition of Li2O content from 5 mol% to 25 mol% due to the molecular weight decrease from 102.95 to 77.01 g/mol for 5 mol% and 25 mol% of Li2O content. Therefore, the effective atomic number (Zeff) decreases. The maximum data of µ lessened in-between 40.5 and 0.14 cm −1 for the studied glasses with 5 mol% content of Li2O. The minimum data varied in decrement 8.89-0.03 cm −1 and established at the examined glasses with 25 mol% content of Li2O. Finally, the replacement of TeO2 content with Li2O content procures the decrement of µ data due to the direct proportionality between the cross-section of CS and the effective atomic number where σCS α Zeff.
Agreement was detected between the obtained µ data with the kinds in the literature concerned with various types of tellurite glasses [36][37][38].
The other parameter is the mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ), which was computed via the MCNP-5 code based on the density of the investigated glasses, and compared with the theoretical data of µ/ρ, which was detected by Phy-X/PSD. The difference Δ (%) between the simulated and theoretical data was estimated by the next formula [39] and presented in Table 3: The difference Δ (%) observed did not exceed 10% between all investigated TABLi glasses. The results presented in Figure 9 illustrate that an increment in the concentration of Li2O in the glasses' structure and the creation of supplementary absorption bands assist in the reality that for dopant Li2O contents of 5-25 mol% in the investigated glasses, the HVL and MFP diminish by 1.5 times. The difference revealed that the insertion of Li2O could significantly decrease the thickness of the investigated glasses, without losing efficiency and minimizing the costs of production. The HVL data that reached the maximum values at the high gamma-quanta energy of 2.51 MeV ranged from 4.9 to 5.7 cm for TABLi5 and TABLi25, respectively, as well as the MFP data, which varied in an increase of 7.1 and 8.2 for TABLi5 and TABLi25, respectively. Furthermore, the investigated glasses' low HVL and MFP data are detected at the low applied gamma-quanta energy (0.0221 MeV). Moreover, the glasses' understudy with the lower content of Li2O (5 mol%)     Furthermore, the Phy-x/PD was employed to compute radiation protection items, including glasses' effective atomic number (Zeff), equivalent atomic number (Zeq), as well as the accumulation factors, those being exposure buildup factors (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF). Figures 13-18 depicted the acquired data, which were then addressed in the lines below. Figure 13 reveals the effective atomic number (Zeff) data that are designated to investigate the capacity of the synthetic glasses for serving in the implementations of gamma shielding. The data of Zeff are changed with the gamma-quanta energy (0.015-15 MeV) and the Li2O concentration (5-25 mol%) in the examined TABLi glasses. The Zeff data are influenced by the gamma quanta interaction with the glass material. For low gammaquanta energy range (0.015-0.1 MeV), the photoelectric effect (PE) interactions are dominant, and the maximum Zeff data seem to be where Z 4 varied. After that, the Zeff data diminished when the gamma-quanta energy increased. However, unpredicted peaks are observed at gamma-quanta energy 0.0318 MeV [41].  Among the essential parameters of shielding properties is the linear attenuation coefficient (µ), which is used to display the ability of glass material to resist and absorb gamma quanta. Here in the present investigation, the µ is varied between low and high values depending on two parameters: the intensity of gamma-quanta energy and the concentration of dopant (Li 2 O) in the studied glass material. The simulated µ values are deduced from the interaction of the gamma-quanta intensity (I) with the glass material at the known thickness (x), and represented in the following formula: (µ = 1 x ln I I 0 ). The data of µ depends on the interaction type of gamma quanta, and are explained as follows and plotted in Figure 8: the first interaction is a photoelectric effect (PE) which is achieved in the low gamma-quanta energy range (0.0221-0.088 MeV), and the µ data have appeared with the maximum values.
Successively, the increment of gamma-quanta energy above 0.1 MeV leads to a drop in the µ data as a result of the new interaction, namely Compton scattering (CS). Compton scattering is preponderant, and the inverse relation between CS cross-section and quanta energy was detected where σ CS α E −1 [35].
The µ data are manifested with the maximum values at the low applied gammaquanta energy (0.0221 MeV). It was reduced from 40.5 to 28.3 cm −1 for 5% mol and 25% mol of Li 2 O content in the investigated glasses. In contrast, the µ data are observed with the minimum values at the highest applied gamma-quanta energy, 2.51 MeV, where it varies in decrement from 0.14 to 0.12 cm −1 for 5% mol and 25% mol of Li 2 O content, respectively. Furthermore, the µ data impacted the insertion of Li 2 O concentration in the studied glasses. At stationary gamma-quanta energy, the µ data are diminished with the addition of Li 2 O content from 5 mol% to 25 mol% due to the molecular weight decrease from 102.95 to 77.01 g/mol for 5 mol% and 25 mol% of Li 2 O content. Therefore, the effective atomic number (Z eff ) decreases. The maximum data of µ lessened in-between 40.5 and 0.14 cm −1 for the studied glasses with 5 mol% content of Li 2 O. The minimum data varied in decrement 8.89-0.03 cm −1 and established at the examined glasses with 25 mol% content of Li 2 O. Finally, the replacement of TeO 2 content with Li 2 O content procures the decrement of µ data due to the direct proportionality between the cross-section of CS and the effective atomic number where σ CS α Z eff .
Agreement was detected between the obtained µ data with the kinds in the literature concerned with various types of tellurite glasses [36][37][38].
The other parameter is the mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ), which was computed via the MCNP-5 code based on the density of the investigated glasses, and compared with the theoretical data of µ/ρ, which was detected by Phy-X/PSD. The difference ∆ (%) between the simulated and theoretical data was estimated by the next formula [39] and presented in Table 3: The difference ∆ (%) observed did not exceed 10% between all investigated TABLi glasses.
The HVL and the MFP are the radiation protection factors used to minimize the applied gamma-quanta energy to a half and display the distance between successive interactions. Contrarily, the µ data of simulated HVL are observed to rise with the applied gamma-quanta energy and the addition of Li 2 O concentration in the TABLi glasses, as shown in Figure 9. The following formulas are applied to estimate the HVL and MFP: The results presented in Figure 9 illustrate that an increment in the concentration of Li 2 O in the glasses' structure and the creation of supplementary absorption bands assist in the reality that for dopant Li 2 O contents of 5-25 mol% in the investigated glasses, the HVL and MFP diminish by 1.5 times. The difference revealed that the insertion of Li 2 O could significantly decrease the thickness of the investigated glasses, without losing efficiency and minimizing the costs of production. The HVL data that reached the maximum values at the high gamma-quanta energy of 2.51 MeV ranged from 4.9 to 5.7 cm for TABLi5 and TABLi25, respectively, as well as the MFP data, which varied in an increase of 7.1 and 8.2 for TABLi5 and TABLi25, respectively. Furthermore, the investigated glasses' low HVL and MFP data are detected at the low applied gamma-quanta energy (0.0221 MeV). Moreover, the glasses' understudy with the lower content of Li 2 O (5 mol%) is considered better than glasses with a high content of Li 2 O. Consequently, it can be used in radiation protection applications. Based on the MFP data, the present glasses are compared with the commercial glasses RS253 and RS323-G19 [40] and plotted in Figure 10. The comparison displayed that the MFP values of studied glasses are lower than RS253 and comparable with the synthetic glasses RS323-G19. This means the examined glasses are suitable for application in the radiation protection fields, especially the glasses with 5% mol of Li 2 O content (TABLi5) since the mean voyaged distance between two photo interactions is small. Figures 11 and 12 depict the injection of Li 2 O concentration in the tellurite glasses that impacted the HVL and MFP data. The Phy-x/PD computer program was employed to theoretically estimate the HVL and MFP data of the synthetic glasses. It is plain in Figures 11 and 12 that the TABLi5 glasses have the lowest data of HVL and MFP while the TABLi25 glasses have the highest data at all chosen gamma-quanta energies (0.015, 0.15, 1.5, and 15 MeV), and this agrees with their simulated data.
Furthermore, the Phy-x/PD was employed to compute radiation protection items, including glasses' effective atomic number (Z eff ), equivalent atomic number (Z eq ), as well as the accumulation factors, those being exposure buildup factors (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF). Figures 13-18 depicted the acquired data, which were then addressed in the lines below. influenced by the gamma quanta interaction with the glass material. For low ga quanta energy range (0.015-0.1 MeV), the photoelectric effect (PE) interactions are nant, and the maximum Zeff data seem to be where Z 4 varied. After that, the Zeff da minished when the gamma-quanta energy increased. However, unpredicted pea observed at gamma-quanta energy 0.0318 MeV [41].  Then, the Compton scattering interactions are begun to possess gamma-qu ergy in the range of above 0.1 MeV, and the data of Zeff are observed gradually ment where it altered with the atomic number (Z). The increase in gamma-quant at high values leads to pair production, which varied with Z 2 [42]. Additionally data reduced, as illustrated in Figure 14.  Figure 15 offers the equivalent atomic number (Zeq) at various gamma photon It is estimated according to the values of µ/ρ in addition to the atomic numbers of e (Z1 and Z2) related to the ratios R1 and R2 as well as the ratio for the examined g stationary gamma-quanta energy. Thus, Zeq is estimated by the following formu ).  Figure 15 offers the equivalent atomic number (Zeq) at various gamma photon It is estimated according to the values of µ/ρ in addition to the atomic numbers of (Z1 and Z2) related to the ratios R1 and R2 as well as the ratio for the examined g stationary gamma-quanta energy. Thus, Zeq is estimated by the following formu ). Figure 15. The equivalent atomic number as a function of the energy.  Furthermore, Figures 17 and 18 show that the EBF and EABF data impacted the penetration depth, which changes from 0.5 to 40 mfp at four specified gamma-quanta energies of 0.015, 0.15, 1.5, and 15 MeV, as well as the chemical composition of TABLi glasses. Furthermore, Figures 17 and 18 show that the EBF and EABF data impacted the pen etration depth, which changes from 0.5 to 40 mfp at four specified gamma-quanta energie of 0.015, 0.15, 1.5, and 15 MeV, as well as the chemical composition of TABLi glasses.  The photon accumulation inside the glass material is associated with the distance that photons will travel as well as the time spent inside the investigated material. The low EBF and EABF data are identified at the short traveling distance (0.5 mfp), while the highest data was achieved at the long traveling distance (40 mfp). Moreover, the alteration of Li2O within the examined glass material was due to the elevation of EBF and EABF.    (5-25 mol%) in the examined TABLi glasses. The Z eff data are influenced by the gamma quanta interaction with the glass material. For low gamma-quanta energy range (0.015-0.1 MeV), the photoelectric effect (PE) interactions are dominant, and the maximum Z eff data seem to be where Z 4 varied. After that, the Z eff data diminished when the gamma-quanta energy increased. However, unpredicted peaks are observed at gamma-quanta energy 0.0318 MeV [41].
Then, the Compton scattering interactions are begun to possess gamma-quanta energy in the range of above 0.1 MeV, and the data of Z eff are observed gradually in decrement where it altered with the atomic number (Z). The increase in gamma-quanta energy at high values leads to pair production, which varied with Z 2 [42]. Additionally, the Z eff data reduced, as illustrated in Figure 14. Figure 15 offers the equivalent atomic number (Z eq ) at various gamma photon energy. It is estimated according to the values of µ/ρ in addition to the atomic numbers of elements (Z1 and Z2) related to the ratios R1 and R2 as well as the ratio for the examined glasses at stationary gamma-quanta energy. Thus, Z eq is estimated by the following formula ). It can be noticed that the Z eq data increased with the increment of gamma-quanta energy up to 1 MeV. The maximum values of Z eq are founded in the CS region (energy > 1 MeV). The maximum data of Z eq are 37.23 and 28.01 for TABLi5 and TABLi25, respectively, while the minimum data are 22.56 and 14.68 for TABLi5 and TABLi25, respectively.
The total flux of gamma quanta in the studied glass material can be determined by utilizing two main buildup and accumulation factors: the EBF and the EABF. The alteration of EBF and EABF data with the gamma-quanta energy for the TABLi5 and TABLi25 glasses is plotted in Figure 16. The EBF and EABF data are computed according to the Z eq values and the approximation of G-P fitting [43,44]. For instance, the Z eq data and the five factors of GP fitting are presented in Table 4 for TABLi5 and TABLi25 glasses, respectively.  Figure 16 exhibits the variety of EBF and EABF data with the gamma-quanta energy up to 15 MeV. The EBF and EABF data seem to have their minimum values in the low gamma-quanta energy zone. This is due to the gamma photons passing through the studied glass material linked with the PE phenomena. In this region, the sharp peaks of both factors are reported around the quanta energy (0.0318 MeV). The increment of quanta energy leads to the increase in the accumulation of gamma photons inside the material, where the CS process is significant. The drop photons interacted with and penetrated the studied glass thickness while the rest of the photons are scattered to induce multiple interactions. In the CS region, the EBF and EABF data reach their maximum values. After that, it can be seen that the both factors began to decrease when the gamma-quanta energy had high values thanks to the third interaction as represented in the PP. Furthermore, Figures 17 and 18 show that the EBF and EABF data impacted the penetration depth, which changes from 0.5 to 40 mfp at four specified gamma-quanta energies of 0.015, 0.15, 1.5, and 15 MeV, as well as the chemical composition of TABLi glasses. Figures 17 and 18 manifested the exchange of EBF and EABF data with the penetration depth (PD) at identified gamma-quanta energy (0.015, 0.15, 1.5, and 15 MeV) prominently. The photon accumulation inside the glass material is associated with the distance that photons will travel as well as the time spent inside the investigated material. The low EBF and EABF data are identified at the short traveling distance (0.5 mfp), while the highest data was achieved at the long traveling distance (40 mfp). Moreover, the alteration of Li 2 O within the examined glass material was due to the elevation of EBF and EABF. Figure 19 showed the variation of the LAC and the microhardness (H) versus the Li 2 O concentration. The LAC of the investigated samples diminished while the H values enhanced by increasing the Li 2 O substitution ratio. The glass sample with Li 2 O content of 5 mol% (TABLi5) has the highest LAC (LAC = 0.276 cm −1 ) at energy 0.662 MeV, but the microhardness of the mentioned sample is relatively low (H = 4.900 GPa). In contrast, the sample with Li 2 O content of 25 mol% (TABLi25) has the lowest LAC value (LAC = 0.236 cm −1 ), but it has the highest H value (H = 5.199 GPa). Thus, the correlation showed in Figure 19 is used to predict which sample has both LAC and H suitable values. According to this relation, the sample with a suitable LAC and H contains around 16 mol% of Li 2 O concentration. The microhardness of this glass (i.e., containing 16 mol% of Li 2 O) is around 4.055 GPa, and the LAC is about 2.585 cm −1 .

Conclusions
The microhardness and softening temperature, elastic moduli and Poisson ratio were calculated based on the M-M model. The microhardness and Poisson ratio were enhanced

Conclusions
The microhardness and softening temperature, elastic moduli and Poisson ratio were calculated based on the M-M model. The microhardness and Poisson ratio were enhanced by the replacement of the TeO 2 by the Li 2 O. The H values increased from 4.90 to 5.20 GPa, and σ values rose from 0.267 to 0.280, raising the Li 2 O concentration between 5 and 25 mol%, respectively. The elastic Young, shear, longitudinal, and bulk modules were enhanced by increasing the Li ions in the glass network. Also, the shielding characteristics showed that the LAC was diminished with the replacement of Te by Li ions in the glass network. The LAC decreased from 30-90 to 24.40 cm −1 at 0.015 MeV when the Li 2 O concentration increased between 5 and 25 mol%, respectively. The HVLand MFP values increased by raising the Li 2 O concentration in the glass network. Additionally, the accumulation of photons in air EBF and inside the glass layers (EABF) was increased by increasing the Li 2 O concentration.