Characteristics and Transformation Mechanism of Nonmetallic Inclusions in 304 Stainless Steel during Heat Treatment at 1250 °C

Evolutions of two typical types of nonmetallic inclusions, i.e., inclusions based on CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 and MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 of 304 stainless steel were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments under isothermal heat treatment at 1250 °C for 0, 30, 60 and 120 min. Results show inclusion population density increases at the first stage and then decreases while their average size decreases and then increases. Moreover, almost no Cr2O3 content within the inclusion before the heat treatment, but Cr2O3 content increases gradually along with increasing heat treatment time. Furthermore, the increasing of Cr2O3 content in the inclusions would increase their melting points and reduce their plasticities. The experimental results and thermodynamic analysis indicate that there are three steps for inclusion evolution during the heat treatment process, in which Ostwald ripening plays an important role in inclusion evolution, i.e., inclusions grow by absorbing the newly formed small-size MnO-Cr2O3 inclusions.


Introduction
There are two main types of no-inclusions in Si-killed stainless steel are CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -based and MnO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -based systems [1][2][3][4][5]. They have different properties and different effects on the surface quality of stainless steel strips. Researchers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] found that an effective way to improve the surface quality of stainless steel strip by controlling the nonmetallic inclusion as plasticity MnO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -based inclusion instead of CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -based ones. This could be realized by using different basicity refining slags and [Al] s contents during the smelting process. The melting points of CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 and MnO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 inclusions, in particular the latter, are relatively low and the liquid phase is likely to present at the soaking process, which is before the rolling process. In addition, the high Cr content (18 wt%) containing in 304 stainless steel is more likely to react with the liquid inclusions or solid-liquid mixes in the steel during the soaking process. This reaction will change the morphology, size, composition, and even crystal structure of the inclusions. Correspondingly, the mechanical properties of inclusions and their effects on the final products will be perhaps changed as well. Therefore, it is important to investigate the evolution behaviors of two main types of noninclusion during the soaking process.

Materials and Methods
The steel specimens were taken from two continuous casting slabs of industrial 304 stainless steel that were smelted by two basicity refining slags: steel A was smelted by a ladle furnace (LF) refining slag with basicity (CaO/SiO 2 ) approximating 1.8 and corresponding refining slag basicity of steel B in LF was 1.5. The steel compositions and refining slag compositions were shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Moreover, the inclusions in the slabs of steel A and steel B were confirmed as mainly as CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -based and MnO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -based inclusion by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) before heat treatment, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.  The steel specimens were machined into 15 mm × 15 mm × 15 mm cubic samples and were used for laboratory-scale isothermal heat-treated experiments. The heat treatment experiments were carried out in a muffle furnace with four MoSi 2 elements (molybdenum silicide bar) in a 200 mL/min argon atmosphere. Firstly, the temperature was raised to 1250 • C by a heating rate of 10 K/min. Then, the temperature was held for 0, 30, 60 and 120 min for the steel samples marked as #1, #2, #3 and #4, respectively. The samples were quenched in the water after the heat treatment process. The quenched steel samples were ground and mirror polished for SEM-EDS observation. At the same time, inclusion analysis system equipped with SEM and EDS (EV018-INCAsteel, Oxford Instruments, Oxfordshire, UK) was applied to automatically analyse their morphology (i.e., aspect ratio), size and composition evolution during heat treatment on an analysed area of 5 mm × 5 mm. The working distance difference between the highest point and the lowest point of the sample detection area had been controlled to less than 5 µm. Otherwise it would exceed the auto-focus ability of the equipment. It should be pointed out that Fe and Ni in the inclusions detected by energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) were removed to minimize the effects of steel matrix on inclusion composition, and some unclear spots were selected and excluded before the present inclusion analysis. In addition, the thermodynamic analysis was performed to study the inclusion transformation mechanism with the help of thermodynamic software FactSage 7.2 [18].

Results
Figures 1 and 2 are typical inclusion morphologies in steel A and Steel B, respectively. In addition, their melting points calculated by the submodule Equilib of FactSage 7.2 according to their compositions, are also listed in the Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The morphologies of inclusions in the two steel samples are mainly spherical, and their sizes are mainly lower than 5 µm. However, the inclusion components and their corresponding melting points are significantly different. As shown in the Table 3, the inclusions in steel A are mainly composed of CaO, SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3, as well as small amounts of MnO, MgO and/or TiO 2 . Calculated by FactSage 7.2, the melting points of those inclusions are between 1391 • C to 2050 • C, and the average melting point is 1561 • C, which is much higher than the open-rolling temperature region (i.e., 1150-1250 • C).
Compared with the inclusions in steel A, CaO contents of the inclusions in steel B are much less while the MnO contents are much more. Furthermore, the Al 2 O 3 contents in the inclusions are much less as well. The melting points of the inclusions in steel B are between 1143 • C to 1479 • C, and their average is 1238 • C that is close to the open-rolling temperature region, indicating the inclusions are well plasticized since they are likely to soften at the rolling temperature. In a word, the inclusion in steel A is CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -based, and have a relative high melting point due to being smelted by the high basicity refining slag. The inclusion in steel B is plasticized MnO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -based, and have a low melting point due to the low basicity slag refining.
Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW  3 of 12 respectively. The samples were quenched in the water after the heat treatment process. The quenched steel samples were ground and mirror polished for SEM-EDS observation. At the same time, inclusion analysis system equipped with SEM and EDS (EV018-INCAsteel, Oxford Instruments, Oxfordshire, UK) was applied to automatically analyse their morphology (i.e., aspect ratio), size and composition evolution during heat treatment on an analysed area of 5 mm × 5 mm. The working distance difference between the highest point and the lowest point of the sample detection area had been controlled to less than 5 μm. Otherwise it would exceed the auto-focus ability of the equipment. It should be pointed out that Fe and Ni in the inclusions detected by energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) were removed to minimize the effects of steel matrix on inclusion composition, and some unclear spots were selected and excluded before the present inclusion analysis. In addition, the thermodynamic analysis was performed to study the inclusion transformation mechanism with the help of thermodynamic software FactSage 7.2 [18].

Results
Figures 1 and 2 are typical inclusion morphologies in steel A and Steel B, respectively. In addition, their melting points calculated by the submodule Equilib of FactSage 7.2 according to their compositions, are also listed in the Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The morphologies of inclusions in the two steel samples are mainly spherical, and their sizes are mainly lower than 5 μm. However, the inclusion components and their corresponding melting points are significantly different. As shown in the Table 3, the inclusions in steel A are mainly composed of CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3, as well as small amounts of MnO, MgO and/or TiO2. Calculated by FactSage 7.2, the melting points of those inclusions are between 1391 °C to 2050 °C, and the average melting point is 1561 °C, which is much higher than the open-rolling temperature region (i.e., 1150-1250 °C).
Compared with the inclusions in steel A, CaO contents of the inclusions in steel B are much less while the MnO contents are much more. Furthermore, the Al2O3 contents in the inclusions are much less as well. The melting points of the inclusions in steel B are between 1143 °C to 1479 °C, and their average is 1238 °C that is close to the open-rolling temperature region, indicating the inclusions are well plasticized since they are likely to soften at the rolling temperature. In a word, the inclusion in steel A is CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-based, and have a relative high melting point due to being smelted by the high basicity refining slag. The inclusion in steel B is plasticized MnO-SiO2-Al2O3-based, and have a low melting point due to the low basicity slag refining.       Figure 3a,b show the average inclusion composition evolution during the heat treatment process of steel A and steel B, respectively. For the steel A as shown in Figure 3a, the average Cr2O3 and MnO contents gradually increase with increasing heat treatment time. In contrast, the CaO and SiO2 contents decrease significantly. The contents of Al2O3 and MgO are somewhat fluctuant, and do not show obvious variation during heat treatment. As shown in Figure 3b, the change of each component is similar to that of Figure 3a. However, the average Cr2O3 content of inclusion in steel B increases much more than that in steel A, while the SiO2 content decreases significantly along with the heat treatment time. In a word, during heat treatment, Cr2O3 and MnO of the inclusions in the two samples both increase while the SiO2 and CaO contents decrease. However, there are also some differences between the inclusion composition evolution in the two steel: Cr2O3 in steel B increases much more than that in steel A; the SiO2 content in steel B decreases more obviously than in steel A.   Figure 3a,b show the average inclusion composition evolution during the heat treatment process of steel A and steel B, respectively. For the steel A as shown in Figure 3a, the average Cr 2 O 3 and MnO contents gradually increase with increasing heat treatment time. In contrast, the CaO and SiO 2 contents decrease significantly. The contents of Al 2 O 3 and MgO are somewhat fluctuant, and do not show obvious variation during heat treatment. As shown in Figure 3b, the change of each component is similar to that of Figure 3a. However, the average Cr 2 O 3 content of inclusion in steel B increases much more than that in steel A, while the SiO 2 content decreases significantly along with the heat treatment time. In a word, during heat treatment, Cr 2 O 3 and MnO of the inclusions in the two samples both increase while the SiO 2 and CaO contents decrease. However, there are also some differences between the inclusion composition evolution in the two steel: Cr 2 O 3 in steel B increases much more than that in steel A; the SiO 2 content in steel B decreases more obviously than in steel A.   Figure 4 shows the variations of the liquid phase and Cr2O3 content in the inclusion of steel A and steel B with the heat treatment time at 1250 °C calculated by FactSage 7.2 based on the average composition of inclusion. With the Cr2O3 content increase during heat treatment, MnO-Cr2O3 spinel phase in the inclusion increase correspondingly. The MnO-Cr2O3 spinel phase in the inclusion of steel B increases much rapidly than that in steel A. In addition, the percentage of the liquid phase in steel A and steel B decreases with increasing heat treatment time, which is due to the change of inclusion composition. Associated with the aforementioned phenomena (Figures 3 and 4), it is therefore indicated that MnO-Cr2O3 spinel continuously precipitates during heat treatment.  spinel phase in the inclusion of steel B increases much rapidly than that in steel A. In addition, the percentage of the liquid phase in steel A and steel B decreases with increasing heat treatment time, which is due to the change of inclusion composition. Associated with the aforementioned phenomena (Figures 3 and 4), it is therefore indicated that MnO-Cr 2 O 3 spinel continuously precipitates during heat treatment. Figure 5a,b show the changes of inclusion population density and average inclusion size during heat treatment in steel A and steel B, respectively. Interestingly, the above indexes in steel A and steel B show a similar tendency. After heat treatment for 30 min, the inclusion population density increases as many small size Cr 2 O 3 -MnO-based inclusions precipitate during the heat treatment process, and the average inclusion size decreases correspondingly. With increasing heat treatment time, the inclusion population density decreases, and their average size gradually increases. This is because the inclusion growth follows the Ostwald ripening during heat treatment: the small inclusions dissolve and the larger inclusions grow. Ren et al. [16] also observed a similar inclusion number evolution and size distribution, which is consistent with the findings in Figure 5. Those phenomena in the Figure 5 are more popular for inclusion transformation during heat treatment. Compared with steel A, steel B has had an even more volatile ride after 30 min due to the higher transformation speed caused by lower melting points. composition of inclusion. With the Cr2O3 content increase during heat treatment, MnO-Cr2O3 spinel phase in the inclusion increase correspondingly. The MnO-Cr2O3 spinel phase in the inclusion of steel B increases much rapidly than that in steel A. In addition, the percentage of the liquid phase in steel A and steel B decreases with increasing heat treatment time, which is due to the change of inclusion composition. Associated with the aforementioned phenomena (Figures 3 and 4), it is therefore indicated that MnO-Cr2O3 spinel continuously precipitates during heat treatment.   Figure 5a,b show the changes of inclusion population density and average inclusion size during heat treatment in steel A and steel B, respectively. Interestingly, the above indexes in steel A and steel B show a similar tendency. After heat treatment for 30 min, the inclusion population density increases as many small size Cr2O3-MnO-based inclusions precipitate during the heat treatment process, and the average inclusion size decreases correspondingly. With increasing heat treatment time, the inclusion population density decreases, and their average size gradually increases. This is because the inclusion growth follows the Ostwald ripening during heat treatment: the small inclusions dissolve and the larger inclusions grow. Ren et al. [16] also observed a similar inclusion number evolution and size distribution, which is consistent with the findings in Figure 5. Those phenomena in the Figure 5 are more popular for inclusion transformation during heat treatment. Compared with steel A, steel B has had an even more volatile ride after 30 min due to the higher transformation speed caused by lower melting points.  Figure 7c. Interestingly, some Cr2O3-MnO-Al2O3-concentrated regions were inserted in the inclusion in steel A after heat treatment for 120 min as shown in Figure 6d. In the contrast, a Cr2O3-MnO-Al2O3concentrated core wrapped by a ring-like CaO-SiO2-concentrated region was observed in the inclusion of steel B after heat treatment for 120 min as shown in Figure 7d. In short, there are some interesting similar behaviors of the inclusions evolution during heat treatment, although the compositions at the beginning are quite different. The Cr2O3 contents in the inclusions are increasing with increasing heat treatment time, but the Cr element does not always diffusion from the outer layer to the inner part; Cr2O3-MnO or Cr2O3-MnO-Al2O3-enriched regions and the CaO-SiO2concentrated region seem incompatible and complementary among the inclusions in most inclusions  in the two steels. The difference is that the Mn element concentration of inclusion in steel A is much less than that of inclusions in steel B, which agrees with the inclusion composition in Figure 3.

Discussion
Thermodynamic calculated results ( Figure 4) and the experimental results show a large number of Cr2O3-MnO tetragonal spinel contained some amount of Al2O3 would precipitate during heat treatment process. They result in the change of inclusion composition as shown in Figure 3 and inclusion size and density, as shown in Figure 5.
According to the density functional theory calculations [19,20], the solute atoms can enter the oxide defect and produce a mixed oxide structure, which indicates that Cr atoms may have a chemical reaction with oxygen in inclusions. Some researchers [14,16] developed the idea that the formation of MnCr2O4 spinel during the heat treatment process is due to the reaction between Cr in the solid steel matrix and 2MnO·SiO2-type inclusion, as shown in Equation (1). in the two steels. The difference is that the Mn element concentration of inclusion in steel A is much less than that of inclusions in steel B, which agrees with the inclusion composition in Figure 3.

Discussion
Thermodynamic calculated results ( Figure 4) and the experimental results show a large number of Cr2O3-MnO tetragonal spinel contained some amount of Al2O3 would precipitate during heat treatment process. They result in the change of inclusion composition as shown in Figure 3 and inclusion size and density, as shown in Figure 5.
According to the density functional theory calculations [19,20], the solute atoms can enter the oxide defect and produce a mixed oxide structure, which indicates that Cr atoms may have a chemical reaction with oxygen in inclusions. Some researchers [14,16] developed the idea that the formation of MnCr2O4 spinel during the heat treatment process is due to the reaction between Cr in the solid steel matrix and 2MnO·SiO2-type inclusion, as shown in Equation (1).

Discussion
Thermodynamic calculated results (Figure 4) and the experimental results show a large number of Cr 2 O 3 -MnO tetragonal spinel contained some amount of Al 2 O 3 would precipitate during heat treatment process. They result in the change of inclusion composition as shown in Figure 3 and inclusion size and density, as shown in Figure 5.
According to the density functional theory calculations [19,20], the solute atoms can enter the oxide defect and produce a mixed oxide structure, which indicates that Cr atoms may have a chemical reaction with oxygen in inclusions. Some researchers [14,16] developed the idea that the formation of MnCr 2 O 4 spinel during the heat treatment process is due to the reaction between Cr in the solid steel matrix and 2MnO·SiO 2 -type inclusion, as shown in Equation (1).

2[Cr]+2MnO · SiO 2 = MnO · Cr 2 O 3 + [Mn]+2[Si]
(1) In fact, the Cr in steel matrix has the possibilities to react with MnO, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and even CaO, thus the thermodynamic analysis among these chemical reactions should be performed to understand the inclusion evolution mechanism.
The reaction between [Cr] and (MnO) and its standard Gibbs energy ∆G θ are expressed as Equations (2) and (3) [21]. Equation (4) is the Gibbs free energy ∆G (MnO) of the actual reaction.

2[Gr] + 3(MnO) = (Cr 2 O 3 ) + 3[Mn]
(2)  [18]. Similarly, the Gibbs free energies of the other reactions can be obtained according to their corresponding standard Gibbs free energy as shown in Table 5. Table 6 shows the average contents of the two typical inclusions and the corresponding activities calculated by FactSage 7.2.  The activity coefficients f Cr and f Mn are calculated by the Wagner formula in Equation (5), where e j i is the first-order activity interaction coefficient of elements j to i relative to the diluted solution. These values are from reference [22]. It should be pointed out that the activity interaction coefficients applied in the present calculations are selected from those measured based on Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steel hot metal, or those are confirmed applicable for the 18 pct Cr-8 pct Ni stainless steel. In addition, the second interaction coefficients of Cr and Ni to the elements in steel are performed because of high Cr and Ni content in 18 pct Cr-8 pct Ni stainless steel [1,[23][24][25].  Figure 8a,b show the Gibbs free energy change of the foregoing typical chemical reactions with different Cr 2 O 3 contents in inclusions at 1250 • C. In the two figures, with increasing Cr 2 O 3 content, the Gibbs free energy increases, and finally are positive, indicating it is more and more difficult to take place for these chemical reactions. The Gibbs free energy for the reaction between Cr and MnO is lower than 0, even if a larger Cr 2 O 3 content in an inclusion. Moreover, the Gibbs free energy between Cr and SiO 2 is larger than 0 in the case of the amount of Cr 2 O 3 content larger than 20 mass%. For the reaction between Cr and Al 2 O 3 or CaO, the change of free Gibbs energy is almost positive even if very low Cr 2 O 3 content in an inclusion. Hence, Cr is most likely to reduce the MnO in the inclusion, followed by the SiO 2 , but Al 2 O 3 or CaO in the inclusion is not likely to be reduced by Cr during heat treatment process. Compared with steel A, inclusions in steel B are more likely to react with Cr, which accords with the changes of Cr 2 O 3 in Figure 3.  Figure 8a,b show the Gibbs free energy change of the foregoing typical chemical reactions with different Cr2O3 contents in inclusions at 1250 °C. In the two figures, with increasing Cr2O3 content, the Gibbs free energy increases, and finally are positive, indicating it is more and more difficult to take place for these chemical reactions. The Gibbs free energy for the reaction between Cr and MnO is lower than 0, even if a larger Cr2O3 content in an inclusion. Moreover, the Gibbs free energy between Cr and SiO2 is larger than 0 in the case of the amount of Cr2O3 content larger than 20 mass%. For the reaction between Cr and Al2O3 or CaO, the change of free Gibbs energy is almost positive even if very low Cr2O3 content in an inclusion. Hence, Cr is most likely to reduce the MnO in the inclusion, followed by the SiO2, but Al2O3 or CaO in the inclusion is not likely to be reduced by Cr during heat treatment process. Compared with steel A, inclusions in steel B are more likely to react with Cr, which accords with the changes of Cr2O3 in Figure 3. It is true that some phenomena can be explained by chemical reactions. However, MnO content increases continuously or is almost not reduced obviously, while SiO2 and even CaO contents are reduced, as shown in Figure 3. Obviously, this is not in agreement with the thermodynamic results as shown in Figure 8. In addition, if MnO-Cr2O3 inclusion is formed due to the chemical reaction Equation (1), the inclusion size would be almost constant but inclusion diameter is changed a lot in present experimental results ( Figure 5) as well as in other researchers' results [14,16]. Therefore, it can be deduced that there is another driving force to cause inclusion transformation during heat treatment including chemical reactions between Cr and inclusions.
Ostwald ripening is a very common phenomenon for the secondary phase growth during heat treatment. It is characterized by that the smaller inclusions dissolve, and the larger inclusions grow by absorbing the smaller inclusions during heat treatment. The present observations, such as inclusion size and their population density evolution as shown in Figure 5 and some SEM-mapping images in Figures 6 and 7, accord with the features of Ostwald ripening very well. Therefore, the evolutions of some inclusions during heat treatment mainly follow the rule of Ostwald ripening rather than the chemical reactions.
According the classical Ostwald ripening [26], the interface energy generates with the secondary phase precipitating during heat treatment, and total interface energy would generate when the inclusion with a smaller radius. The driving force of Ostwald ripening is the difference of interface energy between steel matrix and smaller size inclusion and between matrix and larger size inclusion.
In summary, according to the experimental observation and thermodynamic analysis, there are three steps for inclusion evolution during the heat treatment process as schematically shown in It is true that some phenomena can be explained by chemical reactions. However, MnO content increases continuously or is almost not reduced obviously, while SiO 2 and even CaO contents are reduced, as shown in Figure 3. Obviously, this is not in agreement with the thermodynamic results as shown in Figure 8. In addition, if MnO-Cr 2 O 3 inclusion is formed due to the chemical reaction Equation (1), the inclusion size would be almost constant but inclusion diameter is changed a lot in present experimental results ( Figure 5) as well as in other researchers' results [14,16]. Therefore, it can be deduced that there is another driving force to cause inclusion transformation during heat treatment including chemical reactions between Cr and inclusions.
Ostwald ripening is a very common phenomenon for the secondary phase growth during heat treatment. It is characterized by that the smaller inclusions dissolve, and the larger inclusions grow by absorbing the smaller inclusions during heat treatment. The present observations, such as inclusion size and their population density evolution as shown in Figure 5 and some SEM-mapping images in Figures 6 and 7, accord with the features of Ostwald ripening very well. Therefore, the evolutions of some inclusions during heat treatment mainly follow the rule of Ostwald ripening rather than the chemical reactions.
According the classical Ostwald ripening [26], the interface energy generates with the secondary phase precipitating during heat treatment, and total interface energy would generate when the inclusion with a smaller radius. The driving force of Ostwald ripening is the difference of interface energy between steel matrix and smaller size inclusion and between matrix and larger size inclusion.
In summary, according to the experimental observation and thermodynamic analysis, there are three steps for inclusion evolution during the heat treatment process as schematically shown in Figure 9:  Three steps always take place simultaneously during the heat treatment process, in particular the later two steps are even likely to occur on the same one inclusion. Thus, it is difficult to distinguish quantitively, for which the step is the dominant mechanism for inclusion evolution during the heat treatment process, which is needed further investigated. But as shown in Figure 3, average MnO contents increase or keep almost unchanged which is, obviously, not the effects of the chemical reactions, thus it could conclude that the Ostwald ripening play a very important role on the inclusion modification during heat treatment process.

Conclusions
Transformations of two common types of nonmetallic inclusion in 304 stainless steel, smelted by high basicity refining slag and low basicity slag, respectively, were investigated in laboratory-scale furnace at 1250 °C. The following conclusions were obtained.
Firstly, the slag system with high basicity of LF results in the formation of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 inclusions with a high melting point. Moreover, MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 inclusions are mainly formed under slag with low basicity, which are almost in the liquid phase at the heat treatment temperature before rolling.
Secondly, inclusion population density increases at the first stage and then decreases, and their average size firstly decreases and then increases due to a large number of Cr2O3-MnO particles precipitating and their growth during heat treatment process.
Thirdly, there is almost no Cr2O3 before the heat treatment, but Cr2O3 precipitates gradually increase along with the heat treatment process. The increasing rate of Cr2O3 content in MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 inclusion is much higher due to its low melting point. The increasing of Cr2O3 content in the inclusion would increase their melting points and lower their plasticities.
Finally, both experimental results and thermodynamic analysis show that there are three steps for inclusion evolution during the heat treatment process: (1) many small size MnO-Cr2O3 spinel particles precipitate and grow; (2) Chemical reactions between Cr and CaO/MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 inclusion; (3) by Ostwald ripening, namely CaO/MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 inclusions and MnO-Cr2O3 inclusions grow by absorbing smaller MnO-Cr2O3 particles. Ostwald ripening plays an important role on inclusion evolution during the soaking process.  Three steps always take place simultaneously during the heat treatment process, in particular the later two steps are even likely to occur on the same one inclusion. Thus, it is difficult to distinguish quantitively, for which the step is the dominant mechanism for inclusion evolution during the heat treatment process, which is needed further investigated. But as shown in Figure 3, average MnO contents increase or keep almost unchanged which is, obviously, not the effects of the chemical reactions, thus it could conclude that the Ostwald ripening play a very important role on the inclusion modification during heat treatment process.

Conclusions
Transformations of two common types of nonmetallic inclusion in 304 stainless steel, smelted by high basicity refining slag and low basicity slag, respectively, were investigated in laboratory-scale furnace at 1250 • C. The following conclusions were obtained.
Firstly, the slag system with high basicity of LF results in the formation of CaO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 inclusions with a high melting point. Moreover, MnO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 inclusions are mainly formed under slag with low basicity, which are almost in the liquid phase at the heat treatment temperature before rolling.
Secondly, inclusion population density increases at the first stage and then decreases, and their average size firstly decreases and then increases due to a large number of Cr 2 O 3 -MnO particles precipitating and their growth during heat treatment process.
Thirdly, there is almost no Cr 2 O 3 before the heat treatment, but Cr 2 O 3 precipitates gradually increase along with the heat treatment process. The increasing rate of Cr 2 O 3 content in MnO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 inclusion is much higher due to its low melting point. The increasing of Cr 2 O 3 content in the inclusion would increase their melting points and lower their plasticities.
Finally, both experimental results and thermodynamic analysis show that there are three steps for inclusion evolution during the heat treatment process: (1) many small size MnO-Cr 2 O 3 spinel particles precipitate and grow;