Synthesis and Characterization of LiFePO4–PANI Hybrid Material as Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

This work focuses on the synthesis of LiFePO4–PANI hybrid materials and studies their electrochemical properties (capacity, cyclability and rate capability) for use in lithium ion batteries. PANI synthesis and optimization was carried out by chemical oxidation (self-assembly process), using ammonium persulfate (APS) and H3PO4, obtaining a material with a high degree of crystallinity. For the synthesis of the LiFePO4–PANI hybrid, a thermal treatment of LiFePO4 particles was carried out in a furnace with polyaniline (PANI) and lithium acetate (AcOLi)-coated particles, using Ar/H2 atmosphere. The pristine and synthetized powders were characterized by XRD, SEM, IR and TGA. The electrochemical characterizations were carried out by using CV, EIS and galvanostatic methods, obtaining a capacity of 95 mAhg−1 for PANI, 120 mAhg−1 for LiFePO4 and 145 mAhg−1 for LiFePO4–PANI, at a charge/discharge rate of 0.1 C. At a charge/discharge rate of 2 C, the capacities were 70 mAhg−1 for LiFePO4 and 100 mAhg−1 for LiFePO4–PANI, showing that the PANI also had a favorable effect on the rate capability.


Introduction
Since Sony developed and commercialized the first lithium-ion batteries based on LiCoO 2 in 1990, new materials and different applications have driven research and development. One direction has been in the development of materials with improved electrochemical properties (specific energy, energy density, rate capability and cyclability) for hybrid and electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Materials that have been extensively studied include inorganic materials such as LiFePO 4 [1,2] and LiMn 2 O 4 [3,4]; organic materials such as Li 4 C 6 O 6 , quinones and anthraquinones [5]; polyaniline (PANI); and others. LiFePO 4 has two main disadvantages: low electronic conductivity and slow Li-ion diffusion due to its 1D channel for Li extraction. Efforts have been made to improve the electrochemical performance by carbon coating [6], cation doping [7,8] or minimizing the particle size [9,10]. Carbon coating is a common method to enhance the electronic conductivity of LiFePO 4 . The carbon is electrochemically inactive, but its incorporation in a LiFePO 4 electrode can influence the capacity and cyclability. Substituting the inactive carbon black and binder typically present in composite electrodes with an electrochemically active polymer like polypyrrole (PPy) or polyaniline (PANI) has been proposed [11][12][13][14][15][16][17], to enhance the electrochemical performance. PANI is a promising conducting polymer due to its facile synthesis, environmental stability and tunable physical and electrochemical properties controlled by oxidation and protonation [18]. PANI is electrochemically active in the range of 2.0−3.8 V, which overlaps with the redox couple of LiFePO 4 . Hybrid electrodes for lithium-ion batteries incorporating PANI with LiMn 2 O 4 [19], MnO 2 [20], V 2 O 5 [21] and Li(Mn 1/3 Ni 1/3 Fe 1/3 )O 2 [22] have been reported. PANI shows compatible polarity with the electrolyte via the formation of H bonds. PANI can mediate the polarity difference between the cathode particles and the electrolyte, promoting electrolyte permeation into the surface of the active particles and hence enhancing Li-ion extraction/insertion during a charge/discharge process. Incorporating LiFePO 4 with conductive PANI is thereby an attractive route to improve both electronic conductivity and Li-ion diffusion. The capacity of PANI is usually higher than that of PPy or PT, but depends on doping [23]. Various dopants have been used to improve the physical and chemical properties of PANI. Among them, salts such as LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 and Zn(ClO 4 ) 2 have received much attention, and their application in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries has been extensively studied [24].
In general, PANI and LiFePO 4 -PANI are synthesized via oxidative polymerization in acidic media. For the synthesis of PANI, various oxidants, such as ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) [25], hydrogen peroxide [26], ferric chloride [18] and ferric sulfate [27], have been used. With APS as the oxidant, PANI can be successfully doped with inorganic acid (e.g., HCl, H 2 SO 4 and H 3 PO 4 ) [28] or organic acid (e.g., dicarboxylic acid) [18]. The most common method for the synthesis of LiFePO 4 -PANI is the shelf-assembly process, PANI is incorporated with LiFePO 4 particles through simultaneous chemical polymerization with APS as the oxidizer, and aniline and an inorganic acid as dopants [12].
The overall chemical and electrochemical properties can be improved with advanced hybrid materials combining inorganic and organic materials. For the design of this type of hybrid material, the interactions between the inorganic and organic parts are key (supramolecular chemistry); this opens up an immense number of possibilities for different combinations [29].
This work is focused on the synthesis, structural characterization and electrochemical characterization of LiFePO 4 -PANI as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. PANI was prepared via a self-assembly process, commercial LiFePO 4 was used and a LiFePO 4 -PANI hybrid material was synthetized by a solid-state reaction. The main challenge in the synthesis of LiFePO 4 -PANI via self-assembly process is LiFePO 4 dissolution by the acid (e.g., HCl, H 2 SO 4 and H 3 PO 4 ) and oxidation of the LiFePO 4 to FePO 4 by APS, resulting in low reaction yields. The method used for the synthesis of LiFePO 4 -PANI in this study does not use APS and acids, which is advantageous in terms of reaction yield. PANI and AcOLi were simultaneously incorporated with LiFePO 4 particles through a thermal treatment. Additionally, the method incorporates Li-ions in the PANI structure as dopants. XRD, FTIR and TG were used for the characterization of LiFePO 4 , PANI and LiFePO 4 -PANI, and the surface morphology was studied by using SEM. The electrochemical behavior and discharge/charge performance were investigated by EIS, CV and charge/discharge processes. Rate capability and cyclability were measured for the LiFePO 4 -PANI and showed improvement when compared to the pure materials.

Materials Synthesis of PANI
First, 25 mmol of ammonium persulfate (APS) (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MS, USA) was dissolved in 50 mL of distilled water. Then, 20 mmol of aniline was dissolved in 50 mL of 1M of H 3 PO 4 (ACS reagent, ≥85 wt%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MS, USA) in aqueous media. Both solutions were prepared at room temperature. The APS solution was added to the solution containing the aniline. The mixture was magnetically stirred for 1 h, at 5 • C. The dark blue precipitate of emeraldine base (EB) was collected by filtration and washed 5 times with distilled water and 5 times with ethanol and dried under vacuum, at 60 • C, for 8 h.

Synthesis of LiFePO 4 -PANI
The synthesis of LiFePO 4 -PANI with~25% polyaniline was carried out by using 0.75 g of commercial LiFePO 4 (Phostech Lithium Inc., St-Bruno-de-Montarville, Quebec, Canada, coated with 2% of C), 0.25 g of synthetized PANI (i.e., EB) and 0.1675 g of lithium acetate (AcOLi) (99.95%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MS, USA). The amounts of the compounds were mixed in a mortar for 0.5 h. After that, the mixture was transferred to a crucible and thermally treated at 300 • C, for 1 h, in an Ar/H 2 (90/10) atmosphere. A black powder was obtained with a weight yield of 99.98%.

Structural Characterization
The LiFePO 4 -PANI was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), using an X'Pert3 PANalytical diffractometer with a scan rate of 0.02 • /s, by Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å, 45 kV, 20 mA). X'pert Highscore software (PANalytical. B. V, Lelyweg, the Netherlands) was used for the identification of the phases. The morphologies of the samples were determined by S-4800 series field-emission high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), equipped with an EDS detector (Oxford Instruments, Abingdon, UK). The powder samples were mounted in the sample holder and sputtered with a thin layer of Pt/Pd. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was done on a Spectrum 100 spectrometer (Perkin Elmer), in the wavelength range of 4000-400 cm −1 , with a resolution of 1 cm −1 . Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (LABSYS evo STA 1150, SETARAM Instrumentation, Caluire-et-Cuire, France) was carried out on 20 mg of specimen, from room temperature to 800 • C, with a heating rate of 2 • C/min.

Electrode Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization
The active cathode material was made by preparing an 80:10:10 mixture of active material (LFP-PANI), conducting agent (Super P) and binder (PVDF), respectively. The components of the mixture were weighed and subsequently ground for 15 min. Then N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added as solvent, and the mixture was magnetically stirred for 1 h. The electrodes were tape-casted by a doctor blade process on an Al foil with a slit height of 100 µm. The electrochemical testing was done in a bottom-type test cell of 0.9 cm 2 active area, using metallic Li as the counter and reference electrode, Celgard (2325) as separator and a solution of 1 M LiPF 6 dissolved in EC-DMC (1:1 vol) as electrolyte. The test cells were subjected to charge-discharge processes at a rate of 0.1 C between 2.5 and 4.2 V vs. Li + /Li 0 and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement in the frequency range between 100 kHz and 0.1 Hz, with an AC voltage amplitude of 10 mV, using a Gamry potentiostat 600.

Synthesis of PANI and LiFePO 4 -PANI
The synthesis of PANI was performed by chemical oxidation of aniline with APS; the reaction is shown in Figure 1. The addition of aniline to the solution of H 3 PO 4 leads to the formation of protonated C 6 H 5 NH 3 − , which is more soluble in water compared to aniline and reacts with the APS, initiating the polymerization. A possible reaction mechanism for this is shown in Supplementary Materials Figure S1. After the addition of the APS solution, the onset of the polymerization reaction was marked by a green coloration due to the formation of a chemical species of the polyaniline called ES (emeraldine salt). Later, the color changed to blue due to the formation of the chemical species EB (emeraldine base); this change was controlled by the H + concentration (pH). The structures of these species are shown in Figure 2. The reaction between LiFePO 4 , PANI and AcOLi starts during mixing, noted by a characteristic smell of acetic acid and a change in the color of the PANI from blue to green. The observed change of color was attributed to the reaction in Figure 3. EB and protonated ES in the PANI structure can be lithiated by reaction with AcOLi, forming (in both cases) lithiated ES. During thermal treatment at 300 • C for 1 h in an inert atmosphere of Ar/H 2 , the AcOH is removed by evaporation.
The synthesis of the LiFePO 4 -PANI was carried out at 300 • C. During the thermal treatment, the PANI was converted by a chemical reaction between two chains of PANI [15], as shown in Figure 4.

PXRD Characterizations of LiFePO 4 , PANI and LiFePO 4 -PANI
The dark blue PANI powder was characterized by PXRD. The diffraction patterns of the product and the starting powders are shown in Figure 5. The diffraction pattern shows a higher crystallinity of the pure PANI than normally reported. In general, the crystallinity of PANI depends of the methods of synthesis and dopants [30,31]. The diffraction planes (011) correspond to the orientation parallel to the polymer chain. The planes (100) correspond to the parallel and perpendicular periodicity of the polymer chain. The planes (200) correspond to the periodicity perpendicular along the chain [11]. The XRD diffraction pattern of the LiFePO 4 -PANI composite shows diffraction peaks corresponding to group Pnmb for LiFePO 4 . A low amount of phase impurity is detected as Li 2 SO 4 (01-075-0929) and Li 3 PO 4 (01-071-1528). These impurities originate from the reaction between Li + from the AcOLi and HSO 4 − and H 2 PO 4 − in the structure of PANI. A proposed reaction for the formation of Li 2 SO 4 and Li 3 PO 4 is shown in Figure 6. The diffraction pattern of PANI in the composite material is not visible, due the lower relative intensity of its diffraction peaks compared to LiFePO 4 . This decreased intensity is due to the small amount and possibly also lesser crystallinity of the PANI deposited on the particles. In Figure 7b, a distribution of LFP particle size can be seen with an estimated average diameter of 300 nm. The LFP-PANI particles have an estimated average diameter of 180 nm, as seen in Figure 7c. The particles were split via milling and stirring in a mortar before the thermal treatment and were homogeneously coated by PANI. This is an advantage for the diffusion of electrolyte and Li + into the active particles and leads to a good rate capability of the material [12].
The particle size and shape of the LiFePO 4 -PANI composite particles are similar to LiFePO 4 particles, but the surfaces morphologies are different. Figure 7c shows the expected coating on the composite LiFePO 4 particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging coupled with EDS mapping provides a qualitative and semiquantitative elemental analysis of the LiFePO 4 -PANI powder and is presented in Figure 8.
There is good correlation between the PXRD and the experimental EDS (Figure 9), showing the presence of C, N, P, S and Fe. The maps of N, S and C indicate homogenous distribution of PANI on the LiFePO 4 particles. However, some flakes of PANI extending from the particle surfaces can also be observed. The mapping of S shows a low concentration attributed to a small amount of Li 2 SO 4 . The EDS spectrum of the synthesized PANI is shown in Supplementary Materials Figure S3.  There is good correlation between the PXRD and the experimental EDS (Figure 9), showing the presence of C, N, P, S and Fe. The maps of N, S and C indicate homogenous distribution of PANI on the LiFePO4 particles. However, some flakes of PANI extending from the particle surfaces can also be observed. The mapping of S shows a low concentration attributed to a small amount of Li2SO4. The EDS spectrum of the synthesized PANI is shown in Supplementary Materials Figure S3.

FT-Infrared Spectroscopy
The IR spectrum of LiFePO4 in Figure 10 shows four fundamental modes; the bands around 1136, 1092, 1058 and 977 cm −1 correspond to the P-O antisymmetric stretching vibration of the olivine phosphate groups [32,33]. The bands around 647 and 632 cm −1 correspond to the O-P-O symmetric

FT-Infrared Spectroscopy
The IR spectrum of LiFePO 4 in Figure 10 shows four fundamental modes; the bands around 1136, 1092, 1058 and 977 cm −1 correspond to the P-O antisymmetric stretching vibration of the olivine phosphate groups [32,33]. The bands around 647 and 632 cm −1 correspond to the O-P-O symmetric and anti-symmetric stretching vibrations [34]. The IR spectrum of PANI (Supplementary Materials Figure S4) shows the presence of a broad band around 1050 cm −1 , which is known as an "electronic band" being associated with the doped form of polyaniline, specifically the vibration mode of the -NH + = structures [35]. The spectra also show characteristic peaks at about 1575 cm −1 for C = N stretching mode of the quinonoid rings (quinoid unit, Figure 11), 1486 cm −1 for C = C stretching mode of benzenoid rings (benzoid unit, Figure 10) and 1299 cm −1 for C-N stretching mode. The vibrational bands at about 1144 and 708 cm −1 are assigned to the aromatic ring in-plane and out-of-plane C-H bending [36,37]. The peak at 796 cm −1 is assigned to N-H wag vibration, characteristic of primary and secondary amines only. The peak at 3229 cm −1 is assigned to N-H stretching vibration, which is present in the case of PANI-EB. The structure of PANI is generally represented by the following structure, where X = 0.5 for the polyemeraldine salt: The vibration mode at 1136 cm −1 associated with -NH + = structures of polyaniline is overlapped with the P-O vibration. The peak changes compared to polyaniline from 1299 to 1307 cm −1 for the C-N stretching, 1575 to 1592 cm −1 for the C = N stretching mode of the quinonoid rings and 1486 to 1505 cm −1 for the C = C stretching mode of benzenoid rings reveal that the polyaniline in the LiFePO 4 -PANI has more quinoid units than the PANI. This is probably because the chain of PANI deposited on the surface of the particles of LiFePO 4 has a greater conjugation.
The peaks at 796 cm −1 assigned to N-H wag vibration and at 3229 cm −1 assigned to N-H stretching vibration are not present. This is attributed to chemical interaction by the hydrogen bond N-H-O-P. The changes in the vibration values in the LiFePO 4 -PANI compared with LiFePO 4 and PANI separately are attributed to chemical interaction by hydrogen bonds between the electronic clouds of PANI and LiFePO 4 , which produce polarization and change in the dipolar moment.
The R value was calculated in order to find the ratio of the quinoid and benzenoid units (C = N/C-N). The ratio is directly related to the oxidation state of the PANI polymer. The value can be obtained by taking the ratio of the areas of the IR bands at~1300 and~1590 cm −1 in Figure 11. The ratio R is calculated on the basis of Equation (1)  The IR spectrum of LiFePO4-PANI shows peak shifts in the broad bands (LiFePO4 band to LiFePO4-PANI band); 1092 to 1194, 1058 to 1031 and 977 to 983 cm −1 correspond to the P-O antisymmetric stretching vibration compared to LiFePO4. This is probably due to hydrogen bonding (P-O---H-N) between LiFePO4 and PANI. The O-P-O symmetric and anti-symmetric stretching vibrations at 632 cm −1 and the band at 647 cm 1

related to P vibration remain unchanged. A new peak appears at 610 cm −1 , attributed to the vibration of O---H in the interaction O-P-O---H-N.
The vibration mode at 1136 cm −1 associated with -NH + = structures of polyaniline is overlapped with the P-O vibration. The peak changes compared to polyaniline from 1299 to 1307 cm −1 for the C-N stretching, 1575 to 1592 cm −1 for the C = N stretching mode of the quinonoid rings and 1486 to 1505 cm −1 for the C = C stretching mode of benzenoid rings reveal that the polyaniline in the LiFePO4-PANI has more quinoid units than the PANI. This is probably because the chain of PANI deposited on the surface of the particles of LiFePO4 has a greater conjugation.
The peaks at 796 cm −1 assigned to N-H wag vibration and at 3229 cm −1 assigned to N-H stretching vibration are not present. This is attributed to chemical interaction by the hydrogen bond N-H--O-P. The changes in the vibration values in the LiFePO4-PANI compared with LiFePO4 and PANI separately are attributed to chemical interaction by hydrogen bonds between the electronic clouds of PANI and LiFePO4, which produce polarization and change in the dipolar moment.
The R value was calculated in order to find the ratio of the quinoid and benzenoid units (C = N/C-N). The ratio is directly related to the oxidation state of the PANI polymer. The value can be obtained by taking the ratio of the areas of the IR bands at ~1300 and ~1590 cm −1 in Figure 11. The ratio R is calculated on the basis of Equation (1) [37]: The values based on the areas determined from the FTIR data are R = 0.462 for PANI and R = 0.500 for LiFePO4-PANI, respectively. When the ratio of the areas of the two bands is less than one, this indicates that there are more benzoid than quinoid units within the PANI polymer. Therefore, the structure of PANI and LiFePO4-PANI doped with AcOLi can be represented as shown in Figure  12. (1) The values based on the areas determined from the FTIR data are R = 0.462 for PANI and R = 0.500 for LiFePO 4 -PANI, respectively. When the ratio of the areas of the two bands is less than one, this indicates that there are more benzoid than quinoid units within the PANI polymer. Therefore, the structure of PANI and LiFePO 4 -PANI doped with AcOLi can be represented as shown in Figure 12. The ratio between quinoid and benzoid units in the PANI and LiFePO 4 -PANI are similar. This indicates that the thermal treatment does not produce significant changes in the structure of the PANI. A possible structure and the interaction between the LiFePO 4 and PANI are shown in Figure 13. Possible interactions present in the structure are hydrogen bonds, ion-ion, oxygen lone pair-π and ion-π. These interactions are weak and indicate the possibility of interaction and formation of a small amount of crosslinked PANI during the thermal treatment. A possible structure for PANI is shown in Supplementary Materials Figure S5.

Thermogravimetric Analysis
The TGA measurements of the PANI and LiFePO 4 -PANI powders were carried out in air atmosphere, and the TGA curves are shown in Figure 14. The mass loss from room temperature to 150 • C is due to the elimination of small amounts of water absorbed in the LiFePO 4 -PANI and PANI. The pristine PANI has a greater mass loss in this temperature interval and, thus, higher water content than the hybrid powder. This can be explained by the heat treatment at 300 • C in inert atmosphere during the synthesis, which dried the hybrid powder. The pristine PANI is completely decomposed between 150 and 600 • C. The PANI in LiFePO 4 -PANI is decomposed at 500 • C. LiFePO 4 is still stable up to 850 • C, and the residual mass of carbon formed by decomposition of the polymer can be ignored. Thus, the mass content of the polymer can be calculated from the mass loss of the composite in the TGA curve. This calculated mass content of PANI in the LiFePO 4 -PANI composites is 25%, which corresponds well to the precursor weights in the synthesis step. Possible decomposition reactions are shown in Supplementary Materials Figures S6 and S7.

Electrochemical Characterization
The LiFePO 4 -PANI composites were electrochemically tested in a button-type test cell by charging and discharging at room temperature over 50 cycles, at a rate of 0.1 C. Figure 15   The cell voltage as a function of specific capacity for LiFePO 4 -PANI composites tested at 2.4-4.2 V is shown in Figure 16. The inserted number of Li-ions determines the specific capacity of the materials, and the occupation sites of Li-ions control the electrochemical potential. LiFePO 4 -PANI materials have one equivalent site in LiFePO 4 , which suggests the same site energy for each Li-ion, resulting in a single continuous discharge plateau and a constant cell voltage. Supplementary Materials Figure S10 shows the charge and discharge profiles at 0.1 C as a function of time. From Figure 17, the specific discharge capacity of LiFePO 4 -PANI at 0.1 C is 145 mAh g −1 , and the corresponding result for pure LiFePO 4 is 120 mAh g −1 . The theoretical capacity of PANI is 142 mAh g 1 , and that of LiFePO 4 is 170 mAh g −1 . The coulombic efficiency of the LiFePO 4 -PANI reaches 98%. The LiFePO 4 -PANI composite with 25 wt.% PANI exhibits a superior performance with a specific capacity of 145 mAh g −1 , compared to 120 mAh g −1 for pure LiFePO 4 and 95 mAh g −1 for pure PANI, as shown in Figure 17. This can be, in part, ascribed to the improved electrical conductivity of LiFePO 4 by its interaction with the PANI structure. The charge-discharge and cell voltage curves of the PANI are shown in Supplementary Materials Figures S8 and S9. PANI, LiFePO 4 and LiFePO 4 -PANI cycled at different C-rates are compared in Figure 18.
The LiFePO 4 -PANI shows the best rate capability with discharge capacities of 145 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C and 100 mAh g 1 at 2 C. This means that incorporation of PANI on the surface of the particles of LiFePO 4 results in 21% capacity enhancement at 0.1 C and 45% enhancement at 2 C. The enhanced rate capability is attributed to the improved electrical and ionic conductivity and Li + diffusion promoted by PANI at the surface of the LiFePO 4 particles.  The high frequency real axis-intercept, R 1 in Table 1, represents the ionic bulk resistance and the electrical contact resistance, and the semicircle formed from the middle frequency range of the impedance spectra represents the charge transfer resistance, R ct [38,39]. The smaller diameter of the LiFePO 4 -PANI semicircle shows a lower charge transfer resistance (R ct ) for the composite electrode, as shown in Table 1. This indicates that the LiFePO 4 coated or combined with conductive PANI can effectively improve the charge transfer and the electrochemical properties of LiFePO 4 particles. The results can be correlated with Figure 20, which shows the different processes in the proposed structure. The PANI also reduces the contact resistance by increasing the contact area between LiFePO 4 particles and the current collector. Figure 20 shows the electrochemical reaction of LiFePO 4 and the scheme of the LiFePO 4 -PANI charging process. In the charge transfer process, the electron first moves through the molecular orbital network in the LiFePO 4 . After that, the electron is transferred to the PANI chain and moves through the polymer chain to the current collector. The Li + moves through the network of the LiFePO 4 structure and the PANI structure to the electrolyte. A qualitative structure of the LiFePO 4 -PANI is shown in Figure 21. The surface LiFePO 4 particles are coated with PANI. The electrochemical results of the LiFePO 4 -PANI reported in this study are similar to those of other works [12,[40][41][42][43][44]. The specific capacity of LiFePO 4 -PANI depends of the methods of the synthesis, dopants in PANI and the electrochemical properties of the LiFePO 4 . All the works show an enhancement of the specific capacity at lower C-rates.

Conclusions
PANI was synthesized by chemical oxidation with good crystallinity, with primary particle size of 0.31 um and globular morphology forming agglomerates of 2.75 um. A LiFePO 4 -PANI composite was prepared via a thermal process, using LiFePO 4 , PANI and AcOLi. The morphologies of the LiFePO 4 -PANI and LiFePO 4 particles are similar, but the PANI coating on the LiFePO 4 particles gives a different surface structure in the composite. This is supported by elemental mapping, which shows a homogeneous distribution of carbon and sulfur in PANI on the surface of LiFePO 4 particles.
The composite electrodes show good capacity, rate capability and cyclability. The composite containing 25 wt.% PANI shows better electrochemical performance compared with pure PANI and pure LiFePO 4 . The discharge capacity of PANI is 95 mAh g −1 , that of LiFePO 4 is 120 mAh g −1 and that of synthesized LiFePO 4 -PANI is 145 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C. At 2 C, the discharge capacity is 70 mAh g −1 for LiFePO 4 and 100 mAh g −1 for LiFePO 4 -PANI. The PANI can be considered as a conductor for the electronic transfer between the LiFePO 4 particles, but it also improves the contact between the electrolyte and LiFePO 4 particles during the charge/discharge process. The PANI can also act as a host for Li + ion insertion-extraction and gives an additional contribution to the capacity of the composite. PANI can also serve as a binder network between LiFePO 4 particles and the current collector surface.
Prime Novelty Statement: In this work, we developed a new route to synthesize a LiFePO 4 -PANI hybrid via thermal treatment, using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ), polyaniline (PANI) and lithium acetate (AcOLi) as starting materials. The synthesis process has a high yield (99.99%). The structural, morphological and compositional properties of the LiFePO 4 -PANI hybrid are characterized. Using the LiFePO 4 -PANI hybrid as electrode materials for lithium-ion battery application, good electrochemical performance was obtained, showing a discharge capability of 145 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C, 120 mAh g −1 at 1C and 100 mAh g −1 at 2 C, and cycling stability with 99.0% capacity retention at 0.1 C after 50 cycles. These initial research results are very interesting, and the technology developed in this work will provide a valuable approach to new potential cathode materials.

Supplementary Materials:
The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/12/2834/s1. Figure S1: Mechanism of aniline polymerization in the synthesis PANI. Figure S2: Morphology of PANI, a, upper) illustration of primary particles and agglomerates, b, lower) SEM images of the synthesized PANI agglomerates and enlargement showing the globular morphology. Figure S3: EDS spectrum of the PANI. Figure S4. FTIR spectra for PANI. Figure S5. Possible structure of the PANI and its interactions. Figure S6. Possible qualitative reactions of the decomposition of the PANI during the TG analysis. Figure S7. Possible qualitative reactions of the decomposition of the LiFePO 4 -PANI during the TG analysis. Figure S8. Electrochemical performance of PANI: cycling performance profiles. Figure S9. Electrochemical performance of PANI: galvanostatic discharge-charge profiles. Figure S10. Cell voltage as a function of time at different cycles obtained by charging and discharging at same rate for the LiFePO 4 -PANI. The data were obtained by charging and discharging at 0.1 C.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation and formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing-Original draft preparation, and visualization, C.A.; methodology and investigation, N.L.; methodology, M.V.; writing-Review and supervision, G.L., A.L. and S.C.; project administration, G.L. and S.C.; funding acquisition, G.L. and S.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.