Online Multiphase Flow Measurement of Crude Oil Properties Using Nuclear (Proton) Magnetic Resonance Automated Measurement Complex for Energy Safety at Smart Oil Deposits

: The necessity of a ﬂow express control of oil dispersed system (ODS) properties, such as crude oil, oil products, water–oil emulsions, and polluted waters, is substantiated. This control is necessary for the production and preparation of oil for transportation through the pipeline and oil reﬁning, oil products, and wastewater treatment systems. A developed automatic measuring complex (AMC) is used to implement the concept of digital oil deposits. The primary measuring device is a relaxometer developed by us based on nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance (PMR). The design and operation algorithm of the AMC and the relaxometer are described. Equations have been developed to determine the ODS characteristics using the measured PMR parameters. This makes it possible to determine the ﬂow rates of crude oil, the concentration of water in the oil, the concentration of asphaltene, resins, and parafﬁns in the oil, as well as the density, viscosity, and molecular weight of the oil. Additionally, it is possible to determine the dispersed distribution of water droplets in emulsions in oil production and treatment units. Data on this distribution will improve the management of separation processes. It has been established that the implemented control of multiphase ODS using PMR parameters (relaxation times, populations of proton phases, and amplitudes of spin-echo signals) makes it possible, using AMC, to assess the consumption of electricity in technological processes at the digital oil deposits, as well as during the transportation of oil and oil products through pipelines. AMC makes it possible to reduce electrical energy consumption in technological installations and reduce pollution emissions into wastewater. The advantages of using the developed AMC are shown in examples of its application. Such as an assessment of the inﬂuence of the gas factor on electricity consumption during oil transportation through pipelines or compensation for the additional moment of resistance on the shaft of the submersible motor, which is caused by surface tension forces at the interface of water droplets in the emulsion.


Introduction
One of the critical factors in oil production and refining is cost reduction [1][2][3][4][5][6].Another important area in the oil and gas sector is to reduce the negative impact on the environment at various stages of oil production, processing, and transportation [7][8][9][10][11].Implementing projects based on the formation of digital smart fields (DSFs) fits into managing oil production, preparation, and pumping through pipelines [12][13][14].The main elements of DSFs in the oil and gas complex are automatic measuring complexes (AMC).Their use on various DSFs increases production by up to 10-25% and reduces electrical energy consumption by up to 8% [15,16].The latter is extremely important, especially when using autonomous power stations [17][18][19].Digital automation of old oil and gas fields provides an opportunity to convert them into new stages of exploitation [20,21].It is necessary since the last cycles of field operation are characterized by an increase in high-viscosity, high-water (up to >95%) oil with high concentrations of asphaltene, resins, and paraffins.In this situation, it is necessary to constantly monitor the state of the media and control technological processes and the operation of various installations.For example, in the Romashkinskoye field of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation), there are only 15,000 wells in the final stages, producing oil with an average water content of 87%.Electric energy consumption for the maintenance of these wells has increased by 48% over the past three years.In addition, there is an increase in the concentration of asphaltene-resins-paraffins (ARP) deposits in the oil produced at these fields.This increases the viscosity of the pumped mixture and ARP deposits on the tubing of wells and pipelines, leading to equipment decommissioning.These problems arise not only in heavy oil fields in the Russian Federation, but they are also present in oil production on the artic shelf, on offshore drilling platforms in the northern part of the globe, as well as in the northern regions of the United States (Alaska) and the Channels [22][23][24][25][26] and in the operation of oil wells in the southern part of Patagonia (Argentina).
To solve these problems, it is necessary to introduce new methods and instruments to control the properties of ODS and their flow rates in pipelines under changed difficult conditions.An analysis of various studies and authors' work experience has shown that for a comprehensive solution to the problems noted, it is necessary to control the following parameters in ODS in real time.These are the concentrations of water and ARP, the viscosity and molecular weight of oil, the pour point, and the dispersed distribution of water droplets in emulsions, crude oil, and salt-contaminated waters.In addition, when extracting heavy oil grades, it is necessary to use centrifugal pumps.When changing the composition in the ODS, a problem arises associated with measuring the moment of resistance M C on the shaft of the submersible pump motor, caused by the need to overcome surface tension forces at the interface between water drops and oil in a water-oil emulsion; the presence of water W and gas factor G, increased viscosity η and density ρ.This leads to a change in flow rates during well operation to an increase in electrical energy consumption.The availability of data on the ODS parameters and the G value allows for optimizing the production process and removing the unnecessary load from the equipment.
Many technologies and devices have been developed to measure these parameters, which have advantages and disadvantages [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37].Combining them into a single system up to a certain point allows you to successfully solve the problems noted until the quality of the ODS deteriorates significantly.This increases the measurement error in these devices and the wear of the measuring sensors.Therefore, in the world, preference for measurements under these conditions is given to non-contact devices [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47].There are many of these devices to ensure the measurement of all the noted parameters, which creates difficulties with their integration into a single system at the drilling rig, as well as the economic feasibility of use (cost, the need for maintenance by various companies).Therefore, it is most expedient to use methods and devices based on them, which would be less affected by these factors.
The non-contact, non-destructive, and express nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance method has such possibilities.This method is actively used in various systems for express control of condensed matter [48][49][50][51][52].Despite a large number of developments and studies, its possibilities have not yet been fully disclosed, especially in the field of advanced petroleum engineering technologies [53][54][55].The wide possibilities of a variety of PMR relaxometry (PMRR) in the control of ODS were demonstrated in [56][57][58], and it was found that PMRR is unique for the express control of oil emulsions [59].The unique properties of the PMRR approach are associated with the possibility of quantum mechanical analysis of the chemical and physical properties of substances at different structural levels as a single complex.Based on several fundamental PMR parameters, the dynamics of molecules, phase compositions, and diffusion processes in oil and oil aggregates can be studied [55].
To control the three-component ODS of liquids in a flow, the authors of [60] studied the influence of a flowing liquid on PMR signals, determined the possibilities for measuring the distribution of flow velocities, and developed a method and instrument for studying them.
A feature of the PMRR method is that it allows for information to be obtained about the relaxation parameters of protons in their three phases i = A, B, C in ODS (in particular, in emulsions): spin-lattice T 1i and spin-spin T 2i relaxation times characterizing the proton groups with different molecular mobility in two fractions of oil; the populations of the proton phases P 1i and P 2i corresponding to these times; and interproton distances R ij .The method practically does not require sample preparation and reagents, and multiple accumulations of signals minimize error values during measurements and when using calibration curves built using standard samples with high correlation coefficients R 2 and with minimal deviations [56][57][58][59][61][62][63][64][65][66][67].
In their work, the authors of the proposed AMC tried to realize all the advantages of this method, as well as consider the advantages of several studies by scientists in the development of laboratory relaxometers and analyzers for multiphase flow measurements [60][61][62].Particular attention was paid to the methodology for determining the ODS flow in a pipeline in real time, considering previous studies [64,[68][69][70][71][72][73].Electromagnetic and Coriolis flowmeters [74][75][76][77][78] currently used to determine the ODS flow cannot provide factory measurement accuracy with deterioration in oil quality.In addition, it is planned to implement the function of ecological monitoring of flowing liquids in the developed AMC [79][80][81][82][83].

Methodology and Apparatus for Monitoring of the Oil Disperse Systems
Currently, monitoring the quality of ODS in real time is difficult due to high pressures, temperatures, distributions of different flows, and phase separations in pipelines.In this case, it is necessary to use non-contact methods of control.This possibility is provided by a method based on the phenomenon of nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance [10,48,59,60,71,72,78].
To implement the technology of the method, an AMC was developed for automatic flow measurement of ODS properties using PMRR.Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the test bench of the complex.In the AMC, the NMR NP relaxometer [58,59,84] (which has no analogs) is the main module for determining the ODS properties.The relaxometer can be powered by a 12 V battery or the mains.The measurement time is less than 2 min.Its sensitivity is K = ν 2 D 3 = 2700-4150 MHz 2 cm 3 .Using a laptop program, the envelopes of the spin-echo (SE) signals are decomposed into three exponential components to determine the PMR parameters, by which the ODS characteristics are calculated.
Figure 2 shows the electric principle diagram of the sampling system for controlling the sampling from a stream.In the AMC, the NMR NP relaxometer [58,59,84] (which has no analogs) is the main module for determining the ODS properties.The relaxometer can be powered by a 12 V battery or the mains.The measurement time is less than 2 min.Its sensitivity is K = ν 2 D 3 = 2700-4150 MHz 2 cm 3 .Using a laptop program, the envelopes of the spin-echo (SE) signals are decomposed into three exponential components to determine the PMR parameters, by which the ODS characteristics are calculated.
Figure 2 shows the electric principle diagram of the sampling system for controlling the sampling from a stream.The principle of sample sampling is based on the Bernoulli equation, according to which, with a continuous flow, the change in pressure Pi in different sections S of the measuring tank 1 for flow velocity υi is described by the equation: If flow rate Qi = SiυI is constant, then the pressures P1 and P2 in different sections S1 and S2 of the pipe will be connected by the equation: The ATMEGA 8515L microcontroller with the STK500 kit for Atmel AVR flash controllers on the SCKT3000D3 panel automatically controls the sampling systems of the AMC.A sampling of emulsions (a complex multi-component ODS) is carried out in small portions according to the ISO 3171 Code of Practice.The fluid flow entering tank 1 reduces the velocity υ at an increased pressure P (pressure and temperature are controlled by sensors 12 and 13) in proportion to the square root S of the cross section according to Equation (2).Under the action of the pressure difference (PP − PB) between the pipeline (on the bench-between tanks 8 and 1), the pressure PP in the position of the nozzle 2* and P2 in any position 2 in tank 1, all three components (water, oil, and gas) are intensely turbulent are mixed and homogenized in tank 1, and then the sample is delivered through the prepolarizing Halbach magnets 3 with magnetic induction Bo = 0.48 Tl to the measuring radio frequency (RF) coil 4, located between the pole pieces of magnet 5 made of an alloy based on the rare earth element NdFeB-37 with magnetic induction Bo = 0.336 Tl (resonant frequency on protons νo = 14.32 × 10 6 Hz) and field inhomogeneity δBo = 10 −3 in 1 cm 3 .
Due to the coiled sensor coil, the RF field B1 inhomogeneity is less than 2% in 75% of the sample volume.To measure flow rates, the nozzle is located in position 2, for which the dependence of the spin-spin relaxation times T2* in the flow at the maximum steepness The principle of sample sampling is based on the Bernoulli equation, according to which, with a continuous flow, the change in pressure P i in different sections S of the measuring tank 1 for flow velocity υ i is described by the equation: If flow rate Q i = S i υ I is constant, then the pressures P 1 and P 2 in different sections S 1 and S 2 of the pipe will be connected by the equation: The ATMEGA 8515L microcontroller with the STK500 kit for Atmel AVR flash controllers on the SCKT3000D3 panel automatically controls the sampling systems of the AMC.A sampling of emulsions (a complex multi-component ODS) is carried out in small portions according to the ISO 3171 Code of Practice.The fluid flow entering tank 1 reduces the velocity υ at an increased pressure P (pressure and temperature are controlled by sensors 12 and 13) in proportion to the square root √ S of the cross section according to Equation (2).Under the action of the pressure difference (P P − P B ) between the pipeline (on the bench-between tanks 8 and 1), the pressure P P in the position of the nozzle 2* and P 2 in any position 2 in tank 1, all three components (water, oil, and gas) are intensely turbulent are mixed and homogenized in tank 1, and then the sample is delivered through the pre-polarizing Halbach magnets 3 with magnetic induction B o = 0.48 Tl to the measuring radio frequency (RF) coil 4, located between the pole pieces of magnet 5 made of an alloy based on the rare earth element NdFeB-37 with magnetic induction B o = 0.336 Tl (resonant frequency on protons ν o = 14.32 × 10 6 Hz) and field inhomogeneity δB o = 10 −3 in 1 cm 3 .
Due to the coiled sensor coil, the RF field B 1 inhomogeneity is less than 2% in 75% of the sample volume.To measure flow rates, the nozzle is located in position 2, for which the dependence of the spin-spin relaxation times T 2 * in the flow at the maximum steepness of the dependence is pre-calibrated and entered into the laptop database.For measurements of emulsion properties, the nozzle is placed in position 2*, at which the pressure difference (P P − P 2 ) = 0, and thus the liquid in coil 4 is stationary.This eliminates the need for explosion-proof valves.In addition, the branch pipe can be moved with the help of an electric drive 6 controlled by ATMEGA 8515L 11 to any section of tank 1 at a distance from 1 to 150 mm with a step of 5 mm and, accordingly, sampling can be done from any section; it is possible to average over all sections.The movement of the branch pipe connected to the band 16 is controlled by the obturator 13 on the axis with the rotor of the electric drive 6, the rack-wheel 15, the number of rotations of which is counted by photodiodes 14 according to the rotations of the obturator 13 (see Figure 2).In coil 4 of sensor magnet 5, the sample is irradiated with the known Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence 90  1 to 150 mm with a step of 5 mm and, accordingly, sampling can be done from any section; it is possible to average over all sections.The movement of the branch pipe connected to the band 16 is controlled by the obturator 13 on the axis with the rotor of the electric drive 6, the rack-wheel 15, the number of rotations of which is counted by photodiodes 14 according to the rotations of the obturator 13 (see Figure 2).In coil 4 of sensor magnet 5, the sample is irradiated with the known Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence 90° − τo − (180° − 2τo)N − T, where N is the number of 80°-pulses, T = 9 s-series start period, the time between pulses τo = 200 μs.Between 180°-pulses, spin-echo (SE) signals with amplitudes Ai are formed and transmitted via cable to the receiver amplifier of the relaxometer 10 (Figure 3).PMR parameters are generated from measurements with a relaxometer, the electrical circuit shown in Figure 4.The measured liquid is squeezed out of coil 4 by the next portion from tank 1 and poured into a separate container to confirm the analysis result with a PMR laboratory relaxometer or alternative methods.The remaining liquid not selected for analysis is pumped into tank 8.The process of measurements in the deposit is organized according to explosives and fire safety requirements.The cable length must be l = λo/4 or 3λo/4 = 5.5 or 16 m (antinode of the standing wave), long enough for fire safety, where λo = c/νo is the resonant wavelength, c-light velocity.Then, analog signal data are transferred to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 11 and notebook 12, using the program for SE exponential envelope decomposition by equation A = Ai exp(−t/T2i), and equations, correlating PMR-parameters with the oil characteristics, oil properties are obtained.Relaxation times T2i and proton phase concentrations are attributed to i = A, B, C phases in water, light (benzene), and heavy (oil residues) oil fractions.
To measure the values of magnetic induction, the developed sensor on the AD22151YZX chip that implements the Hall effect was used.A special program of the Arduino Uno/Nano microcontroller calculates the field value using a 10-bit ADC with a frequency of 10 kB/s.The data are calculated and displayed via the Arduino USB port on the laptop monitor.With a 5 V supply and an output ratio of 0.4 mV/G, the maximum measurement range is Bo = 1.25 Tl.
The developed AMC has the following advantages: 1. Versatility and ease of installation in production lines, and control of opaque, aggressive liquids in real time.To measure the values of magnetic induction, the developed sensor on the AD22151YZX chip that implements the Hall effect was used.A special program of the Arduino Uno/Nano microcontroller calculates the field value using a 10-bit ADC with a frequency of 10 kB/s.The data are calculated and displayed via the Arduino USB port on the laptop monitor.With a 5 V supply and an output ratio of 0.4 mV/G, the maximum measurement range is Bo = 1.25 Tl.
The developed AMC has the following advantages: 1.
Versatility and ease of installation in production lines, and control of opaque, aggressive liquids in real time.

2.
A wide range of measured ODS characteristics in the entire range of their changes: velocities υ i of the fluid component flows; concentrations of water W and oil O, gas factor G, density ρ, viscosity η, and concentrations of ARP; and molecular weight and pour points.Multi-component analysis by a single complex, and selection of homogenized samples from pipes of any diameter in the bypass mode.

3.
Lack of contact with the measured liquid and, therefore, the absence of its destruction and destructive effect on the equipment.No moving parts for measurements.

Results and Discussion
The possibilities of online flow measurements using PMR relaxation are determined by the following: the liquid flowing into the RF coil of the sensor in the gap of the magnet of the PMR relaxometer has the magnetization M IN , and the fluid flowing out of the coil has the magnetization M OUT , then the magnetization M of the liquid flowing in the coil through its volume V at an average flow rate Q will change at a rate of: The equation describes the rate of magnetization M change due to relaxation processes: If the conditions M IN = M 0 and M OUT = M are true, then the change in the M rate will be: where T 2 / -is the time of liquid being in the RF-coil, at which the 1/e part of depolarized protons is substituted by the polarized.If the probe head liquid is fully mixed, then T 2 / = V/Q.However, it is true only for one-phase liquid.
For two-phase oil-water emulsions, the correctness of Equation ( 5) is confirmed by us experimentally.For 100% water, 90%, 75%, and 25% emulsions were received dependences of effective spin-spin relaxation rates (T 2eff ) −1 from the flow velocity υ in the range υ = 0 ÷ 0.7 m/s, presented in Figure 5.
3. Lack of contact with the measured liquid and, therefore, the absence of its destruction and destructive effect on the equipment.No moving parts for measurements.

Results and Discussion
The possibilities of online flow measurements using PMR relaxation are determined by the following: the liquid flowing into the RF coil of the sensor in the gap of the magnet of the PMR relaxometer has the magnetization MIN, and the fluid flowing out of the coil has the magnetization MOUT, then the magnetization M of the liquid flowing in the coil through its volume V at an average flow rate Q will change at a rate of: The equation describes the rate of magnetization M change due to relaxation processes: If the conditions MIN = M0 and MOUT = M are true, then the change in the M rate will be: where T2 / -is the time of liquid being in the RF-coil, at which the 1/e part of depolarized protons is substituted by the polarized.If the probe head liquid is fully mixed, then T2 / = V/Q.However, it is true only for one-phase liquid.
For the trustworthy proper appreciation of Equation ( 5) and precision of the curves in Figure 5, relaxation times T 2oW and T 2oO in the immobile water and oil are compared, estimated from the curves with the relaxation times, and calculated from Equation ( 5).From curve 1 in Figure 5 for immobile water a relaxation rate (T 2oW ) −1 = 0.43 s −1 is received, which corresponds to T 2oW = 2.32 s and differs from T 2W = 2.26 s received from a direct measurement in immobile water on 0.06 s.From curve 3, the most complicated for measurements, emulsion (due to phase inversion at W ~75%) was received (T 2o75 ) −1 = 0.654 s −1 .Considering the different contributions of the components in this 75% emulsion, a value of (T 2o75 ) −1 is calculated considering the percentage of 75% and 25% of the phases by the equation [56][57][58][59]63,70,79]: where (T 2oO ) −1 = 1.37.The result from Equation ( 12) calculation corresponds to T 2oO = 0.727 s, which differs from T 2O = 0.7 s of direct measurement on 0.027 s.These trustworthy appreciations confirm the accuracy of the measurements in the range of error limits.For 90% and 25% emulsions, the dependences can be described with correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.95 by equations [56][57][58][59]63,70,79]: and the dependences are a monocomponent.The dependences of SE amplitudes A (a.u.) from flow velocity υ (m/s) for the same water and emulsions were also established.They are presented in Figure 6.
So, the flow rate can alternatively be determined from relaxation rates and echo amplitudes with error δ < ±2.3%.
The dependences of SE amplitudes A (a.u.) from flow velocity υ (m/s) for the same water and emulsions were also established.They are presented in Figure 6.So, the flow rate can alternatively be determined from relaxation rates and echo amplitudes with error δ < ±2.3%.
Elaborated methods for the express control of crude oil properties have the following algorithm: -Measurement of the spin-spin relaxation times and SE amplitudes Ai in immobile water T2W and oil/oil product T2O in the time range t = 2Nτ, where N-number of RFpulses in the CPMG-sequence 90° − Tτo − T[180° − 2τo]N − T; -Online measurement of the effective spin-spin relaxation times T2* in flow emulsion and using them for: 1. Determination of water concentration in emulsion by the relation [56][57][58][59]63,70,79]: The accuracy of single measurement in the range 0.5  100% δ  ±1% in the immobile sample and δ  ±3% in flowing liquid, which is better than for the nearest analog MERA-MIG with δ  ±10% in the range 70-95%.The measurement time is three times shorter.м 2. Determination of gas saturation of the oil-well liquid GPMR in the range GPMR = 0-250 with error δ  ±3.8% using the equation [56][57][58][59]63,70,79]: where A0 and AG-initial SE amplitudes in the filled by liquid probe head and filled oilwell liquid, containing gas, KG-correction coefficient.It should be mentioned that PMR parameter GPMR allows for the control of specific energy consumption (SEC) at pipeline transportation because for SEC and GPMR, the following equation is valid: The accuracy of single measurement in the range 0.5 ÷ 100% δ ≈ ±1% in the immobile sample and δ ≈ ±3% in flowing liquid, which is better than for the nearest analog MERA-MIG with δ ≈ ±10% in the range 70-95%.The measurement time is three times shorter.

2.
Determination of gas saturation of the oil-well liquid G PMR in the range G PMR = 0-250 with error δ ≈ ±3.8% using the equation [56][57][58][59]63,70,79]: where A 0 and A G -initial SE amplitudes in the filled by liquid probe head and filled oil-well liquid, containing gas, K G -correction coefficient.It should be mentioned that PMR parameter G PMR allows for the control of specific energy consumption (SEC) at pipeline transportation because for SEC and G PMR , the following equation is valid: Energies 2023, 16, 1080 10 of 16

5.
Measurement of integral characteristics of disperse size distribution of water droplets in emulsions by spin-lattice relaxation times T 1W using equations from [56][57][58][59]63,70,79]: Measurement of oil mean molecular mass with the error δ ≈ 2.1% in the expanded range MM = 50-1000 a.u.m. using the equation: MM (a.u.m.) = 3011 + 3871.3 exp(−5.585T2O ), Measurement of temperatures of freezing in high paraffinic oils in the range T FR = −16 ÷ +56 • C using the equation [56][57][58][59]63,70,79]: Measurement of salts concentrations C in water using the equation: Measurement of asphaltene-resin (AR) concentrations in the whole range with error δ ≈ ±1% using equations [56][57][58][59]63,70,79]: AR(%) = −2.76ln(T 2A ) + 14.6, Instrumental methods for AR determination are not found.The component of the strength moment M C of the pump electric drive, considering the formation of stresses at water drops/oil boarders, is determined by the resistance of the oil-well liquid in which the pump works.It originates additional resistance to the pump's electric drive shaft, caused by the necessity to overcome the forces of the surface tension between the droplets of water and oil border.Resistance depends on gas factor and water W content because the density and viscosity depend on these characteristics.

Conclusions
The research results showed that using PMR as part of the AMC makes it possible to control most of the ODS properties in real time more efficiently than previously developed multifunctional complexes consisting of devices of different types.It provides more efficient process control in digital smart fields.In addition, the safety of oil production, treatment, and transportation facilities is increased, and the negative impact on the environment is reduced.
Preliminary assessments based on the results of the studies showed that the use of the methodology for monitoring the quality of ODS and wastewater could increase the lifecycle of oil production and treatment facilities by 2-3 times and reduce the number of accidents at the final stages of field operation.It should also be noted that the developed AMC makes it possible to control and manage oil purification processes from such impurities as salts, sulfur, asphaltene, resins, and paraffins.This prevents ARP deposits in the pipes.
It is essential to note the possibility of estimating ODS flowing through the pipes using the developed AMC in real time.It allows automatic control of the pump operating modes, reducing electrical energy consumption.In the standard mode, the work is based on the maximum amount of gas in ODS with the maximum electrical energy consumption.Evaluation of the additional moment of resistance on the shaft of a submersible electric motor of a centrifugal oil pump makes it possible to avoid the overload mode and increase the service life of the equipment.
The authors plan to continue research to adapt the AMC to severe operating conditions in automatic flow mode in cooperation with PJSC Tatneft for ODS with different properties and temperatures.

Energies 2023 , 17 Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Structural diagram of the testing ground of automated measurement complex.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Structural diagram of the testing ground of automated measurement complex.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Electric principle diagram of the sampling system.
where N is the number of 80 • -pulses, T = 9 s-series start period, the time between pulses τ o = 200 µs.Between 180 • -pulses, spin-echo (SE) signals with amplitudes A i are formed and transmitted via cable to the receiver amplifier of the relaxometer 10 (Figure3).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Principle electric scheme of the spin-echo signals transitions to/from RF coil.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Principle electric scheme of the spin-echo signals transitions to/from RF coil.PMR parameters are generated from measurements with a relaxometer, the electrical circuit shown in Figure4.The measured liquid is squeezed out of coil 4 by the next portion from tank 1 and poured into a separate container to confirm the analysis result with a PMR laboratory relaxometer or alternative methods.The remaining liquid not selected for analysis is pumped into tank 8.The process of measurements in the deposit is organized according to explosives and fire safety requirements.The cable length must be l = λ o /4 or 3λ o /4 = 5.5 or 16 m (antinode of the standing wave), long enough for fire safety, where λ o = c/ν o is the resonant wavelength, c-light velocity.Then, analog signal data are transferred to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 11 and notebook 12, using the program for SE exponential envelope decomposition by equation A = ∑A i exp(−t/T 2i ), and equations, correlating PMR-parameters with the oil characteristics, oil properties are obtained.Relaxation times T 2i and proton phase concentrations are attributed to i = A, B, C phases in water, light (benzene), and heavy (oil residues) oil fractions.
2. A wide range of measured ODS characteristics in the entire range of their changes: velocities υi of the fluid component flows; concentrations of water W and oil O, gas factor G, density , viscosity η, and concentrations of ARP; and molecular weight and pour points.Multi-component analysis by a single complex, and selection of homogenized samples from pipes of any diameter in the bypass mode.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Curves H = f(Q) for water (curve 1) and oils with  = 882 kg/m 3 (curve 2) and  = 888 kg/m 3 (curve 3).From Figure 7, the experimental parameters of the borehole are the following: Hо = 2340 m; H = 1800 m; and Q = 30 l/s = 0.03 m 3 /s.So, C = (H0 − H)/Q 2 = 6000.At the pump rotation rate ω = 1450 r/min = 151.8rad/s A = H0/ωH 2 = 0.001 м•c 2 /rad.If ηH = 0.51, then using equation ηH = HQ/Pmec, we can calculate the mechanical power Pmec = HQ/ηH = 1.06 kW, and the value of the additional resistance moment M / C for the flow rates in the range 33-36 l/s will be M / C = H• Q/ωηH = 1.7•3/151.84•0.5 = 0.68 N•m.To overcome this M / C and convert the oil mining productivity curve H(Q) for oil with density o = 888 kg/m 3 to a productivity curve for more light oil, the pump power consumption must be increased on P = H• Q/ηH = 10.2 kW, which can be done by increasing of rotary rate of electric drive on ω = P/M = 15 Hz by frequency inverter.Flow rate control, instead of the usually used turbine flowmeters, having a great error on multiphase liquids, can be performed by AMC using the PMR-relaxometry method and Equations (1) and (2) for determination of the different phases flow velocities υi in the sections Si of pipes of any diameters and by calculating Qi = υi•Si.For estimation of electric energy consumption Wp.c at pipelines oil transport proposed to use the equation [56-59,63,70,79]:

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Curves H = f(Q) for water (curve 1) and oils with ρ = 882 kg/m 3 (curve 2) and ρ = 888 kg/m 3 (curve 3).From Figure 7, the experimental parameters of the borehole are the following: H o = 2340 m; H = 1800 m; and Q = 30 l/s = 0.03 m 3 /s.So, C = (H 0 − H)/Q 2 = 6000.At the pump rotation rate ω = 1450 r/min = 151.8rad/s A = H 0 /ω H 2 = 0.001 M•c 2 /rad.If η H = 0.51, then using equation η H = HQ/P mec , we can calculate the mechanical power P mec = HQ/η H = 1.06 kW, and the value of the additional resistance moment M / C for the flow rates in the range 33-36 l/s will be M / C = ∆H•∆Q/ωη H = 1.7•3/151.84•0.5 = 0.68 N•m.To overcome this M / C and convert the oil mining productivity curve H(Q) for oil with density ρ o = 888 kg/m 3 to a productivity curve for more light oil, the pump power consumption must be increased on ∆P = ∆H•∆Q/η H = 10.2 kW, which can be done by increasing of rotary rate of electric drive on ∆ω = ∆P/∆M = 15 Hz by frequency inverter.Flow rate control, instead of the usually used turbine flowmeters, having a great error on multiphase liquids, can be performed by AMC using the PMR-relaxometry method and Equations (1) and (2) for determination of the different phases flow velocities υ i in the sections S i of pipes of any diameters and by calculatingQ i = υ i •S i .For estimation of electric energy consumption W p.c at pipelines oil transport proposed to use the equation[56][57][58][59]63,70,79]: