Modern Temperature Control of Electric Furnace in Industrial Applications Based on Modiﬁed Optimization Technique

: In this paper, an enhanced version of whale optimization algorithm (EWOA) is presented to be applied in adaptive control techniques as a parameter tuner. One weakness point in this control scheme is the low efﬁciency of its objective function. Balloon effect (BE) is a modiﬁcation introduced to increase the efﬁciency of the objective function of the optimization method and the ability of the controller to deal with system problems increase consequently. Controlling of the temperature of electric furnaces is considered as one of the important issues in several industrial applications. Conventional controllers such as PID controller cannot deal efﬁciently with the problem of parameters variations and step disturbance. This paper proposes an adaptive controller, in which the gain of the temperature controller is tuned online using EWOA supported by balloon effect. System responses obtained by the proposed adaptive control scheme using EWOA + BE have been compared with an electric furnace temperature control (EFTC) scheme response using both the PID controller-based modiﬁed ﬂower pollination algorithm (MoFPA) and PID-accelerated PIDA-based MoFPA. From the results, it can be observed that the proposed controller tuned by the EWOA + BE method improves the time performance compared with the other techniques (PID and PIDA-based MoFPA) in case of EFTC application.


Introduction
The electric furnaces are the most widely used in the industry. They convert electrical energy to heat energy. Temperature in electric furnaces is one of the pressing factors that needs accurate and fast control in this industrial process [1]. The physical properties of the resulting material may differ from the physical properties of the required material if the electric furnace temperature is not precisely controlled. Therefore, it needs accurate and rapid control as much as possible.
The electric furnace temperature control (EFTC) system is considered as one of the real-world second-order systems plus time delay (SOSPD) [2] that are broadly utilized in numerous industrial production operations [2,3]. There are many electric furnace temperature control approaches in industry. From these approaches, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system, sliding mode control (SMC), predictive control, and internal model control (IMC). However, about 90% of the industry uses the PID controller due to its ease of use, obvious functionality, and its applicability [4].
Ziegler-Nicholes (ZN) and Cohen-Coons (CC) techniques are considered the most widely used for tuning the traditional PID method [5]. Tuning the PID is an arduous duty for the researchers as a result of the non-linear properties of the electric furnace system. Moreover, the system parameters might vary with time. Therefore, an intelligent and adaptive controlling technique can be a superior decision for tuning the PID. Currently, intelligent computing approaches such as fuzzy logic (FL) [6], genetic algorithm (GA) [7,8], and neural network (NN) [9] are effectively implemented to resolve difficult and complicated problems [10].
Conventional PID system controllers are linear and need the experience of operators to regulate the coefficient, which is considered a time-consuming procedure [11]. Therefore, it necessitates the evolution of an optimum tuning technique for the PID control system.
The genetic algorithm (GA) technique is an optimization method that depends on the evolution operation. It was proposed first by Holland, 1975 [12,13]. It is a robust optimization technique console design [5]. It might be exploited to optimize diverse error functions to achieve PID parameters.
The authors in [14] exploited the Nelder Mead (NM) technique for tuning the PID utilizing the integral of absolute error (IAE) as a cost function. They demonstrated that their suggested technique is more efficient than Ziegler-Nicholes (ZN), Cohen-Coon (CC), and direct synthesis (DS) techniques. In [15], the authors implemented a fuzzy logic for tuning the PID for controlling the electrical furnace temperature as a first order system. They indicated that the proposed control method is better than the conventional PID controller system. The authors in [12] implemented GA for optimizing the gains of PID controller utilizing a weighted combination of integral square error (ISE), integral absolute error (IAE), and integral time multiple absolute errors (ITMAE) to improve the system performance. They acquire a more stable controller by implementing GA method through improving the settling time, peak time, and rise time (transient and steady state response). In [16] the authors proposed and tested an enhanced method of extended non-minimal state space fractional order model predictive control (EnMSSFMPC) on the model of temperature for an electric heating furnace. They compared their suggested approach with an extended non-minimal state space model predictive control (EnMSSMPC) and model predictive control (MPC) and they noticed the effectiveness of their proposed approach. The authors in [17] presented a genetic algorithm (GA)-based PID control system for tuning the PID to overcome the problems of the conventional PID, exploiting IAE as a cost function. They observed that their proposed technique is more effective than the traditional PID. In [18], the authors presented a relative study between the fuzzy self-tuned PID control system and GA-PID control system for controlling the position of DC motor. The authors in [19] designed a self-learning fuzzy controller for tuning the PID control parameters and they found that it has effective performance. In [20], the authors designed the PID, GA-PID, and GA-IMC control systems for controlling the heat exchanger temperature. They indicated that the GA-IMC control system has a better performance than the others. The authors in [21] presented an improved form of the original flower pollination algorithm (FPA) named the modified flower pollination algorithm (MoFPA) to enhance the performance of searching. The suggested MoFPA is implemented for designing the proportional-integralderivative-accelerated (PIDA) control system to adjust the temperature of the electric heating furnace. The authors found that the proposed control system is efficient compared with the PID control system.
A poor temperature control method in electric furnace means increasing power losses. So, a robust temperature control is considered as a way to minimize the total energy consumed by a furnace.
Optimization techniques such as whale optimization algorithm (WOA) have been used to tune gains of conventional controllers in an adaptive manner in many industrial applications [22]. Moreover, an enhanced version of the whale optimization algorithm (EWOA) was presented to increase the efficiency of classical WOA [23]. The authors in [24] proposed an effective whale optimization algorithm for solving optimal power flow problems (EWOA-OPF). On the other hand, one of the disadvantages of implementing classical techniques such as (WOA, EWOA) in the adaptive control approach is applying nominal parameters in designing the objective function considering zero-load disturbance. However, this assumption may lead to poor performance especially at the moment of disturbance and parameters changes. Therefore, this study proposed a balloon effect (BE) modification [25] to the optimization algorithm as a solution of this problem, to support its sensitivity to both of disturbances and parameters changes. The main contributions of this study can be summed up as the following:

•
The (EWOA + BE) optimization algorithm is implemented for tuning the gains of the temperature controller of an electric furnace; • The results and performance of the proposed adaptive technique based on (EWOA + BE) is compared with the recent and efficient algorithms suggested in the literature; • The results prove that the adaptive temperature control based on (EWOA + BE) technique has more accurate results with the best overshoot, rise time, and settling time compared with the other recent schemes.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Electric furnace temperature system is provided in Section 2. Enhanced whale optimization algorithm is discussed in Section 3. Balloon effect is presented in Section 4. The proposed control system is presented in Section 5. Simulation results are investigated in Section 6. Conclusions are presented in Section 7. Figure 1 illustrates the block diagram of the used application system [26]. It contains four parts: electrical furnace, thermocouple, heater, and controller. The parameters can be illustrated as follows:

Electric Furnace Temperature System
r represents the input voltage; U represents the controller's output voltage; Y represents the thermocouple's output voltage and; R represents the armature resistance.
Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 13 [24] proposed an effective whale optimization algorithm for solving optimal power flow problems (EWOA-OPF). On the other hand, one of the disadvantages of implementing classical techniques such as (WOA, EWOA) in the adaptive control approach is applying nominal parameters in designing the objective function considering zero-load disturbance. However, this assumption may lead to poor performance especially at the moment of disturbance and parameters changes. Therefore, this study proposed a balloon effect (BE) modification [25] to the optimization algorithm as a solution of this problem, to support its sensitivity to both of disturbances and parameters changes. The main contributions of this study can be summed up as the following: ▪ The (EWOA + BE) optimization algorithm is implemented for tuning the gains of the temperature controller of an electric furnace; ▪ The results and performance of the proposed adaptive technique based on (EWOA + BE) is compared with the recent and efficient algorithms suggested in the literature; ▪ The results prove that the adaptive temperature control based on (EWOA + BE) technique has more accurate results with the best overshoot, rise time, and settling time compared with the other recent schemes.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Electric furnace temperature system is provided in Section 2. Enhanced whale optimization algorithm is discussed in Section 3. Balloon effect is presented in Section 4. The proposed control system is presented in Section 5. Simulation results are investigated in Section 6. Conclusions are presented in Section 7. Figure 1 illustrates the block diagram of the used application system [26]. It contains four parts: electrical furnace, thermocouple, heater, and controller. The parameters can be illustrated as follows:

Electric Furnace Temperature System
r represents the input voltage; U represents the controller's output voltage; Y represents the thermocouple's output voltage and; R represents the armature resistance. The transfer function of the proposed temperature control system can be expressed in SOSP as [26]: Considering the time delay, the total transfer function is: The transfer function of the proposed temperature control system can be expressed in SOSP as [26]: Considering the time delay, the total transfer function is:

Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm
The idea of whale optimization algorithm (WOA) [23][24][25][26][27] is built on studying the social behavior of humpback whales to simulate it. It can be considered as a bubble net hunting strategy. In this strategy, bubbles make a '9-shaped path' around the prey using the whale. It dives about 10 to 16 m, then sends a spiral shape of bubbles around the prey and moves in the direction of the prey to capture it as illustrated in Figure 2.

Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm
The idea of whale optimization algorithm (WOA) [23][24][25][26][27] is built on studying the social behavior of humpback whales to simulate it. It can be considered as a bubble net hunting strategy. In this strategy, bubbles make a '9-shaped path' around the prey using the whale. It dives about 10 to 16 m, then sends a spiral shape of bubbles around the prey and moves in the direction of the prey to capture it as illustrated in Figure 2. According to the WOA, the current location of the prey is the best solution. The equation of general prey is represented after the past whale action by: where and represent vectors of coefficients; * ⃗⃗⃗⃗ represents the best position (updated every iteration if there is another best solution); represents the vector of the position; and |.| represents the absolute value. The best position is modified by time to reach the best location. The vectors and can be calculated by where represents a random vector in the interval [0,1]; decreases linearly from 2 to 0 over the iterations. There are two paths for catching prey that can be explained and mathematically presented as follows: In this method, if t is the current number of iteration and tmax is the maximum iteration number, the shrinking encircling approach is executed by linearly decreasing the value of using the following equation: Optimum Solution According to the WOA, the current location of the prey is the best solution. The equation of general prey is represented after the past whale action by: where → A and → C represent vectors of coefficients; → X * represents the best position (updated every iteration if there is another best solution); → X represents the vector of the position; and |.| represents the absolute value.
The best position is modified by time to reach the best location. The vectors → C and → A can be calculated by where → r represents a random vector in the interval [0, 1]; → a decreases linearly from 2 to 0 over the iterations. There are two paths for catching prey that can be explained and mathematically presented as follows: In this method, if t is the current number of iteration and t max is the maximum iteration number, the shrinking encircling approach is executed by linearly decreasing the value of → a using the following equation: In this path, a helix-shape describes the position of the prey and the whale, then the movement can be expressed as: The enclosed phase mode can be described by: where b is a constant to define the shape of the logarithmic spiral; l is a random number within the interval [−1, 1] and; p represents a probability number inside [0, 1].
At the end, there is an exploration phase. In this phase, humpback whales search for their prey randomly using the anisotropy of the exploration vector | → A|.
A modified WOA is presented in [23] by enhancing the searching operation using addition of an inertia weight ω (where ω ∈ [0, 1]) to the technique. The location vector of WOA can be adjusted to a modified one as: Pseudo-code of the enhanced whale optimization algorithm (EWOA) is presented in Appendix A.

Balloon Effect
Balloon effect (BE) is presented to solve the issue of updating the cost function of the optimization method to increase its sensitivity to system problems such parameters variations and system disturbance. BE is applied in many systems as in a [28][29][30][31]. Figure 3 describes the idea of the balloon effect. According to Figure 4, at any iteration (i) the optimizer is fed by both of the system output Y i (s) and the system input U i (s) to compute the transfer function of the proposed system: Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 13 Figure 3. Balloon effect concept for any optimizers at iteration (i). Figure 3. Balloon effect concept for any optimizers at iteration (i).

Proposed Control Technique
The dependence of the objective function on nominal values of the system transfer function is considered as a foible in the adaptive control design using conventional EWOA, but the presence of BE beside EWOA deals with this disadvantage, where the objective function depends on the updated value of the transfer function at any moment. In this study, EWOA+BE is applied inside a temperature-adaptive controller of the electric furnace. For simplification, Equation (1) is used as a plant transfer function ( ) and to make the total closed loop transfer function in the form of the second-order system the following lag compensator is applied: Now the job of the optimizer is to make online tuning of as shown in Figure 5, noting that: In case of EWOA, = √ and 2 = 0.82 where Figure 4. The overall temperature control system. G i (s) can be calculated using the past value as: while G i−1 (s) can be calculated using the nominal value as: and

Proposed Control Technique
The dependence of the objective function on nominal values of the system transfer function is considered as a foible in the adaptive control design using conventional EWOA, but the presence of BE beside EWOA deals with this disadvantage, where the objective function depends on the updated value of the transfer function at any moment. In this study, EWOA + BE is applied inside a temperature-adaptive controller of the electric furnace. For simplification, Equation (1) is used as a plant transfer function G o (s) and to make the total closed loop transfer function in the form of the second-order system the following lag compensator is applied: Now the job of the optimizer is to make online tuning of K i as shown in Figure 5, noting that: In case of EWOA, ω n = K i and 2ζω n = 0.82 .
So the object function According to Equation (18) the system variations affect the modified value of K i . In the case of EWOA + BE, ω n = √ K i and 2ζω n = 0.82 the object function According to Equation (19) the system variations affect strongly the modified value of K i . of .

Results and Discussions
This section discusses the dynamic performance performed by the electric furnace with the proposed temperature control scheme.
The MATLAB/Simulink environment is utilized to model and simulate the suggested system. Three scenarios have been used to test the efficiency of applying the adaptive temperature control techniques shown in Fig. 5 to the electric furnace as follows: Figure 5. Temperature control system using three control techniques.

First Scenario
In this scenario a constant temperature desired value is applied to the proposed system. Moreover, a system with an adaptive temperature controller with (EWOA + BE) is compared with the adaptive controller with classical EWOA and both recent controllers presented in [21] (MoFPA-based PIDA and MoFPA-based PID). Figure 6 illustrates the result of this case study. From this figure, it is clear that adaptive controllers with (EWOA + BE) and (classical EWOA) provide good dynamic responses comparing with controllers in [21], where there is no overshoot and a small settling time but a large rise time in the accepted range. In addition, the system with MoFPA-based PID has poor start dynamics through the first two seconds. Moreover, the system with EWOA + BE has the smallest settling time (about 13 s) and the detailed comparison is listed in Table 1.

Results and Discussion
This section discusses the dynamic performance performed by the electric furnace with the proposed temperature control scheme.
The MATLAB/Simulink environment is utilized to model and simulate the suggested system. Three scenarios have been used to test the efficiency of applying the adaptive temperature control techniques shown in Figure 5 to the electric furnace as follows:

First Scenario
In this scenario a constant temperature desired value is applied to the proposed system. Moreover, a system with an adaptive temperature controller with (EWOA + BE) is compared with the adaptive controller with classical EWOA and both recent controllers presented in [21] (MoFPA-based PIDA and MoFPA-based PID). Figure 6 illustrates the result of this case study. From this figure, it is clear that adaptive controllers with (EWOA + BE) and (classical EWOA) provide good dynamic responses comparing with controllers in [21], where there is no overshoot and a small settling time but a large rise time in the accepted range. In addition, the system with MoFPA-based PID has poor start dynamics through the first two seconds. Moreover, the system with EWOA + BE has the smallest settling time (about 13 s) and the detailed comparison is listed in Table 1.
Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 6. System dynamic performance of the first scenario.

Second Scenario
A case of step change in desired temperature is tested in this scenario, a step change with value of 0.5 is supplied at t = 30 s and results in this case are shown in Figure 7. The responses illustrated in this figure support the same notes obtained from the first scenario where both of the adaptive controllers are efficient in the step change in the system input, and the system with (EWOA + BE) can provide the best dynamic performance compared with the controller with MoFPA-based PIDA. Table 2 indicates the performance in this case. In addition, Figure 8 illustrates the optimizer output in the case of classical EWOA and EWOA + BE.

Second Scenario
A case of step change in desired temperature is tested in this scenario, a step change with value of 0.5 is supplied at t = 30 s and results in this case are shown in Figure 7. The responses illustrated in this figure support the same notes obtained from the first scenario where both of the adaptive controllers are efficient in the step change in the system input, and the system with (EWOA + BE) can provide the best dynamic performance compared with the controller with MoFPA-based PIDA. Table 2 indicates the performance in this case. In addition, Figure 8 illustrates the optimizer output in the case of classical EWOA and EWOA + BE.

Third Scenario
In this scenario, the effect of a step load disturbance is studied. The system was ex-

Third Scenario
In this scenario, the effect of a step load disturbance is studied. The system was exposed to step load disturbance shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 shows the dynamic responses in such a case. From this figure, we can note that: good settling time and overshoot can be obtained using EWOA + BE, while the system with classical EWOA can provide poor performance.

Third Scenario
In this scenario, the effect of a step load disturbance is studied. T posed to step load disturbance shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 shows the d in such a case. From this Figure, we can note that: good settling time be obtained using EWOA + BE, while the system with classical EWOA performance.

Third Scenario
In this scenario, the effect of a step load disturbance is studied. T posed to step load disturbance shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 shows the in such a case. From this Figure, we can note that: good settling time be obtained using EWOA + BE, while the system with classical EWOA performance.

Fourth Scenario
In this scenario, a random reference temperature was applied to the system as shown in Figure 11, the dynamic performance of this scenario is illustrated in Figure 12. From this figure, it is clear that the proposed controller with EWOA+BE provided the best performance compared with other controllers.
In this scenario, a random reference temperature was applied to the system as sh in Figure 11, the dynamic performance of this scenario is illustrated in Figure 12. F this figure, it is clear that the proposed controller with EWOA+BE provided the best formance compared with other controllers.

Conclusions
In this paper, an adaptive electric furnace temperature controller (EFTC)-base enhanced whale optimization algorithm supported by balloon effect (EWOA + BE) proposed for tuning the gains of the PID controller. The EFTC system was considere second-order system accompanied by a time delay (SOSPD). The responses of the E system that utilized the proposed adaptive control scheme (EWOA + BE) have been pared with the EFTC scheme response using both of the PID controller-based mod flower pollination algorithm (MoFPA) and PID-accelerated PIDA-based MoFPA. Th tained results proved that the proposed adaptive control scheme based on (EWOA + has more accurate results with the best overshoot, rise time, and settling time comp with the other recent schemes. In this scenario, a random reference temperature was applied to the system a in Figure 11, the dynamic performance of this scenario is illustrated in Figure 1 this figure, it is clear that the proposed controller with EWOA+BE provided the b formance compared with other controllers.

Conclusions
In this paper, an adaptive electric furnace temperature controller (EFTC)-b enhanced whale optimization algorithm supported by balloon effect (EWOA + B proposed for tuning the gains of the PID controller. The EFTC system was consid second-order system accompanied by a time delay (SOSPD). The responses of th system that utilized the proposed adaptive control scheme (EWOA + BE) have be pared with the EFTC scheme response using both of the PID controller-based m flower pollination algorithm (MoFPA) and PID-accelerated PIDA-based MoFPA. tained results proved that the proposed adaptive control scheme based on (EWO has more accurate results with the best overshoot, rise time, and settling time co with the other recent schemes.

Conclusions
In this paper, an adaptive electric furnace temperature controller (EFTC)-based on enhanced whale optimization algorithm supported by balloon effect (EWOA + BE) was proposed for tuning the gains of the PID controller. The EFTC system was considered as second-order system accompanied by a time delay (SOSPD). The responses of the EFTC system that utilized the proposed adaptive control scheme (EWOA + BE) have been compared with the EFTC scheme response using both of the PID controller-based modified flower pollination algorithm (MoFPA) and PID-accelerated PIDA-based MoFPA. The obtained results proved that the proposed adaptive control scheme based on (EWOA + BE) has more accurate results with the best overshoot, rise time, and settling time compared with the other recent schemes.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.