Rockburst Intensity Level Prediction Method Based on FA-SSA-PNN Model

: To accurately and reliably predict the occurrence of rockburst disasters, a rockburst intensity level prediction model based on FA-SSA-PNN is proposed. Crding to the internal and external factors of rockburst occurrence, six rockburst inﬂuencing factors ( σ θ , σ t , σ c , σ c / σ t , σ θ / σ c , W et ) were selected to build a rockburst intensity level prediction index system. Seventy-ﬁve sets of typical rockburst case data at home and abroad were collected, the original data were preprocessed based on factor analysis (FA), and the comprehensive rockburst prediction indexes, CPI 1 , CPI 2 , and CPI 3 , obtained after dimensionality reduction, were used as the input features of the SSA-PNN model. Sixty sets of rockburst case data were extracted as the training set, and the remaining 15 sets of rockburst case data were used as the test set. After the model training was completed, the model prediction results were analysed and evaluated. The research results show that the proposed rockburst intensity level prediction method based on the FA-SSA-PNN model has the advantages of high prediction accuracy and fast convergence, which can accurately and reliably predict the rockburst intensity level in a short period of time and can be used as a new method for rockburst intensity level prediction, providing better guidance for rockburst prediction problems in deep rock projects. is becoming increasingly prominent. In this paper, based on 75 sets of typical rockburst case data collected, a rockburst intensity level prediction model based on FA-SSA-PNN is established, and F 1 value, macro-averaged F 1 value, and accuracy rate are introduced as the evaluation indexes of rockburst prediction model classiﬁcation performance. This study proposes a new method for predicting the intensity level of rockbursts, which provides better guidance for the problem of predicting rockbursts in deep underground rock projects and can provide a reference for other geological hazard prediction problems similar to rockburst hazards, with the following main conclusions:


Introduction
Rockburst is a deep underground rock construction process of hard and brittle surrounding rock due to excavation, mining, or other external disturbances, triggered by the rapid and violent release of the elastic properties gathered in the rock and leads to the production of surrounding rock fragments by bursting, rapid ejection, or throwing the dynamic destabilization phenomenon, which are sudden, random, and extremely hazardous geological hazards [1][2][3]. In recent years, with the reduction of shallow mineral resources, more and more underground rock works are moving deeper at an unprecedented rate, and the rockburst hazards problem is becoming increasingly prominent. These hazards have been a pressing problem in deep underground rock engineering, often causing huge losses to construction personnel, equipment, and buildings, which in turn seriously affects the construction process, so it is particularly important to accurately predict the occurrence of rockburst hazards. Accurate and reliable prediction of rockburst hazards effectively avoids and controls rockbursts, and rockburst prediction has become a hot spot for research in the field of deep underground rock engineering [4].
In order to accurately predict the intensity level of rockburst, many experts and scholars at home and abroad have carried out exploratory research on rockburst prediction methods, which can be classified into three categories: The first category is the acoustic emission technique [5], microseismic observation technique [6], and other methods of applicability to small samples, which can be used as a new method for rockburst intensity level prediction. The present research results provide an important basis for predicting the rockburst intensity level in advance and provide preparation time for rockburst disaster prevention and control, and the method in this paper can also provide a reference for other geological hazard prediction problems similar to rockburst disasters.

Factor Analysis (FA)
Factor analysis (FA), is a multivariate statistical analysis method that combines multiple variables (or samples) with intricate relationships into a smaller number of factors. The calculation process is as follows: With n rockburst predictor variables X 1 , X 2 , . . . , X n , n rockburst prediction variables can be represented by m factors F 1 , F 2 , . . . , F m and the product of an A n×m order factor loading matrix plus a special factor ε = (ε 1 , ε 2 , . . . , ε n ) (n ≥ m), while the established mathematical model of factor analysis is: X n = A n×m F m + ε n , i.e., Equation (1): a 11 a 12 · · · a 1m a 21 a 22 · · · a 2m . . . . . . . . . . . .
F 1 , F 2 , . . . , and F m are m independent common factors. The matrix A n×m is called the factor loading matrix. a nm denotes the weight of the nth variable on the mth factor variable, which reflects the importance of the common factor on the variable, and is important for explaining the common factor. The special factors in the model have a small effect relative to the main factor F m in Equation (1) and are neglected in the study. The steps of the factor analysis are as follows: The raw data need to be normalized before factor analysis to eliminate the effect of order of magnitude on the calculated results. The normalized treatment in this paper is specified as follows: Equation: X max is the maximum value in the sample; X min is the smallest value in the sample; X ij * is the normalized data value of indicator X ij in the sample, i = 1, 2, . . . , n; j = 1, 2, . . . , m.
After the normalized process, the factor loading matrix is calculated from the eigenvalues λ i of the sample correlation matrix R, which is symmetric, Equation: r qp is the correlation coefficient of the variable F m with F n . Equation: cov(F q , F p ) is the covariance of F q and F p ; D(F q ) and D(F p ) are the variances of F q and F p , respectively. The raw sample data have been normalized so that there is: From the above equation, a qp can be regarded as the correlation coefficient between F q and F p , which also exactly indicates the degree of linear combination of X m and F m . λ i (i = 1, 2, . . . , m) are all the characteristic roots of the sample correlation matrix R, finding all the characteristic root λ i (i = 1, 2, . . . , m) of the sample correlation matrix R and the corresponding normalized eigenvectors U i (i = 1, 2, . . . , m), The eigenvectors are used to form the eigenvector matrix U = (U 1 , U 2 , . . . , U m ), and the load matrix is derived from the characteristic root and eigenvectors A, The first k column vectors of the loading matrix A are used as the factor loading matrix, and the cumulative contribution of the factors is required, The maximum variance method was chosen to perform the common factor rotation, and the new loading matrix B was obtained by left multiplying the loading matrix A with the orthogonal matrix Γ, Let the elements of the ith row and jth column of B be b ij , then we have: b ir = a ir cos θ + a ir sin θ b ir = a ir cos θ + a ir sin θ , where θ is the orthogonal rotation angle, i = (1, 2, . . . , p); r, j = (1, 2, . . . , n). After this transformation, the aim is to polarize the loading matrix and spread the factor contributions as much as possible, i.e., the b 2 ir , b 2 ig 2 sets of data are required to be spread as much as possible, the degree of dispersion is expressed by the variance of the samples (V 1 , V 2 , . . . , V n ), and the total variance is required to be maximum, that is, the request: When the number of common factors is more than 2 (i.e., when m > 2), the orthogonal matrix Γ can generally only be obtained iteratively, and then a total of C 2 m = m(m − 1)/2 rotations are required, after which a second round of C 2 m pairwise rotations can be performed, and so on until the variance converges to a certain limit and the rotation is stopped. The steps of factor analysis in this paper are shown in Figure 1.

Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA)
The Sparrow Search Algorithm [32] (SSA) is a new swarm intelligence optimization algorithm proposed in 2020 to simulate sparrow foraging and anti-predation behaviors, which divides the sparrows in the population into a discoverer, a follower, and a certain ratio of scouts. The finder is responsible for finding food, the follower joins the finder for foraging, and the scout is responsible for scouting the surrounding environment and alerting to the danger in time.
The sparrow as a discoverer has good adaptability. It will preferentially obtain food and provide foraging orientation for followers during foraging, and the location update of the discoverer in each iteration is described as in Equation (12): where t is the current number of iterations; L is an all-1 matrix of 1 × d; itermax is the maximum number of iterations; Q and α are random numbers;

Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA)
The Sparrow Search Algorithm [32] (SSA) is a new swarm intelligence optimization algorithm proposed in 2020 to simulate sparrow foraging and anti-predation behaviors, which divides the sparrows in the population into a discoverer, a follower, and a certain ratio of scouts. The finder is responsible for finding food, the follower joins the finder for foraging, and the scout is responsible for scouting the surrounding environment and alerting to the danger in time.
The sparrow as a discoverer has good adaptability. It will preferentially obtain food and provide foraging orientation for followers during foraging, and the location update of the discoverer in each iteration is described as in Equation (12): where t is the current number of iterations; L is an all-1 matrix of 1 × d; iter max is the maximum number of iterations; Q and α are random numbers; x t ij denotes the position of the ith sparrow in the jth dimension at iteration t; R 2 and ST are the warning value and safety threshold. When R 2 < ST, it means there is no danger in the surrounding environment and the foraging range can continue to be expanded, and when R 2 ≥ ST, it means the scout detects danger in the surrounding area and sends an alert to the population, telling the population to move to a safe area as soon as possible.
The updated description of the follower's location is as follows: where A is a d-column matrix with random element values of 1 or −1 and A + = A T (AA T ) −1 ; x pj is the optimal position of the discoverer; x wj is the worst position in the game. The scout generates the initial position randomly, and its subsequent position is updated as in Equation (14): where x bj indicates the global best position; β denotes the iteration step size; f i indicates the current level of adaptation; f g and f w denote the global optimal and worst adaptation degrees; K is a random number between [−1, 1]; ε is the smallest constant that prevents the denominator from going to zero. After completing one round of iterations, as described above, the position of the population will be changed in some way, and each iteration will make the population change in the direction of better fitness, and finally the optimal fitness will be obtained.

Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN)
The Probabilistic Neural Network ((PNN)) [33,34] is a feed forward neural network based on radial basis neural network, which uses the Parzen window function to calculate the conditional probability density function of the samples to be recognized and then completes the classification and recognition of patterns by Bayes classification criterion, and its topology is shown in Figure 2.
whereA is a d-column matrix with random element values of 1 or −1 and A + = A T (A xpj is the optimal position of the discoverer; xwj is the worst position in the game. The scout generates the initial position randomly, and its subsequent position dated as in Equation (14): where xbj indicates the global best position; β denotes the iteration step size; fi indicat current level of adaptation; fg and fw denote the global optimal and worst adaptatio grees; K is a random number between [−1, 1]; ε is the smallest constant that preven denominator from going to zero.
After completing one round of iterations, as described above, the position of th ulation will be changed in some way, and each iteration will make the population c in the direction of better fitness, and finally the optimal fitness will be obtained.

Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN)
The Probabilistic Neural Network ((PNN)) [33,34] is a feed forward neural ne based on radial basis neural network, which uses the Parzen window function to cal the conditional probability density function of the samples to be recognized and then pletes the classification and recognition of patterns by Bayes classification criterion its topology is shown in Figure 2. The role of the input layer is to receive the training sample data and multip values x of the input sample parameters with the weighting coefficients wi to obta scalar product Zi input to the model layer, as shown in Equation (15): The pattern layer is used to calculate the matching relationship between the vector and each pattern and return a scalar value. The vector Z is input to the p

Input layer
Summation layer Output layer Model layer The role of the input layer is to receive the training sample data and multiply the values x of the input sample parameters with the weighting coefficients w i to obtain the scalar product Z i input to the model layer, as shown in Equation (15): The pattern layer is used to calculate the matching relationship between the input vector and each pattern and return a scalar value. The vector Z is input to the pattern layer, and the input and output relationship of the jth neuron of the ith class of patterns in the pattern layer is: where ϕ ij is the output value of the jth neuron of the ith class of patterns in the pattern layer; σ is the smoothing factor; d is the dimensionality of the sample space data; and Z ij is the jth center of the ith class of samples.
The main role of the summation layer is linear summation and weighted averaging. The summation layer takes the outputs of neurons belonging to the same class in the pattern layer and makes a weighted average, where v i is the output of class i, (i = 1, 2, . . . , n); n is the total number of training sample patterns; L denotes the number of neurons in class i.
The last layer is the output layer and the Bayesian classification rule is applied to the output of the summation layer, and the neuron with the maximum posterior probability density is found to have an output of 1 among all the output layer neurons, and the rest of the neurons have an output of 0, where y indicates the output of the output layer.

Selection of Rockburst Prediction Indicators
The rockburst mechanism is complex and has significant randomness and suddenness. The selection of indicators is the key to accurately predicting the rockburst. The selection of predictive indicators should meet the following conditions: (1) less influenced by external factors, so the actual measured values of indicators are easy to obtain; (2) has a good representative, so it can accurately reflect the main characteristics of the occurrence of rockbursts; (3) capable of reflecting comprehensive information on rockburst characteristics. This paper is based on a large number of rockburst case study analyses to determine the rockburst prediction evaluation indicators.
From the geological structure of the occurrence of rockbursts, rockbursts usually occur in the deeper buried underground works and higher structural stress in the rock mass. From the structural surface of the rock, rockburst often occurs near the hard structural surface, and the more irregular the structural surface, the more likely to occur rockburst. The maximum tangential stress in the surrounding rock can reflect the above factors well, so the maximum tangential stress in the surrounding rock (σ θ ) is selected as the rockburst prediction evaluation indicators.
The occurrence of rockburst section form of the surrounding rock is mainly tensile damage, and rockburst usually occurs in the structural integrity and hard rock. The hardness of the rock is usually expressed in terms of uniaxial compressive strength. Through reading a large amount of literature, we found that the actual rockburst case of uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength is more documented, and most of the rock projects need to obtain these two mechanical properties, so the uniaxial tensile strength (σ t ) and uniaxial compressive strength (σ c ) are rockburst prediction evaluation indicators.
From an energy point of view, rockburst is the rapid release of energy gathered in high-energy reservoirs. Under the same stress conditions, the elastic energy index, the performance of rock aggregation, and the release of energy is positively correlated, so the rock elastic energy index (W et ) is selected as the rockburst prediction indicators. A number of rockburst cases have shown that the occurrence of rockbursts is closely related to the brittleness of the rock, and the brittleness coefficient of the rock is often used as a rockburst criterion. The stress coefficient is also commonly used as a rockburst criterion; therefore, the brittleness index (σ c/ σ t ) and the stress coefficient (σ θ/ σ c ) are rockburst prediction evaluation indicators.
Comprehensive analysis of the above, according to the causes and characteristics of the occurrence of rockburst, six rockburst impact factors (σ θ , σ t , σ c , σ c/ σ t , σ θ/ σ c , W et ) were selected as the rockburst prediction indicators in this paper.

Sample Library of Rockburst Case Data
Rockburst is currently a common geological hazard in many underground rock projects at home and abroad, and many engineering rockburst cases have been well documented. In this paper, through literature research [35][36][37][38], based on the rockburst prediction evaluation indicators selected by the study, 75 groups of typical rockburst cases at home and abroad were selected, and some of the raw data are shown in Table 1, and the rockburst intensity level was divided into four levels, of which the actual distribution of rockburst levels is shown in Figure 3. Table 1. Data of some domestic and international rockburst cases [35][36][37][38].  The number of rockburst case data collected in the least number of I samples, 14; the number of II samples is 17; the number of III samples is the most, 29; the number of IV samples is 15; the ratio of various types of samples is 1.4:1.7:2.9:1.5; there is a certain imbalance in the characteristics of various types of samples. However, the ratio of the maximum sample size to the minimum sample size is only slightly greater than 2. The imbalance problem of rockburst samples is small. Figure 4 shows the violin diagram of rockburst prediction evaluation indicators, whose horizontal coordinates indicate different rockburst levels, and vertical coordinates are rockburst prediction evaluation indicators. The violin chart is a combination of a box chart and a nuclear density chart, which gives a good indication of the shape of the distribution of the data. The white dot in the middle of the box line box indicates the median, the middle box line box indicates the interquartile range, the thin line extending from it represents the 95% confidence interval, and the outer shape is the nuclear density estimate. The number of rockburst case data collected in the least number of I samples, 14; the number of II samples is 17; the number of III samples is the most, 29; the number of IV samples is 15; the ratio of various types of samples is 1.4:1.7:2.9:1.5; there is a certain imbalance in the characteristics of various types of samples. However, the ratio of the maximum sample size to the minimum sample size is only slightly greater than 2. The imbalance problem of rockburst samples is small. Figure 4 shows the violin diagram of rockburst prediction evaluation indicators, whose horizontal coordinates indicate different rockburst levels, and vertical coordinates are rockburst prediction evaluation indicators. The violin chart is a combination of a box chart and a nuclear density chart, which gives a good indication of the shape of the distribution of the data. The white dot in the middle of the box line box indicates the median, the middle box line box indicates the interquartile range, the thin line extending from it represents the 95% confidence interval, and the outer shape is the nuclear density estimate.

Model Construction Steps
The 75 groups of rockburst case data collected show that there is variability in the dimensionality, which in turn leads to a decrease in the accuracy of the rockburst prediction model. In order to eliminate the impact of the difference in the dimensionality between the indicators and improve the accuracy of the rockburst prediction model, it is necessary to reduce the original rockburst prediction data, the dimensionality of the resulting comprehensive rockburst prediction data into the rockburst prediction model, and the prediction results of the model for analysis and discussion.
In this paper, Matlab software to program the calculation of the neural network algorithm to establish the FA-SSA-PNN rockburst prediction model process is shown in Figure 5, and the main steps are as follows: Step 1: Analysis of the impact of rockburst factors; the selection of rockburst prediction indicators.
Step 2: Collect rockburst case data according to the selected rockburst prediction indicators.
Step 3: Use factor analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the collected rockburst case data to obtain the comprehensive rockburst prediction index CPI1, CPI2, CPI3.

Model Construction Steps
The 75 groups of rockburst case data collected show that there is variability in the dimensionality, which in turn leads to a decrease in the accuracy of the rockburst prediction model. In order to eliminate the impact of the difference in the dimensionality between the indicators and improve the accuracy of the rockburst prediction model, it is necessary to reduce the original rockburst prediction data, the dimensionality of the resulting comprehensive rockburst prediction data into the rockburst prediction model, and the prediction results of the model for analysis and discussion.
In this paper, Matlab software to program the calculation of the neural network algorithm to establish the FA-SSA-PNN rockburst prediction model process is shown in Figure 5, and the main steps are as follows: Step 1: Analysis of the impact of rockburst factors; the selection of rockburst prediction indicators.
Step 2: Collect rockburst case data according to the selected rockburst prediction indicators.
Step 3: Use factor analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the collected rockburst case data to obtain the comprehensive rockburst prediction index CPI 1 , CPI 2 , CPI 3 .
Step 4: Partition the data set of the rockburst case data after dimensionality reduction processing; extract 80% of the overall rockburst prediction data samples as the training sets and 20% of the overall samples as the test sets.
Step 5: Imported the training samples into the SSA-PNN model and use the training for model training and updating parameters.
Step 6: After the training is completed, input the test samples to the model to test the network performance, get the rockburst intensity level prediction results, and calculate the accuracy of its rockburst intensity level prediction.
Step 5: Imported the training samples into the SSA-PNN model and use the training for model training and updating parameters.
Step 6: After the training is completed, input the test samples to the model to test the network performance, get the rockburst intensity level prediction results, and calculate the accuracy of its rockburst intensity level prediction.

Test of Applicability of Factor Analysis
The rockburst cases at home and abroad were collected and organized, 75 groups of typical rockburst cases were selected as the sample data of the FA-SSA-PNN rockburst prediction model, the KMO test and Bartlett's spherical test were used to test the applica-

Test of Applicability of Factor Analysis
The rockburst cases at home and abroad were collected and organized, 75 groups of typical rockburst cases were selected as the sample data of the FA-SSA-PNN rockburst prediction model, the KMO test and Bartlett's spherical test were used to test the applicability of factor analysis on the sample data, and the test results and applicability test criteria are shown in Tables 2 and 3. It can be seen from Tables 2 and 3 that it is feasible to conduct factor analysis on the selected rockburst case data.

Data Processing
The absolute value of the correlation coefficient r reflects the degree of linear correlation between the two rockburst prediction evaluation indicators. When |r| < 0.3, it means that the correlation between the two rockburst prediction evaluation indicators is extremely weak and can be regarded as uncorrelated; when 0.3 < |r| < 0.5, the two rockburst prediction evaluation indicators are low correlated; when 0.5 < |r| < 0.8, the two rockburst prediction evaluation indicators are significantly correlated; when 0.8 < |r| < 1, the two rockburst prediction evaluation indicators are extremely correlated. Correlation analysis of rockburst prediction evaluation indicators and the correlation coefficient between predictors is shown in Table 4. The absolute values of the correlation coefficients between σ θ and σ c , σ θ and σ t , σ θ and σ θ /σ c , σ c and σ t , σ c and W et , and σ t and σ c /σ t were all greater than 0.5, indicating that the rockburst prediction evaluation indicators were significantly correlated with each other and the sample data were suitable for factor analysis. Factor analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the standardized 75 sets of rockburst data, and Mardia gave the correspondence between the original number of variables and the number of principal factors after dimensionality reduction in Table 5. In this paper, 6 rockburst prediction evaluation indicators were selected as the original number of variables, so the number of principal factors after factor analysis was set to 3. Table 6 shows the total variance interpretation of the rockburst prediction evaluation indicators, and we can see that the eigen values of the first three factor variables are all greater than 1 and the cumulative contribution of the first three principal factors is 85.538% > 85%, indicating that the first three principal factors retain 85.538% of the information carried by the original variables, so the extraction of the first three principal factors as influencing factors is consistent with the previous setting. The changes in factor loadings before and after rotation are shown in Table 7. Combining the positive and negative correlations and the composite rate, it can be seen that the principal factor F 1 is significantly positively correlated with the rockburst prediction evaluation indicators σ θ , σ c , σ t , σ θ /σ c , indicating that the principal factor F 1 concentrates on the maximum tangential stress, compressive strength, compressive strength, and the influence of the stress coefficient on the prediction results of rockburst. The principal factor F 2 is only positively correlated with the indicator σ c /σ t , indicating that the main factor F 2 combines the information of the indicators of the brittleness index, which can be referred to as the brittleness factor. The main factor F 3 is positively correlated with the indicator W et only and can be referred to as the energy factor. Table 7. Changes in factor loadings before and after rotation.

Indicators
Factor Loading before Rotation Factor Loadings after Rotation  Table 8 shows the factor score coefficient matrix. The factor analysis reallocated the weights of the impact of rockburst prediction evaluation indicators on the principal factor and reduced the impact of poorly correlated rockburst prediction evaluation indicators on the principal factor, resulting in a functional expression between the principal factors Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 and the six rockburst prediction evaluation indicators, as follows (x * i is the standardized data value of x i ).  Standardized data are substituted into Equations (17)- (19) to obtain partial principal factor data ( Table 1). The principal factor retains most of the information in the original data, so the three principal factors are comprehensive rockburst prediction evaluation indicators CPI 1 , CPI 2 , CPI 3 .

Datasets Segmentation
The sample data of rockburst after factor analysis (see Table 1) were divided into datasets, and 20% of the 75 sets of rockburst case data were taken as the test set, while 80% of the remaining data were used as the training set of the neural network model. After the division, there were 60 sets of sample data in the training set, and the training set was used to train the neural network model and update the parameters. There were 15 sets of sample data in the test set, and the test set was used to evaluate the generalization ability of the model and test the real prediction accuracy of the model.

Model Parameter Setting and Implementation
The traditional PNN model uses the original rockburst prediction evaluation indicators (σ θ , σ t , σ c , σ c /σ t , σ θ /σ c , W et ) as the input vectors of the model. The FA-SAA-PNN rockburst prediction model developed in this paper used factor analysis to preprocess the original rockburst prediction evaluation indicators, and the comprehensive rockburst prediction indicators CPI 1 , CPI 2 , CPI 3 obtained after factor analysis were used as the prediction input vectors of the model. The selection of the smoothing factor is the key to the performance of PNN networks, and when the value of the smoothing factor is too small, it tends to cause the network to be overfitted and in essence a nearest neighbor classifier; when the value of the smoothing factor is too large, the details cannot be fully distinguished so close to a linear classifier [39]. This paper makes use of the good global search ability of the SSA algorithm to optimize the smooth factor of PNN neural network. The algorithm has the advantages of being rapid and efficient when optimizing for a single objective, as well as good merit-seeking ability, which solves the problem of selecting the optimal smoothing factor and improves the accuracy of the prediction model.
At present, there is no uniform standard for rockburst intensity grading, and scholars have recognized the rockburst intensity level in four classes, respectively: no rockburst (I), minor rockburst (II), medium rockburst (III), and strong rockburst (IV). This paper uses the PNN network model output vector set to 1 × 4 line vector, the i class in the line vector of the i neuron output value of 1, and the rest of the neuron output value of 0, such as the output vector is (0, 0, 1, 0), which means that the prediction model predicts the sample data as a medium rockburst (III).
The main parameters of the FA-SSA-PNN model are shown in Table 9, and the rockburst prediction model is programmed and calculated in this paper using Matlab software version 2018b, and the code implementation is based on M language. Number of neurons in the pattern layer 60 3 Number of neurons in summation layer 4 4 Number of neurons in the output layer 4 5 Mode layer activation function Gauss function 6 Optimization parameters Spread Value 7 Number of populations of SSA 100 8 Maximum number of iterations of SSA 20 9 Proportion of discoverers 70% 10 Scout's ratio 20% 11 Early warning values 0.6

Model Performance Evaluation and Comparison
To verify the merit of the FA-SSA-PNN rockburst prediction model, test samples were input into the FA-SSA-PNN model, FA-PNN model, PNN model, RF model, SVM model, and ANN model [39], and the prediction results of each model are shown in Figure 6. To comprehensively evaluate the classification performance of each model, F 1 value (the summed average of precision and recall), macro-average F 1 value (the arithmetic mean of F 1 for each category), and accuracy rate are used as the evaluation indicators of the models in this paper. F 1 value and macro-average F 1 value reflect the classification performance of the models for different rockburst intensity levels, and accuracy rate reflects the overall classification performance of the models.
The evaluation indicators for the six rockburst prediction models are shown in Table 10, and a comparison of the models shows that: (1) The FA-SSA-PNN model does not improve the F 1 value of the primary rockburst compared to the PNN model; the F 1 value for Level 2 rockburst is increased by 50% (from 50% to 100%); the F 1 value for Level 3 rockburst is increased by 25 model, and ANN model [39], and the prediction results of each model are shown in Figure  6. To comprehensively evaluate the classification performance of each model, F1 value (the summed average of precision and recall), macro-average F1 value (the arithmetic mean of F1 for each category), and accuracy rate are used as the evaluation indicators of the models in this paper. F1 value and macro-average F1 value reflect the classification performance of the models for different rockburst intensity levels, and accuracy rate reflects the overall classification performance of the models. The evaluation indicators for the six rockburst prediction models are shown in Table  10, and a comparison of the models shows that:

Conclusions
As more and more underground rock projects move deeper at an unprecedented rate, the geological environment in which the rock masses are embedded is more complex, and the problem of rockburst hazards is becoming increasingly prominent. In this paper, based on 75 sets of typical rockburst case data collected, a rockburst intensity level prediction model based on FA-SSA-PNN is established, and F 1 value, macro-averaged F 1 value, and accuracy rate are introduced as the evaluation indexes of rockburst prediction model classification performance. This study proposes a new method for predicting the intensity level of rockbursts, which provides better guidance for the problem of predicting rockbursts in deep underground rock projects and can provide a reference for other geological hazard prediction problems similar to rockburst hazards, with the following main conclusions: (1) The maximum tangentialstress of surrounding rock (σ θ ), uniaxial tensile strength (σ t ), uniaxial compressive strength (σ c ), brittleness index (σ c/ σ t ), stress coefficient (σ θ/ σ c ), and elastic energy index (W et ) of surrounding rock are selected to form a rockburst prediction index system. The characteristic information of the original rockburst prediction indexes was compressed and extracted by the factor analysis method, and three comprehensive rockburst prediction indexes, CPI 1 ,CPI 2 , and CPI 3 , were obtained. The introduction of factor analysis into the rockburst intensity level prediction eliminates the correlation between indicators and solves the problem of overlapping information of indicators, so that the comprehensive prediction index of rockburst after dimensionality reduction has a broader mathematical expression of Gaussian function in the PNN model. (2) Fifteen sets of rockburst case data were sampled as test data, and the prediction results of the FA-PNN model were analyzed and compared with those of the original PNN model. It was found that the macro-average F 1 value and accuracy of the FA-PNN model were improved, with the macro-average F 1 value reaching 88.1% (from 69.6% to 88.1%) and the accuracy rate reaching 80% (from 66.7% to 80%). The complexity of the rockburst mechanism and the many factors that induce rockburst, such as the traditional rockburst prediction methods, have not been able to make accurate and efficient predictions of the rockburst intensity level. Therefore, it will become more and more important to propose new methods for predicting rockburst intensity levels.