A Multimodal Smart Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization for Electromagnetic Design Optimization Problems

: Electromagnetic design problems are generally formulated as nonlinear programming problems with multimodal objective functions and continuous variables. These can be solved by either a deterministic or a stochastic optimization algorithm. Recently, many intelligent optimization algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and artiﬁcial bee colony (ABC), have been proposed and applied to electromagnetic design problems with promising results. However, there is no universal algorithm which can be used to solve engineering design problems. In this paper, a stochastic smart quantum particle swarm optimization (SQPSO) algorithm is introduced. In the proposed SQPSO, to tackle the premature convergence problem in order to improve the global search ability, a smart particle and a memory archive are adopted instead of mutation operations. Moreover, to enhance the exploration searching ability, a new set of random numbers and control parameters are introduced. Experimental results validate that the adopted control policy in this work can achieve a good balance between exploration and exploitation. Finally, the SQPSO has been tested on well-known optimization benchmark functions and implemented on the electromagnetic TEAM workshop problem 22. The simulation result shows an outstanding capability of the proposed algorithm in speeding convergence compared to other algorithms.


Introduction
Optimization of high dimensional design problems with a multimodal objective function in electromagnetics has attracted more attention for exploiting stochastic approaches as deterministic methods are not capable of finding the global optimum solution to these problems. In general, there is no unique solution to such an optimal problem, and most of the techniques and algorithms are problem-oriented. Therefore, the intensification of global searching ability stands essential in the optimization problems. In order to effectively tackle this issue, scholars have developed many algorithms [1,2], such as a self-adaptive penalty approach genetic algorithm [3], an artificial bee colony [4] and cuckoo search [5] for finding solutions to optimization problems. Moreover, in the last decade particle swarm optimization (PSO) has gained increasing popularity due to its better performances in optimizing design problems [6]. Many theoretical analyses have been performed on the PSO algorithm, focusing on the behavior of individual particles to understand the search mechanism and parameter settings of the algorithm [7,8]. On the other hand, to solve an engineering inverse problem such as super conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), optimization benchmark TEAM problem 22 [9] is used to check the robustness and output of various optimization algorithms [10][11][12]. Much effort has been spent in the past few years applying a stochastic approach, instead of a deterministic one, to find global optimal solutions [13]. S.L. Ho et al. enhanced the convergence speed of conventional PSOs by introducing age variables, but the premature convergence still creates a serious problem in finding the global minima [14]. However, premature convergence is still a key issue in the QPSO algorithm, specifically when it is used in complicated design problems. To address this problem, numerous modifications have been made by researchers in various fields such as power-systems [15], control systems [16], antenna design [17], "internet of things" [18], and electromagnetics [19,20]. In fundamental PSO, the basic equation comprises the classical mechanics terminology (velocity v(t) and position x(t)) of a particle in the search space to solve the optimization problem. However, in quantum mechanics, waves are used instead of particles. Therefore, researchers switched and upgraded the Newtonian mechanical PSO to a quantum mechanical PSO, known as a quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO). QPSO has shown great potential in the optimization of design problems [21][22][23].
QPSO can demonstrate a more specific and rich global searching ability in the search space. Schrodinger worked to unify the wave and energy equations, known as the Schrodinger equation. In [18], the author presents a delta potential well model by using the time-dependent Schrodinger equation, as given by whereh is the Planck's constant, V(x) is the potential energy and Ψ (x, t) is a quantum state known as the normalized wave state vector Ψ (x, t), which is similar to a particle in mechanics expressed as where z is a convergence point in search space. Max Born gives the interpretation of a particle appearance in the search space by using a probability density function of the quantum state, as given by Subsequently, the position function obtained by the Monto Carlo stochastic model is given as follows: where β is a contraction-expansion coefficient and M best is the mean best, as given by From our earlier work we identified that the traditional QPSOs have a premature convergence problem due to the diversity loss at the final stages of the evolution process and the unbalancing between the global and local searches of the particle. In order to address the aforementioned issues, we introduced a novel global smart best particle to the basic QPSO process and developed a new mechanism for the contraction-expansion coefficient. The main proposal of the novel strategies is to control the premature convergence process of the basic QPSO method.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: The proposed framework for a new variant of QPSO is presented in Section 2. In Section 3, the proposed QPSO are compared with the standard QPSO, GQPSO, LIQPSO and MQPSO and applied on different benchmark functions followed by result and discussion in Section 4. Section 5 reports our experimental testing and validation of the proposed QPSO on TEAM-22 optimization benchmark problems of superconducting magnetic energy stored (SMES). Finally, our conclusion is presented in Section 6.

The Proposed Work
The standard QPSO has good searching ability; however, its drawbacks manifest as low convergence speed and an unexpected premature convergence without enough exploration of the search space. As aforementioned, clinching the low convergence speed and premature convergence are the core focusses of improvements to QPSOs. The proper mechanism of the proposed framework will be described below.

Process Analysis of Smart Particle of the Swarm
In this section, we analyze the process of the best particle nomination in the swarm to lead and increase the searching ability of the algorithm. Unlike the traditional QPSO, which is focused to select the global best particle g best amongst the p best of the current iteration of the whole population, the proposed algorithm uses a memory bank called "the archive" to store the current and previous p best for better selections of the global best particle g best . Mathematically this process is expressed as In this process, the current p best position of the particle is compared with its own previously store p best position. If it is better than the previous one, it will replace the previous p best , otherwise it will retain the current one for future use. A pseudocode of the archive phenomenon is given below:

Pseudocode of updating rule of p best in the archive
Clear the previous p best of P X i Store the new p best as X i+1 in the archive Ignore the new p best and upheld the previous one end if declare the global best g best from the updated archive.

Optimal Strategy for Parameter Setting
We have intensified the exploration capability of the proposed algorithm to obtain a better convergence speed and to avoid premature convergence by a proposed strategy to update the contraction-expansion coefficient β by where u(0, 1) is a random number and N µ, σ 2 is the cumulative distribution function with σ = 1 and µ = 0. With updated version of β, the proposed algorithm used also revised the sets of random numbers ϕ and phi ρ with 0.5 offset instead of a pure random number, as given below in Equations (8) and (9).
After using the revised set of-random numbers, the position-updating equation becomes Considering the new set of random numbers and the proposed strategy, it is possible to observe that this approach enhances the global search ability in the early stage of the optimization and encourages the particles to converge quickly towards the global optimal solution.

Numerical Result Analysis
In this section, to elaborate the performance of our proposed algorithm, it is compared with some well-known optimization algorithms, including standard QPSO proposed by J. Sun et al. [24], GQPSO by L. dos S. Coelho [21], LIQPSO proposed by S. Jiang et al. [23], and MQPSO in [22]. The comparison conditions and benchmark functions listed in Table 1 are taken as the same for all algorithms: population sizes were set to be 40, corresponding to the dimension 30, and maximum iterations were set to 2000.

Unimodal
Sphere All algorithms are executed with the same number of function evolutions to make judicious comparison when analyzing the statistical data of these benchmark functions, as shown in Table 2.  In Table 2, four indicators: the minimum (best), the maximum, the mean and the SD, are used to measure the performance of a SQPSO in comparison with other algorithms. Each algorithm runs ten times to attain the average value of each indicator for a fair comparison.

Result and Discussion
Based on these corresponding data indicators, it is noted that SQPSO shows better performance. In Table 2, the statistical optimized results are highlighted for our proposed algorithm on f 1 and f 2 functions, which are unimodal benchmark problems. Similarly, the best results are also highlighted for complicated multimodal functions f 3 , f 4 and complex functions with various premature convergences and global solutions for other variants of algorithms tested on f 5 and f 6 . The presented functions are more dynamically challenging and complex and therefore research experts commonly utilize them as benchmark problems for computing algorithm tests. Consequently, the tabulations depict that our proposed novel smart SQPSO excels in performance compared to other well-known modified algorithms on the presented optimization problems.
Moreover, to clarify the convergence effect of the SQPSO over time and speed, Figures 1-6 present the convergence curves for all benchmark problems. SQPSO converges more rapidly with the optimal global region than the basic QPSO, GQPSO, LIQPSO and MQPSO, specifically in the earlier variants, in f 1 , f 2 , as presented by the test functions' graphical comparison curves. In the same way, the convergence trajectory for other test functions show the proposed method's computational superiority in comparison to other state of the art algorithms. To conclude, our modified algorithm finds all the test functions' global optimal solution, highlighting that the proposed algorithm is more robust and efficient. MQPSO, specifically in the earlier variants, in f1, f2, as presented by the test fu graphical comparison curves. In the same way, the convergence trajectory for o functions show the proposed method's computational superiority in comparison state of the art algorithms. To conclude, our modified algorithm finds all the test fu global optimal solution, highlighting that the proposed algorithm is more robus ficient.   more rapidly with the optimal global region than the basic QPSO, GQPSO, LIQ MQPSO, specifically in the earlier variants, in f1, f2, as presented by the test f graphical comparison curves. In the same way, the convergence trajectory for o functions show the proposed method's computational superiority in comparison state of the art algorithms. To conclude, our modified algorithm finds all the test f global optimal solution, highlighting that the proposed algorithm is more robus ficient.            From these computational results and statistical analyses, it is clear that the algorithm's convergence curves and corresponding results are better than the QPSO, GQPSO and LIQPSO, and MQPSO and it converges to the global minim fewer iterations. Moreover, the execution time of SQPSO is shorter than other v QPSOs.

Numerical Validation for Engineering Problems
The efficacy of the proposed SQPSO control algorithm has been already va benchmark functions. Thus, to make further validation of the SQPSO, we imp the algorithm on the TEAM workshop problem 22, using this as a test suite f magnetic optimization problems [25]. We leveraged the same aforementioned e parameters used for QPSO, GQPSO and LIQPSO and MQPSO. In Figure 7, a s ward of a SMES device consists of two superconducting concentric coils carryin From these computational results and statistical analyses, it is clear that the proposed algorithm's convergence curves and corresponding results are better than the standard QPSO, GQPSO and LIQPSO, and MQPSO and it converges to the global minimum using fewer iterations. Moreover, the execution time of SQPSO is shorter than other versions of QPSOs.

Numerical Validation for Engineering Problems
The efficacy of the proposed SQPSO control algorithm has been already validated by benchmark functions. Thus, to make further validation of the SQPSO, we implemented the algorithm on the TEAM workshop problem 22, using this as a test suite for electromagnetic optimization problems [25]. We leveraged the same aforementioned evaluation parameters used for QPSO, GQPSO and LIQPSO and MQPSO. In Figure 7, a sample reward of a SMES device consists of two superconducting concentric coils carrying currents in the opposite Energies 2021, 14, 4613 9 of 11 direction, with the corresponding radius, heights, thickness and search space of the stray field [26].
The efficacy of the proposed SQPSO control algorithm has been already valid benchmark functions. Thus, to make further validation of the SQPSO, we imple the algorithm on the TEAM workshop problem 22, using this as a test suite for magnetic optimization problems [25]. We leveraged the same aforementioned ev parameters used for QPSO, GQPSO and LIQPSO and MQPSO. In Figure 7, a sam ward of a SMES device consists of two superconducting concentric coils carrying in the opposite direction, with the corresponding radius, heights, thickness and space of the stray field [26].  Objective Function of the TEAM Problem 22 In this paper, we consider the stray field as the objective function with three design parameters: radius, height and thickness of the SMES device, i.e., where E re f = 180MJ, B norm = 3 × 10 −3 T and B 2 stray is defined as: The main aim of this work was to find the global optimal solution to the problem examined above. The problem was solved by considering three design variables of the outer coil in continuous states with a dynamic current density following through the quench condition, which guarantees that the superconducting material should work safely. This linked the value of the current density in the coils with the maximum value of the generated flux density according to the TEAM workshop problem 22.
Hence, the experimental results in Table 3 show the SQPSO stray field minimum compared with that of the other algorithms.

Conclusions
In this paper, to improve the reliability of QPSO in solving electromagnetic optimization problems, a SQPSO was used to encode particles using memory adaptation of smart behavior. A replacement of the particles' best position in the whole swarm is no longer required to update the optimal position; instead, individual experience is used for this purpose. Consequently, several significant features are now possessed by the developed SQPSO: (1) a smart particle; (2) a memory archive; and (3) a new set of random variables and control parameters to reach the global minima without premature convergence in a shorter execution time. The numerical experimental results show that this algorithm effectively improves the global search ability and earlier convergence rapidity compared with other modified optimal QPSO algorithms. Moreover, the computational results verified its comprehensive applications for multimodal objective functions of electromagnetic optimization problems.

Data Availability Statement:
The date that support the finding of this study e.g., numerical simulation, model, code generated or used during the study are available on request from the journal and corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest:
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest whatsoever.