Vector Speed Regulation of an Asynchronous Motor Based on Improved First-Order Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Technology

Asynchronous motors are widely used in industry and agriculture because of their simple structure, low cost, and easy maintenance. However, due to the coupling and uncertain factors of the actual operation of the motor, a traditional controller cannot achieve a satisfactory control effect. A linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC), featuring good robustness and adaptability, was proposed to improve the control efficiency of a nonlinear, uncertain plant. A linear extended state observer (LESO) is the core part of a L. The accuracy of the observation of state variables and unknown disturbances is related to the control effect of the controller. The performance of a traditional LESO is not high enough, and thus an error differential is introduced by analyzing the principle of LESO to improve its observation performance. The improved LADRC applies to the vector speed control of the induction motor. Additionally, low-speed and high-speed no-load starting, sudden load, electromagnetic torque, and three-phase stator current of the induction motor was simulated using MATLAB (Developed by MathWorks in Natick, MA, USA, and dealt by MathWorks Software (Beijing) Co., Ltd. in Beijing, China). Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the ADRC based on the improved linear expansion observer was better than the traditional linear ADRC in terms of the dynamic and static performance and robustness.


Introduction
Three-phase asynchronous motors are commonly used in industrial and agricultural production due to their advantages of simple structure, ruggedness, and low price [1][2][3][4]. The emergence of vector control allows the AC speed regulation system to have good speed regulation performance, just like a DC speed regulation system [5]. However, vector control has disadvantages, such as dependence on accurate mathematical models, poor adaptability to instruction changes, and sensitivity to changes in the system parameters. Even if the motor parameters and rotor flux linkage are known accurately, decoupling can be achieved under steady-state conditions, and there are still couplings during the field-weakening speed regulation. The nonlinearity of the magnetization curve of the ferromagnetic material in the motor [6] leads to the nonlinearity of the motor inductance, and the change of the inductance parameter reduces the speed control effect of the vector control. The AC control system has the characteristics of non-linearity [1,4], strong couplings, and having multiple variables, which means the traditional control method based on a precise mathematical model faces severe challenges.
The active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) theory was proposed for the control of nonlinear uncertain systems. The system is linearized by compensating for the observed total disturbance.

1.
The stator and rotor three-phase windings of the motor are completely symmetrical. 2.
The surfaces of the stator and rotor are smooth without any cogging effect, and the air gap magnetic potential of each phase of the stator and rotor exhibits a sinusoidal distribution in space. 3.
The influences of the core eddy current, saturation, and hysteresis loss are ignored, and the skin effect of the conductor is ignored. (Note: the parameters of the rotor side have been converted to those of the stator side.) The three-phase winding voltage balance equation in the three-phase stationary coordinate system is shown in Figure 1: Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 22 To facilitate the research, it was necessary to treat the motor as an ideal motor; therefore, it was necessary to make the following assumptions [18]: 1. The stator and rotor three-phase windings of the motor are completely symmetrical. 2. The surfaces of the stator and rotor are smooth without any cogging effect, and the air gap magnetic potential of each phase of the stator and rotor exhibits a sinusoidal distribution in space. 3. The influences of the core eddy current, saturation, and hysteresis loss are ignored, and the skin effect of the conductor is ignored. (Note: the parameters of the rotor side have been converted to those of the stator side.) The three-phase winding voltage balance equation in the three-phase stationary coordinate system is shown in Figure 1:  and rotor (a, b, c) phase currents; and A ψ , B ψ , C ψ , a ψ , b ψ , c ψ are the full flux of each phase winding. s R and r R are the resistances of the stator and rotor windings, respectively.
The flux of each winding of an asynchronous motor is the sum of its own self induction flux and the mutual inductance flux of other windings. Therefore, the flux of the six windings can be expressed as follows: ss sr s s rs rr r r The three-phase winding voltage balance equation in the three-phase stationary coordinate system is shown in Equation (1): where u A ,u B ,u C ,u a ,u b and u c are the instantaneous values of the stator (A, B, C) and rotor phase (a, b, c) voltages; i A ,i B ,i C ,i a ,i b , and i c are the instantaneous values of the stator (A, B, C) and rotor (a, b, c) phase currents; and ψ A ,ψ B ,ψ C ,ψ a ,ψ b ,ψ c are the full flux of each phase winding. R s and R r are the resistances of the stator and rotor windings, respectively. The flux of each winding of an asynchronous motor is the sum of its own self induction flux and the mutual inductance flux of other windings. Therefore, the flux of the six windings can be expressed as follows: where The stator inductance matrix is: Energies 2020, 13, 2168 4 of 20 The rotor inductance matrix is: The mutual inductance matrix of the stator and rotor is: The voltage equation of the asynchronous motor in the rotating orthogonal coordinate system can be obtained from a Park transform: where u sd , u sq , u rd , and u rq are the components of the voltage of the stator and rotor sides along the d and q axes; i sd , i sq , i rd , i rq are the components of the current of the stator and rotor sides along the d and q axes; ψ sd , ψ sq , ψ rd , and ψ rq are the components of the magnetic flux of the stator and rotor sides along the d and q axes; and ω 1 and ω are the synchronous angular velocity and the rotor angular velocity, respectively. The flux equation of the asynchronous motor in the synchronous rotation orthogonal coordinates system is: where L s , L r , and L m are stator inductance, rotor inductance, and mutual inductance between the stator and rotor, respectively. ψ rd = ψ r when the rotor flux is oriented as in Figure 2.  Selecting the stator currents and rotor flux as the state variables, and the stator voltages as the control variables, a fourth-order simplified nonlinear differential equation can be given as follows:  Selecting the stator currents and rotor flux as the state variables, and the stator voltages as the control variables, a fourth-order simplified nonlinear differential equation can be given as follows: In the above state equations, n p , T r , and T L represent the number of pole pairs of the motor, the load torque, and the rotor time constant, respectively. The coupling between the state variables in Equation (8) causes the nonlinearity of the system [4,10]. The vector control block diagram of the asynchronous motor is shown in Figure 3, in which automatic speed regulator (ASR), the automatic current torque regulator (ACTR), and the automatic current magnetic regulator (ACMR) are the controllers of the vector speed regulation system. Selecting the stator currents and rotor flux as the state variables, and the stator voltages as the control variables, a fourth-order simplified nonlinear differential equation can be given as follows: In the above state equations, p n , r T , and L T represent the number of pole pairs of the motor, the load torque, and the rotor time constant, respectively. The coupling between the state variables in Equation (8) causes the nonlinearity of the system [4,10]. The vector control block diagram of the asynchronous motor is shown in Figure 3, in which automatic speed regulator ( ASR ), the automatic current torque regulator ( ACTR ), and the automatic current magnetic regulator ( ACMR ) are the controllers of the vector speed regulation system. In Equation (8), there is a cross-coupling term in the state equation of the asynchronous motor, thus resulting in the mutual effect of control of the torque component and the excitation component of the stator current, which further affects the dynamic and static performance of the system. The graphical representation of the coupling term is shown in Figure 4. Decoupling can be achieved if the coupling terms are observed and compensated for [19].  In Equation (8), there is a cross-coupling term in the state equation of the asynchronous motor, thus resulting in the mutual effect of control of the torque component and the excitation component of the stator current, which further affects the dynamic and static performance of the system. The graphical representation of the coupling term is shown in Figure 4. Decoupling can be achieved if the coupling terms are observed and compensated for [19].

LADRC Introduction and First-Order LADRC Design
The ADRC consists of a tracking differentiator (TD) [20,21], an extended state observer (ESO) [22,23], and a nonlinear states error feedback control laws (NLSEF) . Among them, the TD can arrange the transition process for the given input, reduce the "impact" of the original error on the system caused by the given mutation, and realize the differential signal extraction; ESO can observe the state

LADRC Introduction and First-Order LADRC Design
The ADRC consists of a tracking differentiator (TD) [20,21], an extended state observer (ESO) [22,23], and a nonlinear states error feedback control laws (NLSEF) . Among them, the TD can arrange the transition process for the given input, reduce the "impact" of the original error on the system caused by the given mutation, and realize the differential signal extraction; ESO can observe the state variables and total disturbances (unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances) of the controlled object in a real-time manner; and the NLSEF is used to improve the dynamic characteristics of the closed-loop system. The linear ADRC only replaces the nonlinear part of the original controller with the linear part, where the structure of the controller is shown in Figure 5.

LADRC Introduction and First-Order LADRC Design
The ADRC consists of a tracking differentiator (TD) [20,21], an extended state observer (ESO) [22,23], and a nonlinear states error feedback control laws (NLSEF) . Among them, the TD can arrange the transition process for the given input, reduce the "impact" of the original error on the system caused by the given mutation, and realize the differential signal extraction; ESO can observe the state variables and total disturbances (unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances) of the controlled object in a real-time manner; and the NLSEF is used to improve the dynamic characteristics of the closed-loop system. The linear ADRC only replaces the nonlinear part of the original controller with the linear part, where the structure of the controller is shown in Figure 5. Consider the first-order system [24]: where u is the output of the controller, y is the system output, w is the external disturbance, a is the system parameter, b is the controller gain that satisfies Consider the first-order system [24]: where u is the output of the controller, y is the system output, w is the external disturbance, a is the system parameter, b is the controller gain that satisfies b ≈ b 0 ; the parameters a and b are unknown. Let x 1 = y and x 2 = f (y, w) = −ay + w + (b − b 0 )u, where x 1 represents the system output and x 2 represents the total disturbance of the system. Assuming that f (y, w) is derivable and satisfies . f (y, w) = h, the state variables x 1 = y and x 2 are selected to establish the continuous extended state equation s shown in Equation (10): The corresponding continuous expansion state observer can be established as: In Equation (11), z 1 and z 2 are the state variables of the linear extended state observer, which can be adjusted using the difference between the state variables z 1 and the system output y. By selecting the appropriate observer gain coefficients β 1 and β 2 , the observer state variables can be used to observe the system output y and the total disturbance f (y, w). Estimate the total disturbance of the system through the expanded state variables, and compensate for the input side of the system: If the estimation error of z 2 to f (y, w) is excluded, Equation (9) is simplified to a pure integral link: .
The linear feedback control law uses proportional links: In Equation (14), kp is the controller bandwidth and v is the given reference input. Pole assignment of the parameters of the observer and controller is performed using the bandwidth method [10]: where ω c is the controller gain and ω 0 is the observer gain. The bandwidth ω 0 of the observer is about 3 to 5 times that of the controller ω c .

Design and Stability Proof of the Improved State Observer
The traditional observer estimates the internal state variables of the system using the difference e between the estimated value z 1 of the system output and the output y of the system. In Sun [25], it is pointed out that the observer should first track the output y of the system with z 1 , and then track the output f with z 2 . Before the tracking of the estimated value z 1 to the system output y is completed, other state variables of the observer cannot complete the tracking of the corresponding state variables of the system. However, when the observation variable z 1 can better track the output y of the system, the smaller error e makes it difficult to adjust other observation variables; therefore, we have to use a larger coefficient β 2 to speed up the tracking of the observation variables to the real value. Meanwhile, to ensure the stability of the system, the value of β 2 cannot be too large. In general, the gain coefficient of the observer β i increases by an order of magnitude, which is more serious in the higher-order ADRC. Yang et al. [26] mentioned that the extended observer could be improved by introducing the differential of the observation error, but the parameters of the controller were doubled and the parameters of the observer needed to be configured; therefore, it had to be further simplified.
From Equation (11), we can get: The following equation can be obtained by sorting Equation (16): Energies 2020, 13, 2168 8 of 20 It can be seen from Equation (17) that the error between z 2 and x 2 is . e + β 1 e, and adjusting z 2 by using it as a correction amount can speed up the convergence without significantly increasing the observer gain. Therefore, the classic LESO can be modified as follows: Equations (12), (14), and (18) form the improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller of Equation (8), whose structure is shown in Figure 6.
The following equation can be obtained by sorting Equation (16): It can be seen from Equation (17) that the error between 2 z and 2 x is 1 e e β +  , and adjusting 2 z by using it as a correction amount can speed up the convergence without significantly increasing the observer gain. Therefore, the classic LESO can be modified as follows: Equations (12), (14), and (18) form the improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller of Equation (8), whose structure is shown in Figure 6.  (10) and (18), we obtain:  (10) and (18), we obtain: Let Y 1 = e 1 and Y 2 = e 2 − β 1 e 1 to obtain the error equation of the LESO system: The characteristic equation of Equation (20) is: The necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of the second-order system are β 1 + β 2 > 0 and β 1 β 2 > 0. The zero solution (e 1 = 0, e 2 = 0) of the second-order constant-coefficient differential equation shown in Equation (20) is globally asymptotically stable because ω 0 > 0 and ω c > 0 are stable.
When considering the disturbance w, the system has a steady-state error. Specify w 0 = const > 0 when |w| ≤ w 0 . When the system reaches a steady-state, then: The steady-state error is calculated according to Equation (19): Energies 2020, 13, 2168 9 of 20

Observation Errors of the Classical First-Order LESO
Stability and error analyses are performed on the traditional first-order LESO represented by Equation (11). Let Y 1 = e 1 and Y 2 = e 2 − β 1 e 1 be used to obtain the equation of the traditional LESO error system: The characteristic equation of Equation (24) is given as follows: Using the Hurwitz theorem, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of the second-order system are β 1 > 0 and β 2 > 0. The zero solution (e 1 = 0, e 2 = 0) of the second-order constant-coefficient differential equation shown in Equation (24) is globally asymptotically stable because ω 0 > 0 and ω c > 0 are stable.
When considering the disturbance w, the system has a steady-state error. Specify w 0 = const > 0 when |w|≤ w 0 . When the system reaches a steady-state, then: The steady-state error of the observer can be expressed as: According to the above analysis, the modified LESO shown in Equation (18) can exhibit a better dynamic regulation performance and a smaller steady-state observation error than the traditional LESO when the parameters β 1 and β 2 are the same. Compared with Equations (23) and (27), the improved LESO exhibits a higher observation accuracy than the traditional LESO when the observer and controller bandwidths are the same.

Convergence and Estimation Error of the Improved LESO
The Laplace transform of Equation (18) can be used to obtain the transfer function of the observer: Taking e 1 = z 1 − y and e 2 = z 2 − . y into account for analyzing a typical y, and u as the amplitude K step signal, then the steady-state error of LESO is given as: Energies 2020, 13, 2168 10 of 20 Equation (29) shows that the improved LESO has a good convergence performance for realizing the invariant estimation of the system state variables and generalized disturbances. Further analyzing its dynamic process, the response of z 1 under the step signal when b 0 = 0 is as follows: ).
The time-domain response of z 1 under the action of a step signal can be obtained using an inverse Laplace transform: In Equation (30), for t > 0, the derivative of t and taking . z 1 (t) = 0 can produce the extreme point of t 0 : The extreme value of z 1 is obtained by substituting the extreme value t 0 into Equation (30): The trajectory of z 1 (t 0 ) with the observer bandwidth value ω 0 can be obtained via digital simulation. According to Figure 7, when ω 0 = 2, the tracking overshoot of observer z 1 (t 0 ) to y is the largest. At this time, the system overshoot is equal to the traditional LESO overshoot. The traditional LESO has a 13.5% overshoot at t 0 = 2/ω 0 and the amount of overshoot is independent of the value of the observer bandwidth ω 0 .
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 22 The extreme value of 1 z is obtained by substituting the extreme value 0 t into Equation (30): The trajectory of z is equal to that of the traditional observer. The corresponding speed of the system can be increased and the amount of overshoot is reduced by selecting a larger observer bandwidth 0 ω . Although the observer bandwidth 0 ω is larger and the tracking speed is faster, it will lead to noise amplification. The ability of LESO to suppress noise needs to be analyzed. The overshoot of the improved LESO varies with the observer bandwidth ω 0 . The maximum overshoot of the observer state variable z 1 is equal to that of the traditional observer. The corresponding speed of the system can be increased and the amount of overshoot is reduced by selecting a larger observer bandwidth ω 0 . Although the observer bandwidth ω 0 is larger and the tracking speed is faster, it will lead to noise amplification. The ability of LESO to suppress noise needs to be analyzed.

Improved Disturbance Immunity Analysis of LESO
The closed-loop transfer function of the improved LADRC can be obtained by combining Equations (12), (14), and (18): Energies 2020, 13, 2168 11 of 20 The transfer functions of G 1 (s) and H(s) in Equation (34) are as follows: According to Equation (34), the diagram of the system structure shown in Figure 8 is obtained [24]: Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 22 According to Equation (34), the diagram of the system structure shown in Figure 8 is obtained [24]: δ at the output y of the system and the disturbance c δ at the output u of the controller for the improved LESO will be discussed. Based on Equation (28), the transfer function of the improved LADRC is: Similarly, the transfer function of 0 δ of the traditional LESO's observation noise can be obtained as follows: The transfer function of the disturbance c δ at the output of the LESO controller can be improved according to: The transfer function of the disturbance c δ at the output of a traditional LESO controller is: (39) Figure 9 shows the characteristic amplitude and phase-frequency curves for the improved and traditional LESOs. The bandwidth of the improved LESO was higher than that of the traditional LESO, and the phase lag of the intermediate frequency segment was improved. Unlike Figure 9, the improved LESO with the same observer bandwidth in Figure 10 is basically the same as the traditional LESO in the high frequency band, but it has better noise immunity in the low frequency band compared with the traditional LESO, and can more effectively suppress the interference at the input end Now the effect of the observation noise δ 0 at the output y of the system and the disturbance δ c at the output u of the controller for the improved LESO will be discussed. Based on Equation (28), the transfer function of the improved LADRC is: Similarly, the transfer function of δ 0 of the traditional LESO's observation noise can be obtained as follows: The transfer function of the disturbance δ c at the output of the LESO controller can be improved according to: The transfer function of the disturbance δ c at the output of a traditional LESO controller is: (39) Figure 9 shows the characteristic amplitude and phase-frequency curves for the improved and traditional LESOs. The bandwidth of the improved LESO was higher than that of the traditional LESO, and the phase lag of the intermediate frequency segment was improved. Unlike Figure 9, the improved LESO with the same observer bandwidth in Figure 10 is basically the same as the traditional LESO in the high frequency band, but it has better noise immunity in the low frequency band compared with the traditional LESO, and can more effectively suppress the interference at the input end. Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 22

Immunity Analysis of the Improved Self-Disturbance Rejection Controller
According to Equation (10), the control object can be written as: Combined with Figure 8, the closed-loop transfer function of the system is as follows: The closed-loop transfer function of the system includes the tracking term and the disturbance term. If the state variable of the observer can be used to accurately estimate the total disturbance of the system, the closed-loop transfer function of the system is simplified to the first-order inertial link. At this time, it relates the corresponding speed of the system to the bandwidth of the controller, and the larger the bandwidth, the faster the system.
It can be seen from the closed-loop transfer function that the disturbance term impacts the observer and controller bandwidths. The same observer and controller bandwidths were selected for comparing the improved LESO with the traditional LESO. It can be seen from Figure 11 that under the same bandwidth, the immunity of the improved LESO in the middle-and low-frequency bands

Immunity Analysis of the Improved Self-Disturbance Rejection Controller
According to Equation (10), the control object can be written as: Combined with Figure 8, the closed-loop transfer function of the system is as follows: The closed-loop transfer function of the system includes the tracking term and the disturbance term. If the state variable of the observer can be used to accurately estimate the total disturbance of the system, the closed-loop transfer function of the system is simplified to the first-order inertial link. At this time, it relates the corresponding speed of the system to the bandwidth of the controller, and the larger the bandwidth, the faster the system.
It can be seen from the closed-loop transfer function that the disturbance term impacts the observer and controller bandwidths. The same observer and controller bandwidths were selected for comparing the improved LESO with the traditional LESO. It can be seen from Figure 11 that under the same bandwidth, the immunity of the improved LESO in the middle-and low-frequency bands

Immunity Analysis of the Improved Self-Disturbance Rejection Controller
According to Equation (10), the control object can be written as: Combined with Figure 8, the closed-loop transfer function of the system is as follows: The closed-loop transfer function of the system includes the tracking term and the disturbance term. If the state variable of the observer can be used to accurately estimate the total disturbance of the system, the closed-loop transfer function of the system is simplified to the first-order inertial link. At this time, it relates the corresponding speed of the system to the bandwidth of the controller, and the larger the bandwidth, the faster the system.
It can be seen from the closed-loop transfer function that the disturbance term impacts the observer and controller bandwidths. The same observer and controller bandwidths were selected for comparing the improved LESO with the traditional LESO. It can be seen from Figure 11 that under the same bandwidth, the immunity of the improved LESO in the middle-and low-frequency bands were better than that of the traditional LESO, and it improved the phase lag of the middle-frequency band.
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 22 were better than that of the traditional LESO, and it improved the phase lag of the middle-frequency band. Figure 11. Logarithmic phase-frequency characteristic curves of the disturbance term.
In particular, if the disturbance f is taken as the unit step signal, we can obtain the output response using Equation (41): ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω The time domain for the anti-Laplace transformation to obtain system output can be expressed as: It is easy to find lim ( ) 0 t y t →∞ = , i.e., the steady-state output of the system is zero under the external step disturbance.

(a) Controller Stability with an Unknown Input Gain
Considering only the influence of the input gain on the stability of the system, i.e., if , then Equation (40) can be simplified to: (45) The following equation can be obtained by combining Equations (26) and (30): In particular, if the disturbance f is taken as the unit step signal, we can obtain the output response using Equation (41): The time domain for the anti-Laplace transformation to obtain system output can be expressed as: It is easy to find lim t→∞ y(t) = 0, i.e., the steady-state output of the system is zero under the external step disturbance.

(a) Controller Stability with an Unknown Input Gain
Considering only the influence of the input gain on the stability of the system, i.e., if f = (b − b 0 )u, then Equation (40) can be simplified to: The following equation can be obtained by combining Equations (26) and (30): In Equation (46), the coefficients are as follows: As ω 0 and ω c are greater than zero, it is easy to see that a 3 ,a 2 ,a 1 and a 0 are all positive numbers. The necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of the Leonard qipat stability criterion (Equation (46)) is that all odd or even Hurwitz determinants are positive. Since b, b 0 , ω 0 and ω c are all positive numbers, ∆ 3 > 0 is true, i.e., the improved LADRC can be stable for any parameter greater than zero.
According to the digital simulation results, the equation had a pair of conjugate complex roots and a real root. Figure 12 shows the boundary curve for ensuring the system stability when ω 0 = 30 and ω 0 ∈ [0, 60], and Figure 13 shows the boundary curve for ensuring the system stability when ω 0 = 30 and ω c ∈ [0, 60]. From Figures 12 and 13, it can be seen that the stability region of the system increased with an increase of the observer bandwidth ω 0 and the controller bandwidth ω c According to the digital simulation results, the equation had a pair of conjugate complex roots and a real root. Figure 12 shows the boundary curve for ensuring the system stability when 0 3 0 ω = and [ ] 0 0,60 ω ∈ , and Figure 13 shows the boundary curve for ensuring the system stability when

Simulation Study
To verify the actual control effect of the improved LADRC , a vector control model of a threephase asynchronous motor based on rotor flux linkage orientation was established based on MATLAB and Simulink simulation software(Development by MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA, and agent of MathWorks Software (Beijing) Co., Ltd.). The motor parameters are shown in Table  A1. The current loop controller adopted the improved LADRC control, and the outer loop adopted Proportional integral controller (PI) control. The control effect of the controller was verified by simulating the motor speed, the three-phase stator current, the electromagnetic torque, and the sudden load when the motor was started without load at different speeds. Figure 14a shows the simulation diagram of the no-load starting process of the asynchronous motor with a given reference speed of 200 rev/min. The red curve represents the improved LADRC, while the blue curve represents the traditional LADRC. It can be seen from Figure 14 that the traditional LADRC could reach the given value near the motor speed at 0.1 s, while the improved

Simulation Study
To verify the actual control effect of the improved LADRC , a vector control model of a three-phase asynchronous motor based on rotor flux linkage orientation was established based on MATLAB and Simulink simulation software (Development by MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA, and agent of MathWorks Software (Beijing) Co., Ltd.). The motor parameters are shown in Table A1. The current loop controller adopted the improved LADRC control, and the outer loop adopted Proportional integral controller (PI) control. The control effect of the controller was verified by simulating the motor speed, the three-phase stator current, the electromagnetic torque, and the sudden load when the motor was started without load at different speeds. Figure 14a shows the simulation diagram of the no-load starting process of the asynchronous motor with a given reference speed of 200 rev/min. The red curve represents the improved LADRC, while the blue curve represents the traditional LADRC. It can be seen from Figure 14 that the traditional LADRC could reach the given value near the motor speed at 0.1 s, while the improved LADRC could reach the given value near the motor speed at 0.07 s. Therefore, the controller effect of the improved LADRC was better than that of the traditional LADRC. LADRC could reach the given value near the motor speed at 0.07 s. Therefore, the controller effect of the improved LADRC was better than that of the traditional LADRC. Figure 14b is a simulation diagram of the electromagnetic torque of the induction motor during no-load starting. The corresponding speed of the electromagnetic torque of the motor was greater when the improved LADRC was adopted. The electromagnetic torque of the motor when the improved LADRC was adopted was larger than that when the traditional LADRC was adopted at the same time point; therefore, the electromagnetic torque of the motor could be restored to zero in a shorter time.  Figure 14c is the simulation diagram of the three-phase stator current when the asynchronous motor started up without a load under the action of the traditional LADRC. After the improved LADRC was adopted, the three-phase stator current reached the steady-state again near 0.09 s, and the motor speed reached the given value. Figure 14d is the simulation diagram of the three-phase stator when the asynchronous motor started up without a load under the action of the improved  Figure 14b is a simulation diagram of the electromagnetic torque of the induction motor during no-load starting. The corresponding speed of the electromagnetic torque of the motor was greater when the improved LADRC was adopted. The electromagnetic torque of the motor when the improved LADRC was adopted was larger than that when the traditional LADRC was adopted at the same time point; therefore, the electromagnetic torque of the motor could be restored to zero in a shorter time. Figure 14c is the simulation diagram of the three-phase stator current when the asynchronous motor started up without a load under the action of the traditional LADRC. After the improved LADRC was adopted, the three-phase stator current reached the steady-state again near 0.09 s, and the motor speed reached the given value. Figure 14d is the simulation diagram of the three-phase stator when the asynchronous motor started up without a load under the action of the improved LADRC. After the improved LADRC was adopted, the three-phase stator current reached the steady-state again near 0.07 s. It can be seen from the simulation diagram of the three-phase stator under the action of two controllers that the dynamic performance of the improved linear observer was better.

Dynamic Performance of the Controller Given a Low Speed of the Motor
The improved linear expansion observer can better estimate the total disturbance in the system and realize the decoupling between the excitation subsystem and the torque subsystem. Therefore, the motor controlled by the improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller at the same time in Figure 14b can obtain a greater electromagnetic torque. The key to motor speed regulation is the adjustment of electromagnetic torque. At the same time in Figure 14b, the electromagnetic torque obtained by the motor under the improved linear auto-disturbance control is larger than that under the traditional linear auto-disturbance controller, so the improvement in Figure 14a Under the Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller, the motor speed can reach the given value of a shorter time.
The load in the equivalent circuit of the motor is purely resistive and the magnitude of the equivalent resistance is related to the slip rate. The slip rate is 1 when the motor is started without load. At this time, the total impedance of the system is small and the current on the stator side is large. When the motor reaches a given speed, the slip ratio is less than 1 and the total impedance of the system becomes larger. Therefore, the three-phase stator currents in Figure 14c,d become smaller when the motor speed reaches a given value. Figure 15a is the speed simulation diagram of the asynchronous motor at a given reference speed of 800 rev/min, in which the blue curve is the simulation diagram under the action of the traditional LADRC, and the red curve is that under the action of the improved LADRC. It can be seen from the figure that the traditional LADRC reached the given value near the motor speed at 0.23 s, while the improved LADRC reaches the given value near the motor speed at 0.18 s, and exhibited a better control effect than the traditional LADRC. Figure 15c is the simulation diagram of the three-phase stator when the asynchronous motor started up without a load under the action of the traditional LADRC. After the improved LADRC was adopted, the three-phase stator current reached the steady-state again near 0.17 s, when the motor speed reached the given value. Figure 15d is the simulation diagram of the three-phase stator when the asynchronous motor started up without a load under the action of the improved LADRC. After the improved LADRC was adopted, the three-phase stator current reached the steady-state again near 0.16 s. According to Figure 15c,d, the dynamic performance of the improved linear observer was better. Figure 15a is the speed simulation diagram of the asynchronous motor at a given reference speed of 800 rev/min, in which the blue curve is the simulation diagram under the action of the traditional LADRC, and the red curve is that under the action of the improved LADRC. It can be seen from the figure that the traditional LADRC reached the given value near the motor speed at 0.23 s, while the improved LADRC reaches the given value near the motor speed at 0.18 s, and exhibited a better control effect than the traditional LADRC. Figure 15. High-speed simulation of the asynchronous motor. Figure 15c is the simulation diagram of the three-phase stator when the asynchronous motor started up without a load under the action of the traditional LADRC. After the improved LADRC was adopted, the three-phase stator current reached the steady-state again near 0.17 s, when the motor speed reached the given value. Figure 15d is the simulation diagram of the three-phase stator when the asynchronous motor started up without a load under the action of the improved LADRC. After the improved LADRC was adopted, the three-phase stator current reached the steady-state again near 0.16 s. According to Figure 15c,d, the dynamic performance of the improved linear observer was better. Figure 16a is the local amplification of Figure 15a. Although the steady-state error of the system under the action of the traditional Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller is not large at a given reference speed of 200 r/min, the steady-state error of the asynchronous motor under the action of the improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller is smaller. Figure 16b is the local amplification of Figure 16a. Compared with the given reference speed of 200 r/min, the steady-state error of the asynchronous motor under the action of the improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control is still better than the traditional Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller, which, although, becomes larger under the given reference speed of 200 r/min.  Figure 16a is the local amplification of Figure 15a. Although the steady-state error of the system under the action of the traditional Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller is not large at a given reference speed of 200 r/min, the steady-state error of the asynchronous motor under the action of the improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller is smaller. Figure 16b is the local amplification of Figure 16a. Compared with the given reference speed of 200 r/min, the steady-state error of the asynchronous motor under the action of the improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control is still better than the traditional Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller, which, although, becomes larger under the given reference speed of 200 r/min. PI control uses error feedback to eliminate the error. When the system output is equal to the given input, the controller output is zero. At this time, the motor cannot maintain the current speed and deviates from the given value, resulting in the steady-state error of motor speed. The coupling between the excitation subsystem and the torque subsystem increases with the increase of the speed, resulting in the steady-state error of the speed of the motor in Figure 16b at high speed higher than that in Figure 16a at low speed. Figure 17a is a simulation diagram of the motor speed during the process of a sudden increase in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.35 s and a subsequent sudden decrease in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.4 s at a given speed of 200 rev/min (returning to the state before the system loading). Figure 17b is a simulation diagram of the motor speed during the process of a sudden PI control uses error feedback to eliminate the error. When the system output is equal to the given input, the controller output is zero. At this time, the motor cannot maintain the current speed and deviates from the given value, resulting in the steady-state error of motor speed. The coupling between the excitation subsystem and the torque subsystem increases with the increase of the speed, resulting in the steady-state error of the speed of the motor in Figure 16b at high speed higher than that in Figure 16a at low speed. Figure 17a is a simulation diagram of the motor speed during the process of a sudden increase in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.35 s and a subsequent sudden decrease in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.4 s at a given speed of 200 rev/min (returning to the state before the system loading). Figure 17b is a simulation diagram of the motor speed during the process of a sudden increase in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.35 s and subsequent sudden decrease in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.4 s (returning to the state before the system loading) at a given speed of 800 rev/min. From Figure 17a,b, it can be seen that the motor speed controlled by the traditional LADRC fluctuated more after the mechanical load of the motor suddenly increased; therefore, the immunity of the improved LADRC was better than that of the traditional LADRC.

Immunity Performance of the Asynchronous Motor Controller at Different Given Speeds
given input, the controller output is zero. At this time, the motor cannot maintain the current speed and deviates from the given value, resulting in the steady-state error of motor speed. The coupling between the excitation subsystem and the torque subsystem increases with the increase of the speed, resulting in the steady-state error of the speed of the motor in Figure 16b at high speed higher than that in Figure 16a at low speed. Figure 17a is a simulation diagram of the motor speed during the process of a sudden increase in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.35 s and a subsequent sudden decrease in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.4 s at a given speed of 200 rev/min (returning to the state before the system loading). Figure 17b is a simulation diagram of the motor speed during the process of a sudden increase in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.35 s and subsequent sudden decrease in the mechanical torque by 10 N·m in 0.4 s (returning to the state before the system loading) at a given speed of 800 rev/min. From Figure 17a,b, it can be seen that the motor speed controlled by the traditional LADRC fluctuated more after the mechanical load of the motor suddenly increased; therefore, the immunity of the improved LADRC was better than that of the traditional LADRC. The coupling between the excitation subsystem and the torque subsystem increases to the increase in speed, resulting in the steady-state error of the motor in Figure 17b at a high speed greater than that in Figure 17a at low speed. The improved linear expansion observer can estimate the total disturbance more accurately, reduce the coupling between the two subsystems to a certain extent, and improve the control of electromagnetic torque. Since the improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller is applied to the current inner loop decoupling and the outer loop still adopts PI control, the improvement of load torque and the steady-state error is not obvious.

Conclusions
The key to the performance of an ADRC is whether the extended state observer can accurately estimate the state variables of the system. There is a cross-coupling term in the state equation of the The coupling between the excitation subsystem and the torque subsystem increases to the increase in speed, resulting in the steady-state error of the motor in Figure 17b at a high speed greater than that in Figure 17a at low speed. The improved linear expansion observer can estimate the total disturbance more accurately, reduce the coupling between the two subsystems to a certain extent, and improve the control of electromagnetic torque. Since the improved Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Controller is applied to the current inner loop decoupling and the outer loop still adopts PI control, the improvement of load torque and the steady-state error is not obvious.

Conclusions
The key to the performance of an ADRC is whether the extended state observer can accurately estimate the state variables of the system. There is a cross-coupling term in the state equation of the asynchronous motor in the synchronous rotating coordinate system. The control of the torque component and the excitation component of the motor stator current will affect each other, thus further affecting the dynamic and static performances of the system. Actual systems always have unknown dynamic characteristics, i.e., the uncertainty of the model. In the control system, there are often various external disturbances, such as the control quantity disturbance or the measurement noise. LESOo regards the coupling of the dynamic model of the asynchronous motor system as a part of the total disturbance of the system. The disturbance is added to the input of the system model using feedforward compensation. After compensation, the model of the controlled asynchronous motor is transformed into the integrator series type.
The key to the motor speed regulation lies in the regulation of the electromagnetic torque. The improved LESOo had a higher observation accuracy, the estimated value of total disturbance was closer to the real value, the coupling degree between the torque component and excitation component was smaller after compensation, and the improved LESOo could control the torque component more independently; therefore, the control effect of the motor speed was better. Theoretical analysis and simulation results showed that the control effect of the improved LADRC was better than that of the traditional LADRC.