Damping Force Modeling and Suppression of Self-Excited Vibration due to Magnetic Fluids Applied in the Torque Motor of a Hydraulic Servovalve

As a key component of hydraulic control systems, hydraulic servovalves influence their performance significantly. Unpredictable self-excited noise inside hydraulic servovalves may cause instability and even failure. Being functional, with higher saturation magnetization and increased viscosity when exposed to a magnetic field, magnetic fluids (MFs) have been widely used in dampers, sealing, and biomedical treatment. In this paper, magnetic fluids are applied in the torque motor of a hydraulic servovalve to exert damping and resistance for vibration and noise suppression. Construction of the torque motor armature with magnetic fluids is introduced and the forces due to magnetic fluids on the torque motor armature are studied. Based on a bi-viscosity-constituted relationship, a mathematical model of the damping force from magnetic fluids is built when magnetic fluids are filled in the working gaps of the torque motor. Measurements of the properties of an Fe3O4 composite magnetic fluid are carried out to calculate the parameters of this mathematical model and to investigate the influence of magnetic fluids on the vibration characteristics of the armature assembly. The simulated and tested harmonic responses of the armature with and without magnetic fluids show the good suppression effects of magnetic fluids on the self-excited noise inside the servovalve.


Introduction
Magnetic fluids show a reversible transition from liquid to solid behavior, characterized by the apparent viscosity variation with several orders of magnitude under the action of an external magnetic field.Being a functional material with both magnetic properties of solid magnetic materials and fluidity of liquids, magnetic fluids have been widely used in a large variety of engineering and biomedical applications, such as vacuum sealing, bearings, lubrication, and insulation [1][2][3].Marinica et al. [4] studied the static properties and magnetorheological behavior of a set of 12 nano-micro composite magnetic fluids for rotation seal and vibration damper applications.An Mn-Zn ferrite magnetic fluid (TCF-56) has been investigated as a coolant in a 3 kW prototype transformer for overloading conditions by Patel et al. [5].A ninefold increase in normal life expectancy was shown by the application of TCF-56 compared to the use of pure oil.Li and Shinshi [6] made use of magnetic fluids as a lubricant to avoid the leakage of lubricating oil under a sliding planar motion table and reduced environmental pollution.A stroke larger than that of the hinge mechanism was realized with less complexity and relatively higher stiffness.Biomedical applications have also been developed to magnetically modify various types of organic or inorganic materials or microbial cells with magnetic fluids [7,8].Due to the increased saturation magnetization of magnetic fluids exposed to a magnetic field, the application of magnetic fluids in vibration control and dampers especially have received a great deal of attention [9][10][11].Magnetic fluids were filled in a U-tube to develop a tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) by Oyamada et al. [12].Li and Song applied magnetic fluids in the torque motor of hydraulic servovalves to improve their stability [13].
However, to apply a functional fluid practically and properly, the properties of the materials are of significance and thus merit investigation and verification [14][15][16].The dynamic properties of magnetic fluids were investigated with low-frequency, polarized, complex susceptibility measurements by Li et al. [17].Manukyan et al. [18] compared the wetting characteristics of an oil-based ferrofluid and a water-based magnetic paint on a hydrophobic flat surface.For the application in vibration absorbers and dampers, it is essential to investigate the mechanical properties of magnetic fluids [19][20][21].Hayashi et al. [22] studied the resistance force of a shock absorber due to magnetic functional fluids containing both micrometer-sized and nanometer-sized magnetic particles.Damping properties of magnetic fluids when applied in an electrohydraulic servovalve torque motor for vibration suppression were measured by Peng et al. [23].Gstöttenbauer et al. introduced the three modes of operation for magnetic fluids.To numerically describe the squeeze mode, in which magnetic fluid is squeezed along the direction of the exerted magnetic field, adequate constitutive laws were applied, checked numerically by utilizing finite-element simulations, and validated against experimental data [24].However, commercial applications of the squeeze mode are still restricted due to a lack of understanding and modeling of the material behavior, while further investigations still need to be carried out on the mathematical models of damping forces and resistance from magnetic fluids in the application of vibration absorbers and dampers.Therefore, the aim of the paper is to build a mathematical model of damping force from magnetic fluids for vibration suppression in a torque motor, and to study the mechanism of operation mechanism of magnetic fluids in the squeeze mode, via simulation and experiment of the harmonic response of the armature with magnetic fluids.
Hydraulic servovalves are the most important components of hydraulic control systems, which are very widely applied in the areas of industry, aerospace, agriculture, and automobiles.The characteristics of a hydraulic servovalve significantly influence the performance of a hydraulic control system [25].Self-excited pressure oscillations and high-frequency noise appearing unpredictably in hydraulic servovalves will cause performance deterioration, or even failure, in the valves.In this paper, magnetic fluids are filled in a hydraulic servovalve to overcome the self-excited noise and to improve its performance.Mathematical models of damping due to magnetic fluids when they are exposed to the magnetic field inside the gaps of the torque motor are investigated.To calculate the necessary parameters of the mathematical models, identifications are carried out based on the measurements and experimental data concerning the properties of the magnetic fluids.The vibration characteristics of the armature with magnetic fluids are simulated, and the self-excited noise of the servovalve with magnetic fluids is tested.

Construction of a Torque Motor with Magnetic Fluids
A torque motor is one of the key mechanisms by which electrical signals are converted to mechanical movements of the armature in hydraulic servovalves.The construction of a torque motor in a hydraulic servovalve with magnetic fluids is shown in Figure 1.The dimensions of the torque motor are 38 mm × 28.5 mm × 22.25 mm.As the driving part of the servovalve, the torque motor moves the flapper or jet pipe linked to the armature in the pilot stage of the servovalve to a rotation angle after a current is supplied to the coil of the motor.It can be seen from Figure 1, when the current supplied to the coil is zero, the magnetic flux densities inside the four working gaps are almost the same.The output torque of the motor is nearly zero, and the armature will not rotate.If the current is not zero, the magnetic flux densities inside Gaps 1 and 3 on one diagonal become larger than those inside the other two gaps (2 and 4).There will then be an output torque of the motor, and the armature will rotate.If magnetic fluids are filled into the gaps between the torque motor armature and cores, a large saturation magnetization will be shown by the magnetic fluids exposed to the magnetic field of the torque motor.Thus, the influence of magnetic fluids can be exerted on the armature to suppress the unexpected self-oscillation of the armature with high frequency.Magnetic fluid will stay inside the gaps between armature and cores because of the permanent magnetic field that exists in the gaps, even when the power of the motor is turned off.
Energies 2017, 10, 749 3 of 10 motor, and the armature will rotate.If magnetic fluids are filled into the gaps between the torque motor armature and cores, a large saturation magnetization will be shown by the magnetic fluids exposed to the magnetic field of the torque motor.Thus, the influence of magnetic fluids can be exerted on the armature to suppress the unexpected self-oscillation of the armature with high frequency.Magnetic fluid will stay inside the gaps between armature and cores because of the permanent magnetic field that exists in the gaps, even when the power of the motor is turned off.
(a) (b) As shown in Figure 1, when the armature rotates, the working gaps of the torque motor will become smaller or larger.The function of magnetic fluids inside the gaps can be regarded as a spring with a tunable stiffness and a damper.As the movement of the end of the armature is required to be small by the stability criteria of the servovalve, it is usually less than one-third of the working gap (0.2 mm in this paper).Therefore, the movement of the end of the armature can be regarded as a displacement along the direction of the magnetic field exerted inside the working gap, although the armature actually rotates when the electric current is supplied to the torque motor.The operation mode of the magnetic fluids can be taken as a squeeze mode due to the displacement of the armature.

Mathematical Models of Magnetic Fluids
Magnetic fluids show a larger saturation magnetization and increased viscosity when exposed to a magnetic field.The magneto-viscosity of magnetic fluids is a property that is critical to the application of magnetic fluids in a servovalve for the suppression of self-excited noise.For different magnetic fields and different densities of magnetic fluid, the magneto-viscosity of a magnetic fluid will be different.Therefore, the magneto-viscosity characteristics of the magnetic fluid applied in this paper were measured and are shown in Table 1 under the saturated condition.Assuming that the flow of magnetic fluids inside the gaps is steady and uncompressible, for the squeeze working mode of magnetic fluids in Figure 1, a bi-viscosity model in Equation (1) can be used to describe the constitutive characteristics of the magnetic fluid [26]:  As shown in Figure 1, when the armature rotates, the working gaps of the torque motor will become smaller or larger.The function of magnetic fluids inside the gaps can be regarded as a spring with a tunable stiffness and a damper.As the movement of the end of the armature is required to be small by the stability criteria of the servovalve, it is usually less than one-third of the working gap (0.2 mm in this paper).Therefore, the movement of the end of the armature can be regarded as a displacement along the direction of the magnetic field exerted inside the working gap, although the armature actually rotates when the electric current is supplied to the torque motor.The operation mode of the magnetic fluids can be taken as a squeeze mode due to the displacement of the armature.

Mathematical Models of Magnetic Fluids
Magnetic fluids show a larger saturation magnetization and increased viscosity when exposed to a magnetic field.The magneto-viscosity of magnetic fluids is a property that is critical to the application of magnetic fluids in a servovalve for the suppression of self-excited noise.For different magnetic fields and different densities of magnetic fluid, the magneto-viscosity of a magnetic fluid will be different.Therefore, the magneto-viscosity characteristics of the magnetic fluid applied in this paper were measured and are shown in Table 1 under the saturated condition.Assuming that the flow of magnetic fluids inside the gaps is steady and uncompressible, for the squeeze working mode of magnetic fluids in Figure 1, a bi-viscosity model in Equation ( 1) can be used to describe the constitutive characteristics of the magnetic fluid [26]: where τ xr represents the radial shear stress in the plane perpendicular to x axis (Pa); u r represents the radial velocity (m/s); η represents the viscosity at the unyielding zone (Pa•s); k represents the viscosity at the yielding zone (Pa•s); τ 1 represents the yield stress (Pa); and τ 0 represents the dynamic yield stress (Pa), Table 1.The magneto-viscosity parameters of a magnetic fluid under saturated conditions.

Parameters Value
Dynamic yield stress τ 0 (Pa) For the squeeze flow, the radial velocity (u r ) will decrease from the central plane to the upper and lower wall surfaces.Thus, the sign of ∂u r ∂x will always be positive, when x < 0. The radial shear stress τ xr will also be positive in the zone where x < 0. Therefore, for the zone where x < 0, |τ xr | < τ 1 can be written as 0 < τ xr < τ 1 and |τ xr | ≥ τ 1 can be written as τ xr ≥ τ 1 .To simplify the analysis, only the zone where x < 0 in the considered gap is taken to be analyzed as the sign of ∂u r ∂x will always be positive here to make the analysis easier.Therefore, Equation ( 1) can be simplified as: If the armature stays at the neutral position, then h and L in Figure 1 are 0.375 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively.When the armature rotates, the maximum displacement and velocity of the armature end is 76.9 µm and 0.54 m/s, respectively.For the squeeze working mode in Figure 1, the displacement of the armature x is less than 40 µm, and the velocity of the armature V 0 is 0.05-0.3m/s.As the displacement of the armature is small enough, linear characteristics of the damping force on the armature due to the magnetic fluid working in the squeeze mode in the working gaps of the torque motor can be assumed and expressed simply as where K c represents the equilibrium spring stiffness of magnetic fluid (N/m); B c represents the equilibrium damping coefficient (N • s/m); x represents the displacement of the armature (µm); and υ represents the velocity of the armature end (m/s).An Fe 3 O 4 composite magnetic fluid produced by a local manufacturer (Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of Chemical Engineering, Harbin, China) was applied here.It is an ester-based magnetic fluid with 40% concentration of Fe 3 O 4 .Dioctyl sebacate was used as the carrier fluid of the magnetic fluid (MF) applied.The diameter of Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles in the magnetic fluids was 10 nm.The saturation magnetization of the magnetic fluid was tested to be 450 Gs, and the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field inside the working gaps changed from 2100 to 2500 Gs when we measured it with a gauss meter (TX-15, Ch-Hall Co., Ltd., Beijing, China).The magnetic induction intensity in the working gaps caused by the permanent magnetic field was measured to be around 2135 Gs.The magnetic-viscosity properties of the magnetic fluid were measured by a viscometer (RVDV-II+Pro, Brookfield Company, Middleboro, MA, USA).From the experimental data, the relationship between the dynamic yield stress and the magnetic induction intensity was obtained.
By curve fitting, as shown in Figure 2, when the end of the armature vibrates within a very small range around the neutral position, the parameters in the mathematical model of the damping force in Equation ( 3) can be calculated as K c = 218 N/m and B c = 0.34 N•s/m for the magnetic fluids applied here, respectively.From the analysis and the mathematical model built above, if we want to take the influence of the magnetic fluids into account in the vibration analysis of the armature with FEM (finite element methods), we can regard the work of magnetic fluids as that of a spring and a damper in the torque motor.When the dynamic response of torque motor with magnetic fluids is considered, the model for magnetic fluids can also be built and combined with the dynamic model of torque motor with or without magnetic fluids [13].
Energies 2017, 10, 749 5 of 10 By curve fitting, as shown in Figure 2, when the end of the armature vibrates within a very small range around the neutral position, the parameters in the mathematical model of the damping force in Equation ( 3) can be calculated as c K = 218 N/m and c B = 0.34 N•s/m for the magnetic fluids applied here, respectively.From the analysis and the mathematical model built above, if we want to take the influence of the magnetic fluids into account in the vibration analysis of the armature with FEM (finite element methods), we can regard the work of magnetic fluids as that of a spring and a damper in the torque motor.When the dynamic response of torque motor with magnetic fluids is considered, the model for magnetic fluids can also be built and combined with the dynamic model of torque motor with or without magnetic fluids [13].

Harmonic Response of an Armature with Magnetic Fluids
By applying the mathematical model in Equation ( 3) and the parameters calculated from the experimental data for the mathematical model, the damping force from magnetic fluids can be considered in the vibration mode and harmonic response analysis of the armature with FEM.The geometry model of the armature assembly with meshes and boundary conditions is shown in Figure 3a for the analysis of vibration modes.In the analysis, the armature is fixed at the flange of the spring pipe.Magnetic force due to the input electric current of the torque motor is exerted on the end of the armature.When the input electric current is 0.01 A, the magnetic force can be calculated as 0.086 N. Assuming that the damping ratio for the Rayleigh vibration model is constant for the frequency range of interests, it is taken as 0.03 in the analysis from experience.

Harmonic Response of an Armature with Magnetic Fluids
By applying the mathematical model in Equation ( 3) and the parameters calculated from the experimental data for the mathematical model, the damping force from magnetic fluids can be considered in the vibration mode and harmonic response analysis of the armature with FEM.The geometry model of the armature assembly with meshes and boundary conditions is shown in Figure 3a for the analysis of vibration modes.In the analysis, the armature is fixed at the flange of the spring pipe.Magnetic force due to the input electric current of the torque motor is exerted on the end of the armature.When the input electric current is 0.01 A, the magnetic force can be calculated as 0.086 N. Assuming that the damping ratio for the Rayleigh vibration model is constant for the frequency range of interests, it is taken as 0.03 in the analysis from experience.
Energies 2017, 10, 749 5 of 10 By curve fitting, as shown in Figure 2, when the end of the armature vibrates within a very small range around the neutral position, the parameters in the mathematical model of the damping force in Equation ( 3) can be calculated as c K = 218 N/m and c B = 0.34 N•s/m for the magnetic fluids applied here, respectively.From the analysis and the mathematical model built above, if we want to take the influence of the magnetic fluids into account in the vibration analysis of the armature with FEM (finite element methods), we can regard the work of magnetic fluids as that of a spring and a damper in the torque motor.When the dynamic response of torque motor with magnetic fluids is considered, the model for magnetic fluids can also be built and combined with the dynamic model of torque motor with or without magnetic fluids [13].

Harmonic Response of an Armature with Magnetic Fluids
By applying the mathematical model in Equation ( 3) and the parameters calculated from the experimental data for the mathematical model, the damping force from magnetic fluids can be considered in the vibration mode and harmonic response analysis of the armature with FEM.The geometry model of the armature assembly with meshes and boundary conditions is shown in Figure 3a for the analysis of vibration modes.In the analysis, the armature is fixed at the flange of the spring pipe.Magnetic force due to the input electric current of the torque motor is exerted on the end of the armature.When the input electric current is 0.01 A, the magnetic force can be calculated as 0.086 N. Assuming that the damping ratio for the Rayleigh vibration model is constant for the frequency range of interests, it is taken as 0.03 in the analysis from experience.The tested sample of armature is shown in Figure 3b, and the experimental setup to test the vibration of the armature is shown in Figure 4.The torque motor from an electro-hydraulic servovalve (Chinese servovalve manufacturer, SL100, Beijing, China) was separately installed on a support from the main valve.Sinusoidal electric current signals were applied to exert the magnetic force on the armature with frequencies up to 4500 Hz.With the aid of a high-speed laser displacement sensor (LK-G5000, Keyence, Osaka, Japan), the harmonic responses in the x direction at the end of the feedback rod were measured both when magnetic fluids in the torque motor were applied and when they were not.The experimental data was transferred to a computer through the data acquisition system.
The tested sample of armature is shown in Figure 3b, and the experimental setup to test the vibration of the armature is shown in Figure 4.The torque motor from an electro-hydraulic servovalve (Chinese servovalve manufacturer, SL100, Beijing, China) was separately installed on a support from the main valve.Sinusoidal electric current signals were applied to exert the magnetic force on the armature with frequencies up to 4500 Hz.With the aid of a high-speed laser displacement sensor (LK-G5000, Keyence, Osaka, Japan), the harmonic responses in the x direction at the end of the feedback rod were measured both when magnetic fluids in the torque motor were applied and when they were not.The experimental data was transferred to a computer through the data acquisition system.The simulated harmonic responses of the armature with or without magnetic fluids are shown in Figure 5a,b.From the predicted harmonic responses of the armature with or without magnetic fluids in Figure 5, it can be seen that there are four resonance peaks at the frequencies of 500 Hz, 1150 Hz, 2700 Hz, and 3800 Hz, respectively.When magnetic fluids are applied in the torque motor, the resonance peaks of the armature at the four frequencies are all reduced.The calculated resonance peak and damping ratio of the armature are given in Table 2.The resonance peak at 500 Hz in Figure 5a and that of the first-order vibration mode in Table 2 are depressed more significantly than those at the other frequencies by 60.8% when magnetic fluids are applied, while it seems that the resonance peak of the sixth-order vibration mode is reduced less obviously by 33% at 2700 Hz in Figure 5b and Table 2 than those at the other three frequencies if magnetic fluids are filled in the working gaps of the torque motor.Therefore, it can be concluded that magnetic fluids can depress the high frequency vibration of the armature by reducing the amplitude of resonance with the damping force exerted on the armature.The simulated harmonic responses of the armature with or without magnetic fluids are shown in Figure 5a,b.From the predicted harmonic responses of the armature with or without magnetic fluids in Figure 5, it can be seen that there are four resonance peaks at the frequencies of 500 Hz, 1150 Hz, 2700 Hz, and 3800 Hz, respectively.When magnetic fluids are applied in the torque motor, the resonance peaks of the armature at the four frequencies are all reduced.The calculated resonance peak and damping ratio of the armature are given in Table 2.The resonance peak at 500 Hz in Figure 5a and that of the first-order vibration mode in Table 2 are depressed more significantly than those at the other frequencies by 60.8% when magnetic fluids are applied, while it seems that the resonance peak of the sixth-order vibration mode is reduced less obviously by 33% at 2700 Hz in Figure 5b and Table 2 than those at the other three frequencies if magnetic fluids are filled in the working gaps of the torque motor.Therefore, it can be concluded that magnetic fluids can depress the high frequency vibration of the armature by reducing the amplitude of resonance with the damping force exerted on the armature.The tested harmonic responses of the armature with and without magnetic fluids are shown in Figure 6.It can be seen from Figure 6 that there are also four resonance peaks when the armature is tested with or without magnetic fluids, which illustrates a good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data.However, when the magnetic fluid is applied in the torque motor, the four resonance frequencies are all tested to be smaller than those four frequencies when magnetic fluids are not applied.The four resonance frequencies are 510 Hz, 1210 Hz, 2700 Hz, and 3800 Hz when magnetic fluids are not applied.When the magnetic fluids are filled into the torque motor, the four resonance frequencies are 500 Hz, 1100 Hz, 2650 Hz, and 3650 Hz, respectively.This means that magnetic fluids will influence not only the damping ratio of the vibration mode but also the natural frequency.When magnetic fluids are applied in the torque motor, the attached mass of the magnetic fluid in the system will lead to the suppression in resonant frequency, but the deviation of the resonance frequency is somehow not obvious from Figure 6.It can also be helpful for applications where magnetic fluids are used for the suppression in resonant frequencies of the armature.Because of the property when exposed to a magnetic field, MF behaves very differently from normal fluids by changing its viscosity and shear stress remarkably and reversibly due to magnetic fields.It can work in a squeeze mode by exerting damping force and resistance to the armature.Especially, the MF will always stay in the working gaps due to the electromagnetic force, even when it is compressed.However, for normal fluids without magnetorheological properties [24], the damping force is only due to the basic constant viscosity, because these normal fluids will easily flow away when the armature vibrates.Therefore, normal fluids can hardly work as a damper in the servovalve's environment to suppress the vibration of the armature assembly.As the torque motor The tested responses of the armature with and without magnetic fluids are shown in Figure 6.It can be seen from Figure 6 that there are also four resonance peaks when the armature is tested with or without magnetic fluids, which illustrates a good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data.However, when the magnetic fluid is applied in the torque motor, the four resonance frequencies are all tested to be smaller than those four frequencies when magnetic fluids are not applied.The four resonance frequencies are 510 Hz, 1210 Hz, 2700 Hz, and 3800 Hz when magnetic fluids are not applied.When the magnetic fluids are filled into the torque motor, the four resonance frequencies are 500 Hz, 1100 Hz, 2650 Hz, and 3650 Hz, respectively.This means that magnetic fluids will influence not only the damping ratio of the vibration mode but also the natural frequency.When magnetic fluids are applied in the torque motor, the attached mass of the magnetic fluid in the system will lead to the suppression in resonant frequency, but the deviation of the resonance frequency is somehow not obvious from Figure 6.It can also be helpful for applications where magnetic fluids are used for the suppression in resonant frequencies of the armature.The tested harmonic responses of the armature with and without magnetic fluids are shown in Figure 6.It can be seen from Figure 6 that there are also four resonance peaks when the armature is tested with or without magnetic fluids, which illustrates a good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data.However, when the magnetic fluid is applied in the torque motor, the four resonance frequencies are all tested to be smaller than those four frequencies when magnetic fluids are not applied.The four resonance frequencies are 510 Hz, 1210 Hz, 2700 Hz, and 3800 Hz when magnetic fluids are not applied.When the magnetic fluids are filled into the torque motor, the four resonance frequencies are 500 Hz, 1100 Hz, 2650 Hz, and 3650 Hz, respectively.This means that magnetic fluids will influence not only the damping ratio of the vibration mode but also the natural frequency.When magnetic fluids are applied in the torque motor, the attached mass of the magnetic fluid in the system will lead to the suppression in resonant frequency, but the deviation of the resonance frequency is somehow not obvious from Figure 6.It can also be helpful for applications where magnetic fluids are used for the suppression in resonant frequencies of the armature.Because of the property when exposed to a magnetic field, MF behaves very differently from normal fluids by changing its viscosity and shear stress remarkably and reversibly due to magnetic fields.It can work in a squeeze mode by exerting damping force and resistance to the armature.Especially, the MF will always stay in the working gaps due to the electromagnetic force, even when it is compressed.However, for normal fluids without magnetorheological properties [24], the damping force is only due to the basic constant viscosity, because these normal fluids will easily flow away when the armature vibrates.Therefore, normal fluids can hardly work as a damper in the servovalve's environment to suppress the vibration of the armature assembly.As the torque motor Because of the property when exposed to a magnetic field, MF behaves very differently from normal fluids by changing its viscosity and shear stress remarkably and reversibly due to magnetic fields.It can work in a squeeze mode by exerting damping force and resistance to the armature.Especially, the MF will always stay in the working gaps due to the electromagnetic force, even when it is compressed.However, for normal fluids without magnetorheological properties [24], the damping force is only due to the basic constant viscosity, because these normal fluids will easily flow away when the armature vibrates.Therefore, normal fluids can hardly work as a damper in the servovalve's environment to suppress the vibration of the armature assembly.As the torque motor of a servovalve usually works in a dry mode, in the comparison plots (Figures 5 and 6), "without the MF" means that no fluid is added in the working gaps of the torque motor.The damping on the armature in the simulation is only due to the air and mechanical damping.

Tested Self-Excited Noise
In order to verify the function of magnetic fluids for vibration suppression, magnetic fluids are filled in a hydraulic servovalve, selected due to the appearance of the self-excited noise in the servovalve.The self-excited noise is measured by a high-precision sound recording system including two microphones and associated software.The servovalve is installed on the experimental setup to test the static characteristics of servovalves, as shown in Figure 7. Pressure sensors are connected to the two chambers with nozzles.The flow rate meter is used to test the leakage flow rate or the flow rate between Port A and Port B when they are connected.When the supply pressure is 21 MPa, the self-excited noise can be obviously heard if the magnetic fluid is not filled in the servovalve.When magnetic fluids are filled in the working gaps of the torque motor in the servovalve, the self-excited noise is significantly reduced.The two power signals of the noise and their Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analysis results, both when magnetic fluids are applied in the servovalve and when they are not, are shown in Figure 8a,b, respectively.The waves are shown as the amplitude ratio, which is the tested sound pressure level ratio to a reference sound pressure level given by the recording software.FFT analysis results are also given together with the wave signals.From the FFT analysis in Figure 8a, it can be seen that the sound wave contains not only a low frequency component around 300 Hz, but also a high-frequency component with a frequency around 3.7 kHz.The high frequency component is supposed to be the self-excited noise, which coincides with the predicted vibration mode in Figure 5 and Table 2.The noise wave and FFT analysis results in Figure 8b show that the high-frequency noise is significantly depressed when magnetic fluids are applied.
Energies 2017, 10, 749 8 of 10 of a servovalve usually works in a dry mode, in the comparison plots (Figures 5 and 6), "without the MF" means that no fluid is added in the working gaps of the torque motor.The damping on the armature in the simulation is only due to the air and mechanical damping.

Tested Self-Excited Noise
In order to verify the function of magnetic fluids for vibration suppression, magnetic fluids are filled in a hydraulic servovalve, selected due to the appearance of the self-excited noise in the servovalve.The self-excited noise is measured by a high-precision sound recording system including two microphones and associated software.The servovalve is installed on the experimental setup to test the static characteristics of servovalves, as shown in Figure 7. Pressure sensors are connected to the two chambers with nozzles.The flow rate meter is used to test the leakage flow rate or the flow rate between Port A and Port B when they are connected.When the supply pressure is 21 MPa, the self-excited noise can be obviously heard if the magnetic fluid is not filled in the servovalve.When magnetic fluids are filled in the working gaps of the torque motor in the servovalve, the self-excited noise is significantly reduced.The two power signals of the noise and their Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analysis results, both when magnetic fluids are applied in the servovalve and when they are not, are shown in Figure 8a,b, respectively.The waves are shown as the amplitude ratio, which is the tested sound pressure level ratio to a reference sound pressure level given by the recording software.FFT analysis results are also given together with the wave signals.From the FFT analysis in Figure 8a, it can be seen that the sound wave contains not only a low frequency component around 300 Hz, but also a high-frequency component with a frequency around 3.7 kHz.The high frequency component is supposed to be the self-excited noise, which coincides with the predicted vibration mode in Figure 5 and Table 2.The noise wave and FFT analysis results in Figure 8b show that the high-frequency noise is significantly depressed when magnetic fluids are applied.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Construction and working mode of the torque motor with magnetic fluids.(a) Construction; (b) the working mode of magnetic fluids.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Construction and working mode of the torque motor with magnetic fluids.(a) Construction; (b) the working mode of magnetic fluids.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Simulated and tested model of the armature.(a) Geometric model of the armature; (b) the tested sample of the armature.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Simulated and tested model of the armature.(a) Geometric model of the armature; (b) the tested sample of the armature.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Simulated and tested model of the armature.(a) Geometric model of the armature; (b) the tested sample of the armature.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Experimental setup for vibration testing of the armature.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Experimental setup for vibration testing of the armature.

Table 2 .
Comparison between the predicted resonance peaks at the end of the feedback rod with and without magnetic fluids.

Table 2 .
Comparison between the predicted resonance peaks at the end of the feedback rod with and without magnetic fluids.